Ismar Boas

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Ismar Boas 1927
Boas signature.jpg

Isidor Ismar Boas (born March 28, 1858 in Exin , † March 15, 1938 in Vienna ) was a German doctor. He is considered the founder of the field of gastroenterology and shaped it significantly in the first 40 years of its existence.

With his branch as a specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases in 1886, Boas not only founded the subject, but also initiated specialization in medicine as a whole. Despite the unease and criticism of many colleagues who feared increasing specialization and fragmentation of medicine into countless sub-disciplines, Boas was able to establish the field. This finally resulted in the formal recognition of the specialist in gastric, intestinal and metabolic diseases by the 43rd German Medical Association in 1924 . In 1895 Boas founded the archive for digestive diseases, the first specialist journal in the field, which still exists today under the name Digestion, International Journal of Gastroenterology . He was also a founding member of the German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases . Boas published numerous writings and developed examination and treatment methods, some of which still exist today in a modified form. He coined numerous terms such as occult bleeding and ulcerative colitis .

After the “ seizure of power ” by the National Socialists , as a Jew, he had to endure numerous reprisals and was hindered in his further work. Boas fled in 1936 to Vienna, where he was after the German invasion on March 15, 1938, the assumed life .

life and work

Family background

Boas was born in 1858 as the son of the Jewish businessman Hermann Boas and his wife Rachel. His father was born in 1829 and came from Kulm in West Prussia . He was a respected merchant and representative of the synagogue in Exin. His mother, born Rachel Moses in 1828, came from Exin. Ismar Boas grew up as the third child of a large family, initially in Exin. In 1866 the family moved to Züllichau , where they hoped for better educational opportunities for their children. Since his father had good business relations with the Prussian army and had supplied them cheaply with grain, especially during the German-Austrian War , he was allowed to purchase a property in Posen in 1881 .

School and education

Boas first attended the German Progymnasium and later the Gymnasium Züllichau, where he passed his Abitur in 1877. In the same year he began to study medicine in Berlin. Here he met Carl Anton Ewald , whose lectures on the physiology of the digestive tract he attended. Boas earned his living from tutoring. A formative experience for Boas was when he witnessed gastric lavage in 1879 , which ten years after it was introduced by Adolf Kussmaul was still very rarely performed. Boas then moved to the University of Halle for clinical studies, where he received his doctorate in 1881 under Theodor Weber with the thesis "A contribution to the teaching of paroxysmal hemoglobinuria". He passed his state examination in Leipzig and then began to work as a practice representative in various locations. Boa's study time was characterized by constant financial hardship and the need to earn a living through secondary employment. Therefore he tried to get the medical license as soon as possible in order to be able to earn money quickly. In 1882 he settled as a general practitioner in Berlin and began to work as a doctor on duty in a Berlin medical station, as his financial situation did not allow him to pursue further training. In 1883, however, he gave up the job as a doctor on watch in the medical station again, as this activity, which consisted of night shifts in particular, was too stressful and physically exhausting for him. He got back in touch with Carl Anton Ewald and began working as a private secretary for him in his function as editor of the Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift . He benefited from the fact that he had already worked as a proofreader at the FCW Vogel publishing house during his studies.

In 1884 Ewald was appointed head of the women's hospital in Berlin-Süd and began to conduct gastric physiology examinations on the patients there together with Boas. Here Boas discovered that after the introduction of a stomach tube, the increase in intra- abdominal pressure by coughing or pressing was sufficient to extract stomach contents from the tube. The use of the gastric pump introduced by Kussmaul had become obsolete with this expression method. Boas refined the method by giving the patients a standardized meal consisting of two cups of tea and a wheat roll and taking the stomach contents obtained in this way at different times and comparing and examining the digestive processes. The so-called test breakfast according to Boas and Ewald became an important part of the functional test of gastric secretion. Through their experiments, Boas and Ewald were able to prove that carbohydrates and proteins were broken down in the stomach.

