Adolf Kussmaul

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Adolf Kussmaul
Adolf Kussmaul - Signature.jpg

Adolf Kussmaul (born February 22, 1822 in Graben near Karlsruhe , † May 28, 1902 in Heidelberg ) was a German internist and gastroenterologist . He was also a poet and is considered a co-author of the term Biedermeier .

family

He came from a medical family in Baden. His father Philipp Jakob (1790-1850) was a physician in the Wiesloch district , his grandfather Johann Georg a surgeon in Söllingen (Pfinztal) near Durlach .

Kussmaul married Luise Amanda born in 1850. Wolf. Two of his children died at a young age. His wife died on January 25, 1898 and is buried at the side of her husband in the family grave at the Heidelberg Bergfriedhof (Dept. V). His son-in-law was the important cancer researcher and professor of surgery Vincenz Czerny .

Life

His father's transfers took Kussmaul to high schools in Wertheim , Mannheim and Heidelberg. The medical studies in Heidelberg (from 1840) were marked by the unrest of the progress . Kussmaul took an active part in the activities of the student associations and belonged to the Corps Suevia Heidelberg from 1841 to autumn 1844 . In 1846 he passed the state examination and became an assistant to Karl von Pfeufer . He spent the years 1847 and 1848 with further studies in Vienna and Prague . Here he obtained information from Carl von Rokitansky , Josef von Škoda , Ferdinand von Hebra , Ignaz Semmelweis , Johann von Oppolzer and Franz Freiherr von Pitha about the latest findings of the Vienna Medical School.

In the revolution of 1848/49 in the Austrian Empire , he returned home and served two years as a military doctor for the Baden Army in the Schleswig-Holstein War . In Kandern , a small Black Forest town , Kussmaul settled down as a general practitioner and married in the spring of 1850 after his discharge from military service . For three years he practiced the strenuous job of a country doctor, visiting the sick on foot, in a carriage and on horseback, often over long distances. In 1853, after a serious illness, Kussmaul decided to give up the medical practice and embark on an academic career.

In 1853, Kussmaul went to the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg to prepare for his doctoral thesis , where he studied with Albert von Kölliker , Franz von Leydig , Heinrich von Bamberger , Nicolaus Friedreich and Rudolf Virchow , who supported him as much as he could. His dissertation dealt with the influence of the blood flow in the head on the movements of the iris . In the fall of 1854 he stayed at the Illenau for six months , where he met the local assistant doctor Bernhard von Gudden , who later became the personal physician of King Ludwig II of Bavaria. In 1855 , Kussmaul completed his habilitation in Heidelberg, in recognition of his earlier award publication.

First he read about pharmacy , then also about toxicology , psychiatry , forensic medicine , anthropology and biology . He also worked in the chemical laboratory and published papers on rigor mortis , the toxic effects of fly agaric and developmental disorders of the uterus .

In 1857 he was appointed associate professor in Heidelberg. In 1859 he followed the call of the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen to the chair of internal medicine . There were publications on mercury poisoning and experimental psychology . In 1863 he moved to the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg as a full professor and in 1876 to the new Kaiser Wilhelms University of Strasbourg . In 1886 he received the Cothenius Medal of the Leopoldina . He was a member of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors .

In the Year of Three Emperors (1888) emeritus , Kussmaul henceforth lived in Heidelberg. Here he was appointed privy councilor (1891) and honorary citizen of Heidelberg.

Medical work

Kussmaul was of a versatility hardly imaginable today: He dealt with epilepsy , anomalies of the uterus , the mental life of the newborn, the technique of thoracentesis , smallpox vaccination , tetany and speech disorders. At the same time he was a brilliant columnist and poet . As a general practitioner he advocated the use of traditional remedies: "Nature is always our teacher and the right doctor is always a naturopath, because all healing art comes only from its inexhaustible source."

In 1844, Kussmaul won the prize for a medical prize assignment (golden Karl Friedrich medal). In the award-winning work The Color Appearances in the Fundamental Human Eye , he described the physiological basis for making the fundus visible .

Since 1860 he has been working on periarteritis nodosa (with Rudolf Robert Maier ), introduced the gastric pump into clinical practice (1867) and thoracentesis in pleurisy , empyema and pneumothorax . This was followed by further publications on the paradoxical pulse (1873), on progressive muscular atrophy , diabetes mellitus and on speech disorders .

Kussmaul used the gastric pump to treat the gastric outlet stenosis (constriction), described a method of operation for this stenosis, took gastric juice for examination and performed gastroscopy experiments .

Eponyms

Kussmaul-Maier Syndrome (1866)
Classical description of "periarteritis nodosa" by Kussmaul and Maier .
Kussmaul pulse (1873)
Observation of the paradoxical pulse phenomenon (pulsus paradoxus) in patients with calloused mediastino- pericarditis , which he described as an inflammatory process of various origins with the formation of coarse connective tissue strands and consecutive adhesions of the pericardium and mediastinum . With peripheral pulse sensing, the pulse disappears in short intervals, only to return several times immediately afterwards; the apparent irregularity is linked to the breathing phases ( the pulse becomes smaller on inspiration , larger on expiration).
Kussmaul aphasia (1877)
Total sensory (cortical) aphasia ( Kussmaul-Alexia , Alexia corticalis) with impairment of "inner language", reading comprehension and writing as well as the inability to repeat. The control of spontaneous speech and the flow of speech are disturbed, syllabary and verbal paraphasia occur. On the other hand, psychogenic mutism is also subsumed under it (“dumbness” with intact speech organ, psychogenic stupor and paralysis).
Kussmaul breathing (1874)
Kussmaul observations described for the first time in three comatose diabetics, the "big breath" ( Kussmaul-Kien breathing , Azidoseatmung ) with Azetonbildung in blood . Since then, Kussmaul breathing has been clinically recognized as a characteristic breathing type in coma diabeticum : uninterrupted, regular, very deep breaths, whereby the breathing excursion is greatly increased with the aid of the auxiliary breathing muscles.
Kussmaul coma
Cardinal symptom of hyperglycaemic diabetic coma with Kussmaul respiration, strong clouding of consciousness, upper abdominal pain, dehydration , reduced turgor (low voltage) of the skin , blood sugar increase and acetone odor of breath.
Kussmaul lacquer throat (1861)
Lacquer-like, copper- to burn-red, inflammatory reddening of the pharynx and palate mucous membrane as a partial symptom of mercurial stomatitis in acute mercury poisoning .
Kussmaul-Landry Syndrome (1859)
At the same time as Jean Baptiste O. Landry (1826–1865) and independently of him, Kussmaul described the ascending, flaccid symmetrical paralysis , the most severe form of Guillain-Barré syndrome ( polyradiculitis syndrome, Landry's paralysis , ascending acuta polyneuritis ) with characteristic CSF findings (Protein multiplication without corresponding cell multiplication): flaccid leg paralysis with extinguished tendon reflexes, rapid rise of the paralysis via the muscles of the pelvic girdle, paralysis of the cranial nerves and death within a short time due to peripheral and central respiratory paralysis .
Kussmaul stomach tube (1867)
Kussmaul introduced the gastric pump method for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes as everyday medical equipment into clinical practice.
Kussmaul-Tenner experiment (1857)
A seizure can be triggered by bilateral subclavian and carotid ligament in animal experiments.

Adolf Kussmaul Prize

The Falk Foundation in Freiburg has been awarding the Adolf Kussmaul Prize, currently endowed with 5000 euros, to young scientists up to 35 years of age every year since 1991. The award ceremony takes place during the conference of the Southwest German Society for Gastroenterology .

Adolf Kussmaul Medal

The German Society for Rheumatology has awarded the Kussmaul Medal every year since 2006 to outstanding personalities who have decisively shaped rheumatology in Germany with their life's work or with a significant individual achievement.

Poetic work

A remarkable quality of Kußmaul was his poetic ability to dress tranquility and humor in verse . In addition, he was friends with the poet Joseph Victor von Scheffel . During his time as a country doctor, he also came into contact with the naive, cozy verses of Samuel Friedrich Sauter from Flehingen ( Kraichgau ). Together with his friend Ludwig Eichrodt, Kussmaul invented the parodic figure of "Biedermaier" by ironically combining the fashion term "Biederkeit" with the common word "-maier": The Swabian schoolmaster Gottlieb Biedermaier was therefore a person who, according to their characterization, was "his little one." The room, its narrow garden, its unsightly patches and the meager lot of a despised village schoolmaster help to achieve earthly happiness ”. Together with Ludwig Eichrodt, Kussmaul came up with the plan to publish Sauter's comical verses with the addition of his own intentionally or unintentionally comic poems "Poems by Ludwig Eichrodt and Adolf Kussmaul and their role model, the old schoolmaster Samuel Sauter. Collected and edited by Ludwig Eichrodt" (1911 ). The stylistic epoch 1815 to 1848 is called Biedermeier .