Establishment of gastrointestinal specialization

Spurred on by his research, Boas decided to devote himself entirely to the study of digestive diseases and, in 1886 , settled in Berlin as the world's first specialist in gastrointestinal diseases and shortly afterwards opened an outpatient clinic for gastric and intestinal diseases at Friedrichstrasse 10. This met with a lot of skepticism and resistance from the medical community. In particular, the criticism of a feared fragmentation and excessive sub-specialization of medicine was expressed. Even Carl Ewald as his mentor criticized Boas: “What is important to instill trust in doctors and the public is in this case not specialist, but general medical education, and this is not acquired by someone who has just passed his state examination made, hung up a sign and wrote 'Specialist for gastric diseases' on it. ”( Carl Anton Ewald ) Boas resolutely opposed this criticism of the specialization in medicine. “Two directions are opposed to each other in modern medicine: one strives to maintain unity in science and prevent any division and fissure, the other, carried by the idea of ​​refining and designing the shell of the medical building through detailed work. "( Ismar Boas )

Boas, who himself had never received a formal specialist training, soon received inquiries from young doctors who wanted to learn as interns with him. One of his main research areas during this time was gastric secretion and the exact composition of gastric juice, especially in gastric cancer . During his research into the occurrence of lactic acid in gastric juice, he discovered thread-like bacilli, now known as Lactobacillus acidophilus . These were later named "Boas-Opplersche-Stäbchen" after him and his pupil Oppler.

In 1889 the Georg Thieme Verlag approached Boas and convinced him to write a textbook on stomach diseases. This appeared in 1890 under the title “Diagnostics and Therapy of Gastric Diseases. I. Part. General diagnosis and treatment of stomach diseases. ”After initially slow sales, however, it was quickly sold out and made a new edition necessary. This was published in 1891, followed by the second part “Diagnostics and therapy of gastric diseases. II. Part. Special diagnosis and therapy of gastric diseases. ”1893. Boas' books on gastric diseases were translated into numerous languages ​​and made Boas known beyond the specialist world. In Berlin at this point he was already nicknamed Stomach Boas .

In 1906 Boas handed over his outpatient clinic to his student Hans Elsner so that he could continue his research. In a review of the past 25 years since the establishment of the specialist field of gastroenterology, Boas was able to point out in 1911 that the new discipline had made numerous and fundamental advances. In Germany alone, 214 doctors were established as specialists for gastrointestinal diseases in 1910 and there were already several gastroenterological societies and journals internationally.

In 1924, at the 43rd German Medical Congress, the formal introduction of a specialist in gastric, intestinal and metabolic diseases was finally decided. A practical training course of at least three years should be a prerequisite for obtaining it.

Digestive Disease Archives

Ismar Boas around 1895

In order to promote the further dissemination of his idea and to create a scientific platform for gastrointestinal specialists, Boas founded the journal "Archive for Digestive Diseases including Metabolic Pathology and Dietetics" in 1895. He invited all experts and specialists in the field to work and was able to win over Wilhelm Fleiner, Josef von Mering , Carl von Noorden , Leopold Oser , Franz Penzoldt , Franz Riegel, Samuel Sigmund Rosenstein , Julius Schreiber and Berthold Stiller. To his chagrin, however, Carl Anton Ewald , Adolf Kussmaul and Wilhelm von Leube turned him down. Ewald later revised his opinion in his opening address as President of the First Conference on Digestive and Metabolic Diseases in Bad Homburg: “When our colleague Boas founded his archive 15 years ago and was kind enough to ask me to head it up with him, he declined I stopped working because further fragmentation of the publication organs seemed questionable and unnecessary. Well, the archive is now in its 20th volume, it has produced a number of valuable works, has established a permanent place in the literary world and can no longer be ignored. ”( Carl Anton Ewald ) In the following years Boas won more prestigious works Digestion specialists such as Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow , Oskar Minkowski , Max Einhorn (1862–1953), John C. Hemmeter, Hermann Nothnagel , Hermann Strauss , Adolf Schmidt , A. Mathieu, K. Faber and Friedrich Martius as authors for the archive. The journal was able to establish itself as the central publication organ for the field of digestive and metabolic diseases. In the meantime, the name Boas' archive was common in Europe . After the "seizure of power" by the National Socialists in 1934, Boas was forced to hand over the management of the archive to Paul Morawitz . He paid tribute to Boa's previous work and particularly emphasized the difficulties he had to overcome on his way.

“He has never been a clinical assistant, the laboratories of a large clinic have never been open to him, he was not a university teacher. He emerged from practice, one of the so rare men who were allowed to use their own strength and talent, without outside support, to achieve the highest scientific and medical reputation. Whoever judges the serious and difficult path that such a man must go, will be gripped with even greater respect and awe for the Master. "

- Paul Morawitz

The journal was published between 1939 and 1967 under the name "Gastroenterologia, International Review of Gastroenterology". Since 1967 it has been called "Digestion, International Journal of Gastroenterology".

Foundation of the Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases

After the American Gastroenterological Association had been founded in the United States in 1898 , the Japanese Society for Gastroenterology was founded, and the Polish Gastroenterological Society was the first in Europe in 1909. Boas had been planning to hold a congress on gastroenterological topics for a long time. In 1913 he finally founded the Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases together with Carl Anton Ewald, Adolf Schmidt, Hugo Starck and Curt Pariser in preparation for such a congress. Society should consciously act internationally. In 1914, the “First Conference on Digestive and Metabolic Diseases” was held in Bad Homburg in front of the height with a great international response . Due to the First World War , the second conference could only take place in 1920. It was not until the fifth congress in Vienna in 1925 that the company was formally founded with its statutes and rules of procedure. The society was constantly gaining new members; in 1925 it had 150 members, in 1930 there were already 472. In 1938, at the 14th Congress, the name was changed to "German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases" . Since 2014 it has been called the " German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases " .

Scientific work

Research on gastric juice

Boas conducted very intensive research into the nature of gastric juice. Thus, the detection of lactic acid in gastric juice was considered specific for the pylorus near gastric cancer . Boas was able to show that lactic acid only occurred in those patients who had congestion of stomach contents due to pyloric stenosis . However, lactic acid was also detectable if this stenosis was not caused by a carcinoma. In the course of this work, Boas and his student Oppler also discovered the so-called Boas-Oppler's rods (Lactobacillus acidophilus). During his investigations, Boas noticed that it was possible to convey intestinal juice from the duodenum into the stomach by pressing movements and to obtain it there for investigations . He developed a method that involved washing out gastric juice using a soda solution and then massaging the liver area to transport intestinal juice into the stomach. With this method he was able to prove that the intestinal juice, in contrast to gastric juice, is alkaline and contains enzymes to break down starch and fats . Boas' method became obsolete when Max Einhorn developed a duodenal probe in 1910 that could be used to probe the duodenum directly.

Boas pressure point

The algesimeter according to Ismar Boas consisted of a hollow cylinder in which a spiral spring was inserted. When applying pressure with the stamps, the pen was pressed into the hollow cylinder and allowed the pressure intensity to be read off in kg on the scale .

Boas described the pain points , which Jean Cruveilhier called points rachidiens as early as 1852 , and localized them anatomically very precisely to the left of the back next to the 10th to 12th thoracic vertebrae. Tension pain at this point is indicative of the patient's gastric ulcer . The examination of the boas pressure point is also described in veterinary medicine. In order to be able to measure the pain intensity at different pain points exactly, Boas developed his own algesimeter. With this he was able to measure the pressure strength at different locations and thus make examination results objectifiable and comparable.

Introduction of the term ulcerative colitis

In 1903 Boas reported a case of chronic dysentery . The patient complained of persistent, bloody, purulent diarrhea, without the examination of the stool providing any clue as to the cause. Because of the ulcerative changes in the intestinal wall, he referred to the clinical picture as ulcerative colitis and reported on successful surgical rehabilitation through the temporary creation of an artificial anus. The first description of the clinical picture was given in 1875 by Samuel Wilks and Walter Moxon.

Discovery of occult bleeding

Boas wrote in 1901 about the detection of hidden blood in stool and stomach contents and introduced the term occult bleeding . He recognized for the first time the diagnostic importance of bleeding and the importance of early detection for the treatment of gastric and intestinal carcinomas. The previously known detection by means of the guaiac test was made popular by him and was a first form of screening for gastrointestinal cancer. In 1914 he dedicated his own monograph to the subject.

Reminder to be scientific

Boas was an advocate of science-based medicine. In the introduction to his first book he wrote: "From a mixture of wrong and right, of false doctrines and phantasms that have long been considered dogmas, the newer medicine has peeled out the true and useful and sought to make it accessible for diagnostics." ( Ismar Boas ) As early as 1909, Boas called for “central therapeutic institutes” that were supposed to check the effectiveness of drugs and that the ingredients of drugs be declared. In 1930 he coined the term “scientifically exact therapeutics” and urged prospective physicians to receive extensive training in therapy and therapy planning: “You have to learn that even the simplest and apparently most trivial therapeutic problem requires a high degree of patience, time, and criticism to solve it and, last but not least, requires a sense of responsibility. ”( Ismar Boas ) Boas criticized the excessive advertising for drugs with uncertain effects as well as the uncritical attitude of doctors to test results and therapy recommendations. He is one of the first advocates of evidence-based medicine .

Boas' stance on science becomes particularly clear in his work on the dietetics of digestive diseases. Boas promoted an undogmatic therapy based on scientifically founded knowledge and summed it up in 1931: “Anyone who follows the trends of our time closely will perceive with satisfaction how [dietotherapy] can more and more free itself from the clutches of mere empiricism and gradually become an exact one tries to strive up scientific teaching. It should not be overlooked here that countless legendary claims and ideas must first be cleared up before we […] can set out to step onto the solid ground of exact facts ”( Ismar Boas )

Private life

family

Boas married Sophie Asch in 1889 (born December 6, 1868). The marriage had two children. In Berlin, the family lived for decades in their own house at Alexanderufer 6, where Sophie Boas regularly organized musical and literary soirées , where the top of Berlin's cultural life met. Boas' work occupied a large part of his life and these evenings were an important event of rest and relaxation for him. Boas maintained close contact with his brothers living in Berlin, especially with his youngest brother Max. According to Boas' nephew Ernest, he was always called Uncle Professor in the family and was the undisputed head of the family. He was a great art collector and music lover. Ernest characterized Sophie Boas as a strong-willed woman who was very interested in French culture and Parisian life. Boas was considered friendly and tried to help everyone with words and deeds: “His conscientiousness, his wish to help as far as possible, was not limited to his many patients. Every young and not young colleague who needed help or advice [...] always left him with a good and clever word ... "( Julius Kleeberg )

Exile and death

The seizure of power by the National Socialists set for Boaz, as for many others, a serious turning point of his work. Thus he had clearly made it difficult working conditions for his practice suffered and was in 1934 forced the editor of the Archives of digestive diseases deliver. In a letter to his friend and colleague Hermann Steinitz, who emigrated to Israel in 1933, Boas complained in 1935: “If you are interested in hearing something from me, I can tell you that apart from the severe emotional shocks that almost hit me act daily, physically passable, even if [...] feel exhausted. […] ”And with regard to his work:“ I have now had to look for other sources of help, but they are connected with great difficulties… ”( Ismar Boas ) In the summer of 1936 Boas and his wife emigrated from the United States with the help of one granted scholarship to Vienna. In this step they were supported by Boas' former student Walter Zweig, who also made contacts for Boas in order to enable him to continue working on his research projects. Here, with great difficulty, he initially continued to research methods for the detection of porphyrins . After the annexation of Austria by the National Socialists in March 1938, Boas committed suicide on March 15 through an overdose of veronal . His ashes were buried on May 13, 1938 in the Jewish cemetery in Berlin-Weißensee in the family grave of his in-laws.

Max Einhorn praised Boas in his obituary in the Digestive Disease Archives as “immortal for medicine”: “Boas is one of those who are immortal for medicine and his achievements will remain the basis for the work of many generations to come. The whole medical world stands in mourning at the stretcher of this great doctor. "( Max Einhorn )

Boas himself drew up a summary of his life's work as early as 1928 :

“My main joy was and is still today my scientific work and the promotion of the subject, for which I feel responsible. And if there is any true happiness in our thorny existence, in my opinion it consists only in being able to lift a modest corner of the mysterious veil here and there, which covers human life and human suffering. For the sake of this feeling of happiness that I was granted to feel - the researchers' reserve, and often their only one - it is truly worthwhile to have lived and strived, fought and suffered. "

- Ismar Boas

Whereabouts of the family

Boas' son Kurt also studied medicine and settled down as a dermatologist in Crimmitschau after the First World War, in which he participated as a doctor at the front . He was arrested by the National Socialists and probably murdered in the Sachsenburg concentration camp in 1935 or 1936 . According to statements by Boas' nephew Ernest, however, Kurt emigrated to South America, where he is lost. It should be noted, however, that Ernest emigrated to Brazil in 1934 and had no further contact with the family. The daughter Claire emigrated to the United States with her second husband Kurt Schneider in 1939 , where she worked as an art restorer in New York and died childless in 1959. Sophie Boas emigrated to Holland in 1938, from where she was taken to the Sobibor extermination camp and murdered in 1943. Ismar Boas had no further offspring. The actors Ilse and Curt Bois were the children of Boas' younger brother David.

Appreciations

reception

Boaz was initially forgotten. For example, the man who died in March was not mentioned at the 14th Congress of the Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases in September 1938.

Even after the period of National Socialism , Boas and his work initially received little attention. It wasn't until Boas' 100th birthday that Julius Kleeberg and Harold Avery remembered the forgotten man.

“This great doctor died as an old man in a foreign country out of fear and despair of the Nazi horrors. [...] In the life of Dr. Boas, who later received the title of professor and privy councilor, was much grief, disappointment and disgrace, and his end is bitter. But in his work as a doctor and researcher, he was ultimately not denied the gratitude and recognition of numerous sick people and the greats in his field. "

- Julius Kleeberg

Leonard Hoenig and James Boyle found Ernest Boas, who now lived in Switzerland, and interviewed him for their article on the 50th anniversary of Ismar Boas' death. They complained that Ismar Boas was not well known, which was disproportionate to his achievements.

“Ismar Boas. How many readers recognize the name? There was a time when the reputation of this great physician spanned the continents, for he was a pioneer and founder of the medical subspeciality of Gastroenterology. Every physician today understands the importance of finding occult blood in the stool. Yet, how many know that Boas in 1901 first gave clinical meaning to that concept? "

“Ismar Boas. How many readers recognize the name? There was a time when this great doctor's reputation spanned continents for being a pioneer and founder of the field of gastroenterology. Every doctor today understands the importance of detecting occult blood in the stool. But how many know that Boas first recognized its clinical importance in 1901? "

- Leonard Hoenig and James Boyle

The doctor from Vienna

Franz Werfel took Boas as a template for his novella "The Doctor of Vienna". The focus here is a fictional dialogue between the doctor and Hermann Nothnagel about anti-Semitism . Here Werfel drew the inner conflict of the desperate and threatened Jewish doctor who was threatened by the National Socialists, who stands in front of the ruins of his life's work and who, in conversation with Nothnagel in the form of his bust on the shelf, only gets to hear general questions about his questions. One of the central elements is the sentence “Only a good person can be a good doctor” , which Hermann Nothnagel actually said in his inaugural address as full professor in Vienna in 1882. Boas had also used this sentence, which has since become a catchphrase, in 1905 in his obituary for the suddenly deceased Nothnagel. At the end of Werfel's story the doctor asks: "The hate ... Why this hate? ..." while "Sieg-Heil" calls can be heard in the background and continues with the words "No one can be a good doctor ..." the poison needle on his arm.

Honors

Memorial plaque for Ismar Boas at the Charité in Berlin.

In 1937, the Lennox Hill Hospital in New York honored Boas, Ewald and Kussmaul with a relief above the entrance to the Max Einhorn Auditorium in its Memorial Building. At Max Einhorn's request, Boas was sent a congratulatory letter with photographs of the entrance to the auditorium.

In 1991 a memorial plaque in honor of Ismar Boas was placed on the town hall of Kcynia (formerly Exin).

In 1992 the German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) put up a plaque of honor at the Charité . This had to be removed in 2000 during renovation work and was reinstalled in 2013.

The Society for Gastroenterology of the GDR awarded the Ismar Boas Medal from 1978 to 1989 as an honor for outstanding achievements in the field of visceral medicine. Since 1990 this honor has been awarded by the German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases . In addition, since 1977 the DGVS has been awarding the Ismar Boas Prize as a dissertation prize for the best submitted dissertations in the field of gastroenterology, once as a basic award and once as a clinical award.

In 2004, the German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases changed its logo, which has since included the portraits of Boas and Carl Anton Ewald.

Awards and honorary memberships

  • Corresponding Member and Honorary Member of the American Gastroenterological Association
  • Corresponding member of the Petersburg Medical Society
  • Corresponding member of the Karlovy Vary Doctors Association
  • Corresponding member of the Society of Doctors in Vienna
  • Honorary chairman of the Association for Medical Training in Berlin
  • Honorary member of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases
  • Honorary Member of the American Medical Association
  • Committee member of the Berlin Medical Society
  • Appointment as titular professorship
  • Appointment to the secret medical council
  • Bearer of the Order de Isabel la Católica

Fonts (selection)

  • Diagnosis and therapy of gastric diseases. Part I. General diagnosis and therapy of gastric diseases. Thieme, Leipzig 1890.
  • Diagnosis and therapy of gastric diseases. Part II: Special diagnosis and therapy of gastric diseases. Thieme, Leipzig 1893.
  • About the occurrence of lactic acid in the healthy and sick stomach together with remarks on the clinical features of gastric cancer. In: Journal of Clinical Medicine. Vol. 25, 1894, ISSN  0372-9192 , pp. 285-302 (reprinted in: I. Boas (Ed.): Collected contributions from the fields of physiology, pathology and digestion therapy. By I. Boas and his students 1886 -1906, Volume 1. Karger, Berlin 1906, pp. 395-413, digitized ).
  • About the goals and ways of modern digestive pathology. In: Archives for digestive diseases including metabolic pathology and dietetics. Vol. 1, 1896, ISSN  0365-8228 , pp. 1-6.
  • Diagnosis and therapy of intestinal diseases. Part I: General diagnosis and therapy of intestinal diseases. Thieme, Leipzig 1898.
  • Diagnosis and therapy of intestinal diseases. Part II: Special diagnosis and therapy of intestinal diseases. Thieme, Leipzig 1899.
  • Colon Cancer Experience. In: German Medical Weekly . Vol. 26, No. 7, 1900, pp. 115-117, doi: 10.1055 / s-0029-1203707 and Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 130-132, doi: 10.1055 / s-0029-1203719 .
  • Contributions to the knowledge of gastric cancer. In: Archives for Digestive Diseases. Vol. 7, 1901, pp. 315-317 (reprinted in: I. Boas (Ed.): Collected contributions from the fields of physiology, pathology and digestion therapy. By I. Boas and his students 1886-1906. Volume 1 Karger, Berlin 1906, pp. 750-771, digitized ).
  • About a case of surgically cured ulcerative colitis. In: German Medical Weekly. Vol. 29, No. 11, 1903, p. 196, doi: 10.1055 / s-0028-1138357 .
  • On the diagnosis of gastric ulcer by means of evidence of occult blood presence in the faeces. In: German Medical Weekly. Vol. 29, No. 47, 1903, pp. 865-867, doi: 10.1055 / s-0029-1203277 .
  • For the 25th anniversary of the gastrointestinal specialist. Review and Outlook. In: Archives for Digestive Diseases. Vol. 17, 1911, pp. 511-532.
  • The Doctrine of Occult Bleeding. Thieme, Leipzig 1914.
  • Forty years of trial breakfast (1885–1925). In: German Medical Weekly. Vol. 51, No. 24, 1925, pp. 976-978, doi: 10.1055 / s-0028-1136824 .
  • Autoergography. In: Louis R. Grote (ed.): The medicine of the present in self-portrayals. Volume 7. Meiner, Leipzig 1928.
  • Therapy and Therapeutics. A reminder to doctors, clinicians and pharmacologists. Karger, Berlin 1930.
  • Guidelines for treating peptic ulcers. In: Archives for Digestive Diseases, Metabolic Pathology and Dietetics. Vol. 53, 1933, ISSN  0365-8325 , pp. 321-336.
  • with Carl Anton Ewald : Contributions to the physiology and pathology of digestion. In: Archives for pathological anatomy and physiology and for clinical medicine . Vol. 101 = Episode 10, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1885, pp. 325-375, doi: 10.1007 / BF01994707 .

literature

  • Julius Pagel (ed.): Biographical lexicon of outstanding doctors of the nineteenth century. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin et al. 1901, Sp. 196–197, (online at: zeno.org ) .
  • Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas. 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. Published on the occasion of the inauguration of a memorial plaque for Ismar Boas in the Charité. Falk Foundation, Freiburg (Breisgau) 1992, ISBN 3-925481-48-6 .
  • Volker Klimpel : Doctors' deaths. Unnatural and violent death in nine chapters and a biographical appendix. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-8260-2769-8 (online) .
  • Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas. First specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. Founder of gastroenterology (= Jewish miniatures. Vol. 96). Hentrich & Hentrich et al., Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-941450-19-6 .
  • Harro Jenss, Guido Gerken , Markus M. Lerch: 100 years of DGVS. German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. Published for the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. August Dreesbach Verlag, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-944334-17-2 , digital version (PDF; 3.81 MB) .
  • Harro Jenss, Markus M. Lerch: "Conferences of the German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS). The Presidents from 1914 to 2014". Sardellus Verlagsgesellschaft Greifswald, Greifswald 2014, ISBN 978-3-9813402-5-9 .

Web links

Commons : Ismar Boas  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ after Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 6 he had 8 siblings; according to Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastrointestinal diseases. P. 12 he had 11 siblings.
  2. ↑ a b c Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 6.
  3. ↑ a b Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 26.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 7.
  5. ↑ a b Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 16.
  6. ↑ a b c d e Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 8.
  7. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. Pp. 16-17.
  8. ↑ a b c Volker Klimpel: Doctors Death: unnatural and violent death in nine chapters and a biographical appendix. Pp. 22-23.
  9. ^ Compare Ludolf von Krehl : J. von Mering's textbook on internal medicine. Vol. 1, Fischer, Jena 1919, p. 445.
  10. ↑ a b c Ismar Boas on GeDenkOrt. Charité - Science in Responsibility (accessed on March 9, 2014)
  11. ↑ Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 9.
  12. ^ Carl Anton Ewald: Digestive Diseases Clinic. Volume 1, A. Hirschwald, 1890. In: Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 9.
  13. ↑ a b c Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 19.
  14. ↑ Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 15.
  15. ↑ a b c d Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 16.
  16. ↑ a b c Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. Pp. 23-24.
  17. ↑ Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. Pp. 16-17.
  18. ↑ a b c d e Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 17.
  19. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 27.
  20. ↑ For the 25th anniversary of the gastrointestinal specialist. Review and Outlook. In: Archives for Digestive Diseases. 17: 511-532 (1911). In: Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 23.
  21. ↑ Harro Jenss, Guido Gerken, Markus M. Lerch: 100 Years DGVS - German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. Pp. 22-23.
  22. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. Pp. 32-33.
  23. ↑ Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Einhorn, Max. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 338 f.
  24. ↑ a b Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 33.
  25. ↑ a b c Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 25.
  26. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 35.
  27. ↑ Paul Morawitz The founder of the archive for digestive diseases. Digestive Disease Archives 1934; 55 In Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: the first specialist in gastrointestinal diseases. P. 35.
  28. ↑ Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 23.
  29. ↑ Harro Jenss, Guido Gerken, Markus M. Lerch: 100 Years DGVS - German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. P. 22.
  30. ↑ a b c Harro Jenss, Guido Gerken, Markus M. Lerch: 100 Years DGVS - German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. P. 23.
  31. ^ Statement on the name change of the DGVS ( Memento from March 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on March 12, 2014)
  32. ↑ a b Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 18.
  33. ↑ a b c Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. Pp. 24-25.
  34. ↑ Andreas Zohmann, Markus Kasper: Holistic pain therapy for dogs and cats. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2011, p. 134.
  35. ↑ Ismar Boas: About a case of surgically healed ulcerative colitis. In: German Medical Weekly . 29/1903, p. 196. In: Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist for stomach and intestinal diseases. P. 26.
  36. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 26.
  37. ↑ Günter Fröschl: Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - Attempt to define subgroups from a psychosomatic point of view. Dissertation. Technical University of Munich, 2005, p. 11. (online, PDF 898KB)
  38. ↑ Ismar Boas: On occult gastric bleeding. In: German Medical Weekly. 27/1901, pp. 315-317. In: Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: the first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 29.
  39. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. Pp. 29-30.
  40. ↑ Ismar Boas: The Doctrine of Occult Bleeding. Thieme, Leipzig 1914.
  41. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 42.
  42. ↑ a b Ismar Boas Therapy and Therapeutics - A reminder to doctors, clinicians and pharmacologists. 1930 in: Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 44.
  43. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. Pp. 42-43.
  44. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 29.
  45. ^ A b Harold Avery: Tribute to Ismar Boas (1858-1938). In: Gastroenterologia 90/1958, p. 52. In: Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist for gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 39.
  46. ↑ a b c L. J. Hoenig, JD Boyle: The life and death of Ismar Boas. In: Journal of clinical gastroenterology. Volume 10, Number 1, February 1988, pp. 16-24, ISSN  0192-0790 . PMID 3282002 .
  47. ↑ Julius Kleeberg On the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor Dr. I. Boas (Berlin) 1958 In: Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 35.
  48. ^ Letter to Hermann Steinitz from April 20, 1935 Quoted from: Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 26.
  49. ↑ a b Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 48.
  50. ↑ Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 27.
  51. ↑ Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. Pp. 28-29.
  52. ↑ Max Einhorn's obituary for Ismar Boas. Archives for Digestive Diseases 1938; 63: lf. In: Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 34.
  53. ↑ Ismar Boas Autoergography. 1928 in: Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 34.
  54. ↑ a b c Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 39.
  55. ↑ a b Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. Pp. 29-31.
  56. ^ Letter from Ernest Boas to Leonard Hoenig dated July 28, 1986 ( online in the archive of the Leo Baeck Institute New York)
  57. ↑ a b Harro Jenss, Guido Gerken, Markus M. Lerch: 100 Years DGVS - German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. P. 27.
  58. ↑ a b Julius Kleeberg On the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor Dr. I. Boas (Berlin). In: Gastroenterologia. Volume 89, Number 5/6, 1958, pp. 359-363 PMID 13548330 . ( online PDF 564KB )
  59. ↑ H. Avery: Tribute to Ismar Boas (1858-1938). In: Gastroenterologia. Volume 90, Number 1, 1958, pp. 49-53, ISSN  0301-164X . PMID 13598025 .
  60. ↑ a b Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 49.
  61. ^ Ismar Boas: Obituary for Hermann Nothnagel. In: Archives for Digestive Diseases 11/1905, pp. 297–299. In: Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: the first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 50.
  62. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 52.
  63. ^ Letter from Lenox Hill Hospital of October 18, 1937 to Ismar Boas. In: Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: the first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 6.
  64. ↑ Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 29.
  65. ^ Announcements of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases: Commemoration for the re-hanging of the Ismar Boas memorial plaque. In: Journal of Gastroenterology. 51/2013 (online, PDF 649KB) ( Memento from March 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  66. ↑ Harro Jenss, Guido Gerken, Markus M. Lerch: 100 Years DGVS - German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. Pp. 161-162.
  67. ↑ Harro Jenss: Ismar Boas: first specialist in gastric and intestinal diseases. P. 12.
  68. ↑ Official homepage of the German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases
  69. ↑ Werner Teichmann: Ismar Boas 1858–1938 A biographical sketch. P. 24.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on May 26, 2014 .
personal data
SURNAME Boaz, Ismar
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Boas, Isidor Ismar (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor and founder of the field of gastroenterology
DATE OF BIRTH March 28, 1858
PLACE OF BIRTH Exin
DATE OF DEATH March 15, 1938
Place of death Vienna