Fonts

  • The basic color phenomena of the human eye . Heidelberg 1845
  • Investigations into the influence which the flow of blood has upon the movements of the iris and other parts of the head . Diss. Med., Verh. D. physical-medical society Wurzburg
  • Two cases of fatal chloroform anesthesia, one of which has been the subject of judicial investigation . German magazine fd Staatsarzneikunde 1 (1853) 451–456
  • The poems of the Swabian schoolmaster Gottlieb Biedermaier and his friend Horatius Treuherz (published under the pseudonym Dr. Oribasius (after the Byzantine doctor Oreibasios , 325–395 AD) together with L. Eichrodt in the Fliegende Blätter since 1855 )
  • Investigations into the origin and nature of epilepsy-like spasms when bleeding, as well as epilepsy in general (with AD Tenner). Frankfurt am Main 1857
  • Of the deficiency, the atrophy, and the doubling of the uterus, of the post-conception and the migration of the egg . Wuerzburg 1859
  • Investigations into the soul life of the newborn. Program etc . Leipzig 1859 (2nd edition, Tübingen 1884)
  • Two fatal cases of paraplegia with no anatomically demonstrable or toxic cause . Erlangen 1859
  • Investigations into constitutional mercurialism and its relation to constitutional syphilis . Wuerzburg 1861
  • About a peculiar arterial disease (periarteritis nodosa) not previously described, which is associated with Brighti's disease and rapidly progressing general muscle paralysis (with R. Maier) . Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1 (1866) 484
  • On the treatment of gastric dilatation by a new method by means of the gastric pump. Speech on the occasion of a birthday party . Freiburg im Breisgau, 1869, eller: 455–500
  • Twenty letters about human pox and cowpox vaccinations. Freiburg 1870
  • On the doctrine of tetany . Berlin Klin Wochenschr 9 (1872) 441-444
  • About progressive bulbar paralysis and its relationship to progressive muscular atrophy . Leipzig 1873
  • About calloused mediastino pericarditis and the paradoxical pulse . Berlin Klin Wochenschr 10 (1873) 433, 445, 461
  • On the doctrine of diabetes mellitus. About a peculiar way of death in diabetics, about acetonemia, glycerol treatment for diabetes and injections of diastase into the blood in this disease . German Arch Klin Med 14 (1874) 1
  • The disorders of the language. Attempt at a pathology of language . Leipzig 1877 (3rd edition 1885)
  • Dr. Benedict Stilling . A memorial speech. Strasbourg 1879
  • An old doctor's childhood memories. Adolf Bonz & Co., Stuttgart 1899 (3rd edition 1899 ( digitized ), 9th edition 1912, 14th-18th edition Stuttgart 1923, 20th edition Munich 1960) digitized (Gutenberg project)
  • A triumvirate of great naturalists at Heidelberg University in the 19th century. In: Deutsche Revue, Volume 27 (1902), No. 1. 35–45 and 173–187. ( Digitized by Univ. Heidelberg memories of Bunsen, Helmholtz and Kirchhoff)
  • From my teaching time in Heidelberg . Stuttgart 1903 (3rd / 4th edition Munich / Berlin 1925)

literature

  • Friedrich Kluge: Adolf Kussmaul . Freiburg im Breisgau 2002
  • Eberhard J. Wormer : Angiology - Phlebology. Syndromes and their creators . Medikon, Munich 1991, pp. 102-116
  • Eberhard J. Wormer : Syndromes of cardiology and their creators . Munich 1989, pp. 151-158
  • Eduard Seidler : Adolf Kussmaul as a doctor of his time. In: Friedrich Kluge (Ed.): Adolf Kussmaul. Its current importance for internal medicine and neurology. Stuttgart 1985. p. 47
  • Friedrich Kluge, Eduard Seidler: On the first use of esophago- and gastroscopy: letters from Adolf Kussmaul and his colleagues. Med Hist J 21 (1986) 288
  • Helmut Wyklicky:  Kussmaul, Adolf. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 13, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-00194-X , p. 344 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Theodore H. Bast: Adolf Kussmaul. Ann Med Hist 8 (1926) 95
  • W. Fleiner: On Adolf Kussmaul's 100th birthday. Münchn Med Wochenschr 69 (1922) 276, 313, 356
  • HH Mark: The First Ophthalmoscope? Adolf Kussmaul 1845. Arch Ophthalmol 84 (1970) 520
  • W. Fleiner: A look back at the literary works of Adolf Kussmaul. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 73 (1902) 1
  • H. Strübe: Adolf Kussmaul. Biographer Jahrb Dtsch Nekrol 7 (1902) 66, 383
  • Dagmar Drüll: Heidelberger Gelehrtenlexikon 1803-1932 . (Ed.): Rectorate of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität-Heidelberg. Springer Berlin Heidelberg Tokyo. 2012. 324 pp. ISBN 978-3642707612

Web links

Commons : Adolf Kußmaul  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Adolf Kussmaul  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. Not in the Kösener corps lists
  2. Members of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors 1857
  3. ^ Adolf Kussmaul Prize. LifeSciencesLink.org, archived from the original on September 28, 2007 ; Retrieved August 12, 2012 .
  4. Kussmaul Medal ( Memento from October 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive )