Kaiserstrasse (Heilbronn)

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Kaiserstrasse
coat of arms
Street in Heilbronn
Kaiserstrasse
The Kaiserstrasse from the east
Basic data
place Heilbronn
District Heilbronn
Hist. Names Kramgasse, Marktgasse, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse
Connecting roads Friedrich-Ebert-Brücke (Westende),
Allee (Ostend)
Cross streets u. a. Untere and
Obere Neckarstrasse, Gerberstrasse, Sülmerstrasse
Places Market square, Kiliansplatz
Numbering system Orientation numbering
Buildings see section Important structures
use
User groups Car traffic (in sections), pedestrian traffic , bicycle traffic , public transport

The Kaiserstraße is a street in the center of Heilbronn . Once called Kramgasse and of minor importance, urban development measures made it the most important west-east axis of the city in the late 19th century and renamed Kaiserstraße in 1897 . In the period around 1900, many historical buildings on the street gave way to representative commercial buildings. The buildings along the street, like the entire city center of Heilbronn , were destroyed in the air raid on December 4, 1944 . Only a few buildings like the Kilian's Church have been faithfully rebuilt. The development is therefore characterized by commercial buildings from the time since the 1950s. Almost its entire length of the street has been a pedestrian zone with bus, light rail and taxi traffic since the mid-1990s.

course

The Kaiserstraße is the central east-west connection of the Heilbronn city center. It runs from the Upper and Lower Neckarstrasse to the avenue . Moltkestrasse forms its continuation in an easterly direction across the avenue, while it is continued in the west by the Friedrich-Ebert-Brücke, which crosses the Neckar and forms the connection to Bahnhofstrasse . Kaiserstrasse is signposted as a pedestrian zone from Gerberstrasse to the avenue . It is used by both Heilbronn light rail lines as well as several city and regional bus lines. About halfway along it passes the Heilbronn market square, which is on its northern side, and Kilian's Church .

history

Kaiserstraße marks the dividing line between two different parts of what was once Heilbronn's old town. The southern, older part had grown around the Deutschhof , the northern part formed a market town.

In contrast to the north-south axis, which is formed by Sülmer- and Fleinerstraße and corresponds to an old trade route that used the Sülmer- and Fleinertor, the only entrances to the city that existed on the land side of Heilbronn until the beginning of the 19th century, there was originally no such straight trade route through Heilbronn in the east-west direction. The gate on the west side of the city was on the old Neckar bridge, which spanned the river at about the same level as Kirchbrunnenstrasse, while there was no city gate at all to the east for a long time. Merchants who moved in the direction of the Weinsberger saddle, used the Sülmertor and moved along the Carmelite monastery , which was outside the city walls in the area of ​​today's Old Cemetery . In order to create an opening to the east, the Adelberger Tower was demolished in 1808 and the gate called Karls- or Neutor was built, which stood roughly at the intersection of today's Karlstrasse and the avenue.

The construction of the new Neckar Bridge from 1867 (left) opened Kaiserstraße to the west
View of Kaiserstrasse 1906

In 1776, what was then Kramgasse was expanded into a road . In 1807 the bridge gate was demolished, in 1839 the salt house at the former bridge gate, then a road breakthrough was created through the former Katharinenspital so that the Kramgasse opened up towards the Neckar. In 1867 a new Neckar bridge was built at the western end of Kramgasse, while the previous building had stood about a hundred meters further south. The breakthrough to the avenue at the eastern end of Kramgasse was based on the course of the narrow Presence Lane and took place in the years 1894 to 1897; it was completed on March 1, 1897 under Lord Mayor Paul Hegelmaier . This created a continuous traffic and business axis.

Several houses on Kiliansplatz fell victim to the expansion of the old Kramgasse into Kaiserstraße, including the wine bar of the baker David Gräßle, where the Gräßle Society used to meet. Many other historic houses along the street gave way to representative buildings in the style of the time around 1900. Kiliansplatz became a traffic junction with the expansion of Kaiserstraße, where the new east-west connection crossed the old north-south trade route between Fleiner and Sülmertor. The street also gained additional traffic significance through the Heilbronn tram , which first used the Kaiserstraße on the occasion of the great art, industrial and commercial exhibition in the wine press behind the city garden in 1897 and whose lines also met on Kiliansplatz. The importance of the road as a traffic axis is u. a. also evident from the fact that Kaiserstrasse led the Heilbronn accident statistics for 1936 with 47 (out of a total of 480) accidents.

  • Heilbronn from the west, 1617

  • Rift across the construction of a paved road from Kramgasse to the Thor bridge and into Teutsch-Hof-Strase from 1782

  • City map from 1834

  • Aerial view of Kaiserstrasse from World War II. At the top left the Neckar Bridge, which has not yet been blown up, the avenue at the bottom right

View from the Kiliansturm over the western Kaiserstraße to the Neckarbrücke and further into the Bahnhofstraße

The air raids on Heilbronn during World War II, especially the devastating air raid on December 4, 1944, largely destroyed Heilbronn's old town. Kaiserstrasse was also affected and all buildings were destroyed. Only a few buildings such as the Kilian Church or the Käthchenhaus were rebuilt following their old form, so that today there are hardly any historical buildings on this street. The old road layout was taken into account during the reconstruction, but straightening and extensions were made. The reconstruction of residential and commercial buildings along the street essentially took place until the mid-1950s, while the reconstruction of Kilian's Church lasted until the 1970s.

The Heilbronn tram ceased its service in the 1950s in favor of local public transport. In the mid-1950s, the old tram tracks were removed from Kaiserstraße and other streets. Kaiserstraße, however, retained its importance as a traffic axis, both for west-east individual transport and for the city bus network of the Heilbronn transport company , which had one of its junctions with the stop at the market square in Kaiserstraße.

In 1995/96, almost its entire length of Kaiserstraße was converted into a pedestrian zone with bus and taxi traffic. A redesign took place in 1998, during which tracks were laid for the Heilbronn Stadtbahn, which began operating in 2001 . For the light rail line to Neckarsulm, which branches off at the confluence of Kaiserstraße and Allee, the eastern part of the street had to be rebuilt in 2013 to accommodate points.

The development of the street today essentially consists of mostly three-story commercial buildings with facades that are closed to the street. The parcelling mostly corresponds to that of the reconstruction years, but with the Käthchenhof near the market square and the monastery courtyard in the Klostergasse area, entire quarters with large shopping centers have now been built over.

Street names

Historical names of the streets, which roughly showed the course of today's Kaiserstraße, were Kramstraße or Marktstraße and Presencegasse. In 1852 it was named Kramstrasse, and on March 22, 1897, the street was given its current name. In 1947/1948 it was briefly renamed Friedrich-Ebert-Straße, only to be referred to as Kaiserstraße again.

The renaming to Kaiserstraße took place "in permanent and honorable memory of the upcoming celebration of the 100th birthday" of the German Emperor Wilhelm I and prompted the local poet Josef Wachter (1844–1910) to write a mocking poem in which it says:

“The high council of
Heilbronnia has accomplished the greatest deed.
Victoria! It will now be the
most important city on earth.
Significant in the highest measure:
We have an Kaiserstrasse! "

Significant structures

Some buildings that are located directly on Kaiserstraße or on the market square it passes through are under monument protection :

Kaiserstrasse:

Marketplace:

All buildings

  • In the Kaiserstraße / Gerberstraße / Untere Neckarstraße area there was the lost Königshof or the hospital . The royal administrative center with a farm yard is to be developed as early as 741; the oldest known documentary evidence dates from the year 841. Presumably this also included an area a little further west, where a new Neckar bed was dug after the Neckar privilege in 1333. After the court was dissolved in 992, parts of it became the property of the Count's House in Calw , the Hirsau , Maulbronn , Kaisheim and Lorch monasteries , as well as individual Heilbronn patricians and the city of Heilbronn itself. In 1306 a hospital was founded on part of the area, in which the various city courtyards were reunited into one complex in the 14th and 15th centuries. The hospital was sold for demolition in 1862 after the establishment of modern health and poor facilities and the site was built over. Today the Kaiserstraße cuts through the area. In the southern area of ​​the area, on the site of the hospital church, there is now the Marra house . Remains of old buildings may still be found in the former hospital area.
No. 34, to the right of Kilian's Church, by 1899 at the latest. Shortly afterwards, this house was replaced by a new building.
  • In 1931 there was a banking business run by Hermann Meyer at Kaiserstrasse 1–3, in the area of ​​the former hospital. The Max Meyer Bank had to stop making payments on July 9, 1932 after Meyer's son and an authorized officer had left and were arrested on the train to Berlin. After losing 230,000 Reichsmarks, the bank went bankrupt. The trial against Meyer junior began in the spring of 1933. The house also housed the Webwarenhaus zur Brücke GmbH, which was first listed in the Heilbronn address book in 1929. The Jewish owner Max May also owned a company at Untere Neckarstrasse 6–8 that manufactured aprons and haberdashery. After 1933 his wife Gertrude, b. Heinen, the business. After the " Aryanization " in 1938 and the closure of the weaving store, 21 Heilbronn businessmen took over Mays Ware. These included well-known names such as Beilharz, Lichdi , Kachel and Dietzsche. Max May managed to escape to New York. Today there is a Hypovereinsbank office building at Kaiserstraße 1 .
  • Post office 1 stood on the property, which has the address Kaiserstraße 2 and is also located in the area of ​​the former royal court and the hospital, which was replaced by the new main post office on Allee in 1931, but not demolished: the building was used during the Third Reich used as the "Adolf Hitler House". According to the chronicle of the city of Heilbronn 1952-1957 , the optician's shop of Karl Andreß (Karl Fischer's successor) was there until 1944 . In the post-war period, a commercial building was built at Kaiserstraße 2, which housed a branch of the tenants' association in 1957. Plots 2 and 4 were later combined, where a C&A branch was housed in a larger new building for a long time . After the demolition of the C&A building, construction of a new commercial building began in 2014.
  • In 1931, the house at Kaiserstraße 3 housed a shop for hats, umbrellas, women’s and men’s fashion; it was run by Oskar Flesch, but it was named after Julius Flesch. On August 18, 1934, it was taken over by Emma and Otto Bischoff as part of the “Aryanization”. Flesch was deported to Theresienstadt in 1942, where he perished. Today there is a Commerzbank branch at Kaiserstraße 3 .
  • Kaiserstraße 4 on the corner of Kramstraße was given the number 379 when the houses were counted in 1855. In 1931 a shop for women's hats and fashion goods called Barasch-Lissmann or Barasch-Lißmann was located in the building; The owners were Hanna Auerbach, b. Lissmann / Lißmann and Willy Mayer. Hanna or Hannchen Lissmann / Lißmann, the previous owner, married the Frankfurt medical councilor Dr. Siegmund Auerbach . Then Mayer became managing director. In 1933 he took over the shop. The first boycotts of Jews took place in the same year. In 1938 the shop was reopened under the name of the women's hat specialty shop Wildt. The building was visually adapted to the neighboring post office under the ownership of the Jörg family. In 1950, Otto Jörg's tobacco shop and Hanne Glenk's leather goods shop were located in the building. In 1953, the Fotohaus Späth, which was bombed out in Fleiner Strasse in 1944, moved into rooms in the building. The house was demolished before the new C&A branch was built.
House Kleinlogel, Kaiserstraße 5, photo from 1910
  • On the property at Kaiserstraße 1a and 5 on the corner of Gerberstraße there was once the Johanneskapelle , which presumably came from the royal court , and in the 19th century it became an inn. After the redesign of Kaiserstraße, the Kleinlogel house was built there in 1902 for the merchant Otto Kleinlogel. After the destruction in 1944, the owner had the building that is now there built according to plans by Kurt Marohn . In 1960, in addition to the Kleinlogel grocery and drugstore, the building also had an express cleaning facility.
  • Until his death on May 8, 1927, the house at Kaiserstraße 6 belonged to the merchant Wilhelm Eisig, who ran a women's clothing store there. His widow Hedwig then rented the business to Adolf Oppenheimer. He ran “Spiers Schuhwarenhaus” at Kaiserstraße 6 together with his wife Thekla. After the death of her husband in 1932, Thekla Oppenheimer initially continued to run the business, but soon suffered from the boycotts of Jews carried out by the NSDAP. In 1934 she gave up the business and Fritz Wacker set up a salamander branch in the house. In 1938/39 Hedwig Eisig had to sell the house to the city of Heilbronn; this rented it to the mayor Hugo Kölle . He rented it to Wacker so that the Salamander branch could stay in the building. It was probably closed in 1943 after Wacker was called up. The procedure for the restitution of the property to the heirs of Hedwig Eisig was completed in 1951. In 1956 a new building by Hilda Koepff was completed. Rudi Haufe founded a real estate business there and Adam's women's fashion store moved into business premises.
Kaiserstraße 7 around 1900
  • The house at Kaiserstraße 7 used to have the addresses Kramstraße 23 and 25 and Gerberstraße 3 or was given the numbers 383, 384 and 407 in the 1855 count. It was mentioned as early as 1432 and temporarily housed the Three Kings shield tavern . In 1863 the businessman Gustav Fuchs, with the financial support of his father-in-law Friedrich Michael Münzing, had a new building built in which his company, a hardware store, founded in 1864, had its headquarters. The founder's sons, Gustav , Albert and Rudolf, and after them Rudolf's descendants, continued the company. By 1942, the owners acquired various neighboring buildings in Gerberstrasse and Rosengasse (including the historic inns Zur Rose , Zum Bären and Württemberger Hof ), so that the company extended to the market square. The house at Kaiserstraße 7 was rebuilt several times, and in 1939 it was given an air raid shelter. Immediately after the Second World War, Fuchs resumed operations in the remaining parts of the reinforced concrete structure at Kaiserstraße 7. From 1949 the buildings were rebuilt on the Fuchs site. The company ended in bankruptcy in 1977. In the 1980s, the former Fuchs site was built over with the Käthchenhof .
  • The house at Kaiserstraße 8 had previously had the address Kramstraße 26 and was given the number 362 when the building was counted in 1855. In 1950 it housed Karl Fischer's butcher's shop and the Schäfer fashion specialist shop. In 1961 a law firm and an office for the Heilbronn tenants' association were added.
West Kaiserstraße at the height of Gerberstraße, today the beginning of the pedestrian zone
  • The house at Kaiserstraße 9 used to have the address Kramstraße 27 and was previously designated as No. 385 according to the house census of 1855. The house belonged to the white and wool merchant Isidor Danziger. In July 1919 Rosa Appel bought his white and woolen goods business and continued it under the name of J. Danziger Nachsteiger. In December of the same year she sold it to her husband Philipp Mendelsohn. Later, the Eugen Schweizer watch house, founded in 1902, was located in the building, which after its destruction in 1944 temporarily moved to Kaiserstraße 19 before No. 9 was rebuilt in October 1952. In 1961, in addition to the Swiss watch house, there was also a store for Primus clothing, Schilling & Co., and an office for the Heilbronn Mining Authority.
  • Kaiserstraße 10, formerly Kramstraße 28 and numbered 361 in the house census in 1855, was rebuilt for master stoner Georg Friedrich Fromm after the previous building was demolished. This building, which was probably planned by Louis de Millas , had an eaves facade in the arched style and was very similar to the Wilhelmsbau. Until 1911 the house belonged to Ernst Haspel. The next owner, Ludwig Ruoff, a hairdresser, had the ground floor rebuilt, and the facade was also changed. In 1954, a business building for the piano factory Uebel & Lechleiter opened at this address .
  • In 1953 the Mothers School, which was in the Karmeliter convent house before the war damage, moved into new rooms at Kaiserstraße 11. In 1956 the mother school moved to Innsbrucker Straße. In 1961 the specialty chocolate house Heß and the Freyer hairdressing salon had rooms in the building.
Drawings from the building applications for Kaiserstraße 12 and 14. The left draft was carried out.
  • Kaiserstrasse 12 and 14 corresponded to the old address at Kramstrasse 30. At the turn of the century, the merchant Ernst Haspel had A. Dederer plan a new building. However, this neo-Gothic house was never built. Haspel sold his property in 1910 to Karl Hentges, who was also a businessman and commissioned Ludwig Knortz to plan the house that was now to be built. The so-called Hansa House, a reinforced concrete building in Art Nouveau style, was built in 1911. Lawyer Siegfried Gumbel was based at Kaiserstraße 12 in 1931. Later Albert Geissinger or Geissinger had a medical supply store there; In 1938, the Victoria Insurance was apparently housed in the building. As early as July 1946, the ruins of this building were to be used again as a commercial building. In 1952 the Louis Lorenz clothing store was located at Kaiserstrasse 12, and in August the doctor Karl Pfaff also set up an ENT practice there.
Knortz's drawing for the redesign of the facade of house No. 17
  • In 1928 the Engel pharmacy Alfred Krause was located at Kaiserstraße 13 and 15. After the Second World War, Ewald Matthes continued the Engel pharmacy. In addition, according to the address books from 1950 and 1961, an ophthalmologist and a dermatologist had their practices in the building.
  • The house at Kaiserstraße 17 used to have the address Kramstraße 35 and, according to the house count in 1855, the number 390. Heinrich Cluss rebuilt the shop that was included in it in 1843. The half-timbered facade of the house was redesigned in 1910 by Ludwig Knortz. Among others, the master rope maker Christian Schaldecker, the hairdresser Hermann Hottinger and the gold goods manufacturer Franz Herrmann were resident. The latter moved to Allee 32 in 1932, while his son Oskar Herrmann last continued the business on Lerchenstrasse.
  • The buildings at Kaiserstraße 18 and Kaiserstraße 20 were built in the Franconian and Alemannic half-timbered style in the 15th and 16th centuries. Both buildings had cantilevered upper floors (up to three meters). The house Orth, built in Franconian half-timbered construction in 1551 at Kaiserstraße 20, stood on older foundation walls. It had belonged to the Maulbronner Hof and still had a Gothic vault on the ground floor. It once had an additional oriel that protruded far into the street space, which had to be demolished in 1864. Building No. 18 has belonged to the merchant Albert Friedrich Landerer since 1857, who sold paper and stationery. Fritz Seel acquired the company in 1922, but had to move to a smaller building at Klarastrasse 8 in the wake of the global economic crisis. The buildings were combined into one house in 1931. Both houses belonged to the Zügel fashion house when the half-timbered structure was exposed in 1937 as one of the first municipal measures of this kind in Heilbronn. After the Second World War, the Zügel fashion house moved from numbers 18 to 22. From 1962, the follow-up building to number 20 from the post-war period was home to a Lichdi store .
Marktplatz with Kramgasse 1882. The buildings are from left to right Kaiserstraße 24, 22 and 20 and the Käthchenhaus .
  • In 1950, Arthur Schuler's flower, fruit and vegetable shop, the Fegert-Staiger office supply store, the Schweizer watch shop, the Weingärtner shoe store, the Frick optician and Emil Schultheiß, a specialist shop for stockings and underwear, moved into No. 19 . After Schweizer moved back to his traditional shop at Kaiserstrasse 9, the confectionery and spirits dealer Stöckle moved into his premises. The Schultheiss company celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1955 under owner Walter Rücker.
  • According to the address book from 1950 and 1961, No. 21 was Hans Mosner's textile passage.
  • Like the neighboring building, No. 22 was a half-timbered house that had belonged to the Maulbronner Hof. A map of the entire area of ​​the Maulbronner Hof, which was located between Kirchbrunnengasse and Kaiserstraße, was drawn in 1861. At that time, the manufacturer Wilhelm Wecker set up an acetic acid factory in the rear building at Kirchbrunnenstrasse 9. Later, the Hölbe book printing company was located there. The front building was replaced by a new building in 1909. In 1931, lawyer Emil Meyer had his office at Kaiserstraße 22.
View from Kiliansplatz to Kaiserstraße, corner of Sülmerstraße. Left No. 23, next to No. 25.
  • No. 23 and 23a received a new facade under master baker Franz Bolch, designed by foreman Martin Keppeler. Until 1944, Heinrich Hochheimer's customization studio was located in No. 23. In 1938 the dentist Franz Willscheid had his practice in the building and treated the Thai King Ananda Mahidol there . In 1961 the building was used by the Fegert-Staiger office supply store, and Eduard Vock also operated the K. Stahl pawnshop in it.
  • The house at Kaiserstraße 23/1 or Sülmerstraße 1 stood on a corner plot and was once given the number 713b. The so-called Pfarrhofstrasse building came from the time of the imperial city. In 1819 it was exchanged for the Schönthaler Hof and sold to the businessman Schmidt in 1863. Schmidt had the former senior official prison rebuilt. The residential and commercial building was partially demolished and rebuilt in 1902. In 1937, the express restaurant “Postmichel” was installed under Paul Widmayer from Stuttgart. There was a courtyard in front of the set back house No. 23/2. - In 1950 the GH Keller drapery, which had been based in Heilbronn since 1901, was reopened in the rebuilt house No. 23/1. Other tenants of the building in 1950 were the dental wholesaler Ernst Denzel, the Schuhhaus Rauch, the interior decorator Else Fork, the lawyers Nietzer and Kammerer and the dentist Gratz. In 1961 an office of the German Employees' Union moved in instead of the dental wholesaler, and instead of Else Fork, her husband Max Fork traded as an interior designer. The cellar cloth store was closed in 1967. Then the men's fashion store opened by Heinz Zanker, who had previously lived in the house as an employee.
  • House no.24 on the corner of the market square had previously had the addresses Kramstrasse 42 and Kasernengasse 7, when the houses were counted in 1855 it was numbered 355 and 355a. It was a half-timbered building from the transition period from the Swabian to the Franconian style. Around 1500 the most important trading house in the city was located in the building with the Speydel trading house. Later the Glandorff and the Hochstetter cloth dealers were located there. From 1912 the oldest branch of Gustav Lichdi was in the house , before Lichdi acquired the building in 1924. The Lichdi-Markt later moved to house number 20. The half-timbering of the house was exposed in 1928. In 1942, the Lichdi company installed an apartment. The rebuilt building continued to be used by Lichdi after the Second World War. Reinhard Knebel's Ratskaffee was added by 1961. Since 2009 there is an office building of Heilbronner Voice at Kaiserstraße 24 .
  • The house at Kaiserstraße 25, formerly Sülmerstraße 4, on the corner of Sülmerstraße and Schulgasse was demolished in 1898/99 and rebuilt for the merchant Victor Schneider according to plans by Walter & Luckscheiter. The bank Gumbel-Kiefe, the bank for trade and industry and the Darmstädter bank were housed in the house. Merchant Eduard Lederer was still running his shop in 1931, a clothing store at Kaiserstraße 25. Lederer came to the Sontheimer Asylum in 1933 and was later deported; he died in Riga . In 1932/33 shops were built into the house under the direction of the Koch siblings. The establishment of a café on the first floor was not approved. From 1934 the building was known as Barbarino-Eck , named after the tobacco shop in it.
Hutmacher Knödler, Kaiserstraße 26
  • The house at Kaiserstraße 26 on the corner of Kasernengasse used to have the address Kramstraße 44. It had been rebuilt and redesigned several times. In 1869 a shop facade was designed, which provoked a dispute with the neighbors, later the facade was redesigned in the style of historicism and a café was installed, before the hat maker Gottlieb Knödler had the shop rebuilt and an Art Nouveau facade added in 1907. After the Second World War, the Knödler hat house was continued by Friedrich Böhnle. Other shops in Kaiserstraße 26 in 1950 included a sales point for the Welti bakery, W. Schneider's Evangelical bookstore and the Victoria insurance office. In 1952, Erich Gebhardt's upholstery materials wholesaler opened at this address. In 1961 the premises of the baker Weltin, the rock corner Rathgeber and a general agency of Allianz insurance were located in the building.
View into Kaiserstrasse, front left the Barbarino-Eck (No. 25), behind it the Adolf Münzer department store (No. 27)
  • In the 1900s, the Adolf Münzer department store was located at Kaiserstraße 27 , and at times the A. Grünwald company and Willy Stern's cigar specialty shop were located there. In addition, the family of the merchant Sigmund Abraham lived there on three floors. Abraham housed his art collection there, to which the friendship of his son Siegfried Aram with artists such as Willi Baumeister and Oskar Schlemmer contributed a lot. After the Second World War, the Kachel company built a new building there, which it moved into with a home appliance business. Until the bankruptcy in 1952, the furniture store Emil Walker also had exhibition rooms in the building, which was then taken over by the Asperger furniture factory C. Fink. Other shops in the building in 1950 were Eugen Kentner's curtain specialty store and the Bauer perfumery. The latter was still recorded there in 1961.
  • After the Second World War, house no. 28 was initially restored as a single-storey emergency building for the textile business Geschwister Holder and expanded to three storeys in 1953.
  • The building at Kaiserstraße 29 was built on a part of the demolished ribbon house of the Württemberger Zehnhof by the architects Maute & Moosbrugger . It initially belonged to the Koch and Mayer company, later to the Saemann and Lina Saemann companies. In 1931 the Max Lang furniture and bed shop was located there. The paper and stationery wholesaler C. Josef Müller (owner Carl Mollenkopf), founded in 1902, was located there until it was destroyed in 1944. In 1950 the Saemann sports store, Gerock dyeing and cleaning, cigar maker, Reklame-Woerner, an office of the Schwaben housing cooperative, lawyer Haasis, tax advisor Willy Bauer and detective Wolter were all registered at this address. In 1961, the dentist Burau operated there alongside Saemann, Gerock and Zigarren-Bauer.
  • House No. 352, later Kaiserstraße 30 , was inhabited in the 18th century by the Zobel merchant family, to which Charlotte Elisabethe Zobel also belonged. A photo from 1910 still shows this building, which was to be demolished a little later; There is already a sign on the facade with the note “In the new building Grösster u. most beautiful cinema in Heilbronn ”. The new building of the house at Kaiserstraße 30 on the corner of Schattengasse in the early 20th century led to considerable disputes. Architect Ludwig Knortz built a reinforced concrete building for the banker Paul Schulz from Stuttgart, which was apparently changed or should be changed several times. Among other things, the facade design, for which z. T. Terracotta tiles should be used, moot. The local council called in Peter Bruckmann as an advisor. In 1912 or 1914 a cinema called Centraltheater was set up in the building. The “high-rise” even offered the possibility of equipping this cinema with a balcony. Dr. According to his own statements, Oskar Moos moved with his family and his doctor's practice to house no.30 in 1908. He was evicted from the house as a Jew in 1933, first moved to Weststrasse (then Gustloffstrasse) 53 in Heilbronn and emigrated to Holland after the Reichspogromnacht . In the Jewish community list, however, he was still listed in 1937 under the residence at Kaiserstrasse 30. Around 1930 Kaiser's coffee shop was located in the building; In 1938/39 the facade was cut down and redesigned, for which the city of Heilbronn granted a grant. In the post-war period, a branch of Radio Knörzer opened there in 1955, in 1961 the Haux fashion house, the Czernak driving school and the Hagelauer car dealership used the house at Kaiserstraße 30. Later, the Robben fashion house was located there from 2002 to 2004, which was previously located at Allee 17 had found.
  • The building at Kaiserstraße 31 was built at the beginning of the 20th century for master butcher Louis Kreiser, partly on the area of ​​the demolished house at Schulgasse 2 according to plans by Martin Keppeler. After Konrad (or Conrad) Morlock bought the house in 1919 to set up his Café Morlock there, it was rebuilt and redesigned; Adolf Braunwald was commissioned to do this. In 1922 Morlock gave up his establishment and began to work in the new café of the Neckarhotel at Frankfurter Straße 3, whereupon the house was rebuilt again, this time for the Heilbronn private bank of the banker Eugen Karaszkiewicz. The bank command Eugen Karaszkiewicz & Co. existed until the beginning of 1924. In 1928, Knittweis & Bohnhardt, master roofer, traded at Kaiserstraße 31. In 1950, the post-war building was the “Stuttgarter Hofbräu” restaurant by Karl Zeller and the steel goods store Herrmann. In 1961 the restaurant moved out, instead the Beilharz department store had set up an exhibition passage there.
Safe'sche Pharmacy, Kaiserstraße 32
  • The Safe'sche Pharmacy (Kaiserstraße 32) was a half-timbered building in Swabian-Alemannic style from around 1500. The pharmacy was named by the pharmacist Johann Philipp Friedrich Safe (1726–1805). Apotheker Harmuth purchased the building on December 4, 1934 and had it rebuilt in 1950 after it was destroyed in 1944. In 1961 Lieselotte Haas took over the pharmacy, and two doctors had moved into rooms in the house.
  • At the beginning of the 20th century, No. 33 housed the Carl Wolf company. Later it was the main sales point of the Tengelmann company, which moved to Wilhelmstraße 25 after the destruction in 1944 , but was then reopened on the old square in 1952, as well as the Walch shoe store, which opened its converted exhibition rooms in the building in 1955. Offices in the building were rented in 1950 to the orthopedic shoemaker Arnold, to the Eos Excelsior insurance, to the sub-directorate of the United Health Insurance AG (VKV) , to the lawyer Lambert and the dentist Mahler. With the exception of lawyer Lambert, these parties were still registered there in 1961.
  • No. 34 (formerly Kramstrasse 52, old number according to the house count of 1855: 350) was the seat of the Heilbronn Bank Association founded in 1909 and on April 25, 1933 the scene of an anti-Semitic rally. On that day a crowd gathered in front of the building and demanded that Otto Igersheimer, who had been director of the bank association since 1930, should come out. However, Igersheimer had been warned and did not fall into the hands of the Nazis that day, but had to give up his post. A few years later he was deported and murdered in Auschwitz . A stumbling block for Igersheimers was laid in front of the building . Elise Gumbel and her family also lived in the building in 1937. The house in which the bank association was located was a reinforced concrete building from 1906. The construction by the architects Graf & Röckle from Stuttgart for Abraham Gumbel was controversial because it was not certain whether its design would harmonize with the neighboring Kilian's Church. Before the beginning of the Second World War, a reduction was planned , among other things . It is unclear whether this was still carried out. According to the archaeological city cadastre, no. 231, the Krone inn was located here in the 16th century, where Götz von Berlichingen was knightly imprisoned. After the Second World War, the new building was continued to be used by the Heilbronner Bankverein, which later became part of the Volksbank Heilbronn . In 1961, the ear, nose and throat doctor Robert von Kahler, the dentist Emil Moser, an office of the Federal Insurance Institute for employees and the Heilbronner Kreisverein of the Nuremberg Association to resolve the housing shortage also operated at this address .
The eastern end of Kaiserstraße (left) at the new building on the Klosterhof area (center) in 2008
  • No. 37 forms the north-eastern end of Kaiserstraße at the corner of the avenue. Before the Second World War, the building of the commercial and commercial bank was located there, the ruins of which were used for cultural purposes until the early 1950s, before the Rhein-Main-Bank built a new bank (today: Dresdner Bank ) there in 1955 , while the commercial and commercial bank built a new building on the opposite south-east corner. In 1961, the telecommunications billing office of the Heilbronn telecommunications office and an office of the Frankfurter Versicherungs-AG were registered in No. 37.
  • The Kilianskirche at Kaiserstrasse 38 is a Gothic church, whose origin at least until the 11th century goes back. Your west tower by Hans Schweiner is considered to be one of the first important Renaissance buildings north of the Alps . Like the surrounding buildings, the church was largely destroyed on December 4, 1944, but was rebuilt in its original form until the 1970s.
  • The house at Kaiserstraße 40 was built in 1897 according to plans by Heinrich Stroh for the merchants Adolph Grünwald and Ernst Pfleiderer with stylistic elements of Neo-Baroque, Classicism and Art Nouveau. From 1909 to 1913, the Viktoria cinematograph, one of the first cinemas in Heilbronn, was located in this corner building facing Kiliansplatz. Up until 1931 there was a shoe store in the house, after which it moved to No. 6. Furthermore, the Carl Bek art dealer, the Julius Asch watch company and the men's tailor Eugen Möhle also used rooms in the building from time to time. In 1931 the A. Gummersheimer company, men's and women's clothing and woven goods, used the shops at Kaiserstraße 40 and 42, and no. 40 was also a flower shop until 1944. In the post-war period, the owner Reinhold Jooss had the destroyed building replaced by a one-story shop. Projects of the later owners Hans and Lina Bergdoll for a full construction according to plans by Kurt Marohn were not approved. In 1950 Wilhelm Pfitzer's seed house, Bergdoll's fashion store and Max Bräunling's flower house were renamed in No. 40. Instead of the flower shop, Otto Dietz moved in with a tobacco shop until 1961. In 1986, today's Kilianscafé was built according to plans by Michael Trieb .
  • In 1950, Richard Häber's radio and music company and the optician Grübele operated in No. 42. In 1961 a tax advisor was added.
Gustav Barasch department store, Kaiserstraße 48 (photo from 1910)
Roßkampfsches Haus and breakthrough from Kaiserstraße to Allee 1897
  • House No. 44 was rebuilt after the breakthrough in Upper Kaiserstrasse. Max Mayer, owner of a shop for women's and children's clothing, which he and his wife Frieda, born in 1892/93. Adler, which had opened at Kilianstrasse 17, rented this new building in 1900. In 1903 he bought the house, which he rebuilt in 1906 and added an annex to the rear. When his wife fell ill, the house passed into the ownership of the Landauer brothers in 1928, who finally had their department store in houses at Kaiserstrasse 44 to 48. However, the doctor should Dr. Oskar Mayer, son of the previous owner Max Mayer, still had his practice at Kaiserstraße 44 in 1931. In the course of the "Aryanization" in 1936 or 1938, the businessman Andreas Beilharz took over the Landauer brothers' department store from its owners at the time, Max and Sigmund Kaufmann. He opened his new shop on July 15, 1938. Destroyed in 1944, it was rebuilt in 1948. In 1950, the leather dealer Alfred Wolf, the leather goods dealer Johann Wolf and the optician Hänsch operated under No. 44. In 1953 Waren-Kredit-Bank GmbH moved into a branch at Kaiserstraße 44, and in October 1953 the watch shop Bantel moved there from No. 56. In 1961, in addition to Hänsch, Bantel and the Waren-Kredit-Bank, the dentist Fritz Kaiser also used rooms in the building. The building was renovated in 1992 and closed in 2000. The building complex at numbers 44 to 50 was demolished in 2007 and then replaced by the Klosterhof shopping center, which opened in 2009 .
  • At Kaiserstraße 46 (formerly Presencegasse 6, house census 1855: No. 25) was once the parsonage of the first city pastor, who bought the city in 1474 as a preacher's apartment. In 1863 the Franconian half-timbered building came into private ownership. In 1905/06 the art dealer Heinrich Grünwald had a commercial building built at Kaiserstraße 46 according to plans by the architects Beutinger & Steiner . Just a few years later the house was completely rebuilt in 1913 and merged with the neighboring building No. 48 to form the Landauer department store .
  • In the Kaiser Strasse 48 still an old traufständiges building was located in transforming the imperial road. In 1905/06 it was replaced by a residential and commercial building for the merchants Emil and Reinhold Joos according to plans by Adolf Braunwald . In addition to the Joos real estate and mortgage business, the building initially housed the Barasch department store, which was taken over by the Landauer company in 1911. In 1913 the building was combined with the neighboring building No. 46. The Landauer department store was the target of a boycott of Jews and an explosives attack during the Nazi era , was eventually Aryanized and came into the possession of the merchant Beilharz, who had a new department store built there after it was destroyed in World War II. In 1950, in addition to the Beilharz department store, the Gärtner specialist, the accounting department of the Heilbronner Bankverein, the law firm of Kurt Kehm, the advertising agent Hettenbach & Co., the architect Erik Beutinger and the Heilbronner advertising service operated in No. 46–48 . 1961 only Beilharz is recorded for No. 46–48. The whole quarter finally gave way to the monastery courtyard, which opened in 2009 .
  • The house at Kaiserstraße 50 once had the address Presencegasse 10 and was given the number 32 in the house census in 1855. In 1856, master bricklayer Paul Kraft carried out a minor renovation. The court photographer Karl Fleischmann had a new building constructed by Beutinger & Steiner in 1905/06 . The Mangold photo shop was later located in the Fleischmann house . After the Second World War, Hermann and August Mangold had a one-story emergency building built, which served as a photo shop until 2003 and soon afterwards, like the neighboring buildings described above, gave way to the Klosterhof shopping center .
  • After the Second World War, Fritz Seel's paper shop, which had been at Kaiserstrasse 18 before the Great Depression and then moved to a second-class location, found a new domicile on one of the main shopping streets in No. 52. In 1950 Gertrud Baader also had a shop for manufactured goods in the building.
  • In the city archive of Heilbronn there is a building or conversion application from the architect Adolf Braunwald from 1906 for the house at Kaiserstraße 54. The property at that time apparently belonged to the merchants J. Reiner and Reinhold Jooss; the construction was stopped because the question could not be clarified whether the conversion would not amount to a new building. Ottilie Jooss had a corset shop in the house for a time. In 1937 it was rebuilt for the German North Sea, which continued to use the post-war new building according to the address books of 1950 and 1961. In 1954 the general practitioner Richard Klagholz opened a practice there that is no longer mentioned in the address book from 1961.
  • No. 56 carried the Roßkampfsche Haus , built in 1788/90 , the home of Mayor Georg Heinrich von Roßkampff . The property, built on a plot of land on Presencegasse, became part of northern Kaiserstraße as a result of the breakthrough in Kramgasse. After the Second World War, emergency buildings were initially built on the site of the destroyed building. In the post-war period, Paula Hoyler, b. Bantel, a watchmaker's shop. In doing so, she continued the business founded by her grandfather Gustav Bantel in 1872. Bantel had been a town clockmaker from 1886 and had to take care of all the town clocks. By 1896 he had also reworked the town hall clock and wound all the town clocks by hand until 1926. His son Hermann died in the air raid on December 4, 1944. In 1950, the NSU customer service K. Keicher, Eugen Hoyler's electronics store, the chocolate wholesaler and retailer Schoko-Hess (later in No. 11), Karl Bense's perfumery and Heinrich Hecht's wicker shop. In 1952, the Hilkert women's hairdressing salon also operated at Kaiserstraße 56. The watch shop Bantel moved to Kaiserstraße 44 in 1953. In the mid-1950s, the property was built over with the new construction of the commercial and commercial bank (today Baden-Württembergische Bank).

Trivia

Mark Twain reports in his stroll through Europe that he stayed in Heilbronn in 1878 in the same inn as Götz von Berlichingen and that he got the same room as Götz: “The furniture was strange old carved stuff, a full four hundred years old. But some of the smells were certainly millennial. There was a hook on the wall, on which, according to the landlord, the terrible old Goetz used to hang his iron hand when he took it off before going to bed. ”Twain goes on to say that he woke up during the night from nibbling a mouse first the one, then the other boot after the animal and finally got so uneasy that he decided to "go out into the large square and do a refreshing wash at the fountain". Twain claims to have failed with his plan because he got lost in the nightly room, finally smashed almost the entire facility and covered a total of no less than 74 miles that night. Twain himself does not give the name of the inn, but it is said that Götz von Berlichingen's quarters were the Gasthaus zur Krone on the market square. Götz von Berlichingen called this house, which was then run by Dietz Wagenmann, as "the Thieves' Herberg"; it was a corner house near Kilian's Church. There have been various speculations about the exact location of the hostel; possibly it could have been at the place of today's Kaiserstraße 34.

literature

  • Julius Fekete among other things: Monument topography Baden-Württemberg. Volume I.5: Heilbronn district. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1988-3 , pp. 65, 102-108.
  • Hans Franke: History and Fate of the Jews in Heilbronn. From the Middle Ages to the time of the National Socialist persecution (1050–1945). Heilbronn 1963 (= publications of the Heilbronn Archives. Issue 11), pp. 284–287.
  • City of Heilbronn (ed.): Address book of the city of Heilbronn 1950. Heilbronn 1950.
  • City of Heilbronn (Hrsg.): Address book of the city of Heilbronn 1961. Heilbronn 1961.

Web links

Commons : Kaiserstraße  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A map in Simon M. Haag, the fragment of a Heilbronner official book in the Hohenlohe central archive in Neuenstein , in: Christhard Schrenk and Peter Wanner (eds.), Heilbronnica 2. Contributions to the city history. Sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn 15 , Stadtarchiv Heilbronn 2003, pp. 139–162, here p. 143 illustrates the situation in the Middle Ages.
  2. ↑ a b c d Gerhard Schwinghammer, Rainer Makowski: The Heilbronner street names. Silberburg-Verlag Tübingen 2005, ISBN 978-3-87407-677-7 , pp. 115-117.
  3. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1933–1938. P. 302.
  4. ↑ [1]
  5. ↑ Heilbronn City Archives, ZS-9133
  6. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 266.
  7. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 113 f.
  8. ↑ Photo of the boycott of the Jews ( memento of the original from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / collections.yadvashem.org
  9. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 287.
  10. ↑ View of the post office
  11. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 10. In contrast to this, the city ​​archive gives the address Kaiserstraße 10.
  12. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 414.
  13. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 284.
  14. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 284.
  15. ↑ Photo of a soldier in front of the Barasch-Lissmann shop during the boycott of the Jews ( memento of the original from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / collections.yadvashem.org
  16. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 132.
  17. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 286.
  18. ↑ Stolpersteine ​​project in Heilbronn 2013 ( Memento of the original from December 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stolpersteine-heilbronn.de
  19. ↑ Susanne Schlösser, The Heilbronn NSDAP and their "leaders". An inventory of National Socialist personnel policy at the local level and its effects "on site" , special print from: Christhard Schrenk and Peter Wanner (eds.), Heilbronnica 2. Contributions to the history of the town (= sources and research on the history of the town of Heilbronn 15 ), Heilbronn town archive 2003, pp. 281–381 , on Kölle especially p. 289 ff.
  20. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 321.
  21. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 337.
  22. ↑ Gustav Fuchs (Ed.): 100 Years Gustav Fuchs , Heilbronn 1964.
  23. ↑ Flashback to the time before the Käthchenhof in Heilbronn's voice from April 9, 2011.
  24. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 284.
  25. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. Pp. 66/67.
  26. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 224.
  27. ↑ Uebel & Lechleitner is named under No. 12 in the address book from 1961.
  28. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 125.
  29. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 354.
  30. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 287.
  31. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 15.
  32. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 46.
  33. ↑ Heilbronn a. N. 2nd edition. Deutscher Architektur- und Industrie-Verlag, Berlin-Halensee 1928, p. [124].
  34. ^ Willi Zimmermann: Alt-Heilbronner Fachwerkbauten , in: Historischer Verein Heilbronn. 23rd publication , Heilbronn 1960, pp. 115-134.
  35. ↑ Helmut Seel: 150 Years of Seel 1837–1987 , Heilbronn 1987.
  36. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1933–1938. P. 352.
  37. ↑ Illustration of the Lichdi market in: Druckhaus Heilbronn GmbH (ed.), Heilbronn. The young city on the way into the future , Heilbronn 1970, p. 106
  38. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 304.
  39. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 287.
  40. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 157.
  41. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1933–1938. P. 131.
  42. ↑ Waiting for the tram , on www.stimme.de, December 3, 2010
  43. ^ Willi Zimmermann: Alt-Heilbronner Fachwerkbauten , in: Historischer Verein Heilbronn. 23rd publication , Heilbronn 1960, pp. 115-134.
  44. ↑ Heilbronn a. N. 2nd edition. German architecture and industry publishing house, Berlin-Halensee 1928, p. 116.
  45. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1922–1933, p. 350.
  46. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 285.
  47. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 306
  48. ↑ Data on the pre-war structure at heuss.stadtarchiv-heilbronn.de
  49. ↑ Kaiserstraße 26–34 and Kilianskirche on a postcard  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / heuss.stadtarchiv-heilbronn.de  
  50. ^ History of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957, p. 26.
  51. ↑ Illustration from around 1909
  52. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 287.
  53. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 231 cites Aram, who wrongly gave Kaiserstraße 21 as the address of the horseshoe house.
  54. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 220.
  55. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 19.
  56. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 20.
  57. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 158.
  58. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 285
  59. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 59.
  60. ↑ Illustration in: Christhard Schrenk (ed.), Heilbronner Köpfe V. Pictures of life from five centuries (= Small series of publications from the Heilbronn City Archives 56), Heilbronn City Archives 2009, ISBN 978-3-940646-05-7 , p. 99. The original is in the Heilbronn city archive.
  61. ↑ a b Gerhard Schwinghammer and Reiner Makowski, Die Heilbronner Straßeennamen , Silberburg-Verlag Tübingen 2005, ISBN 978-3-87407-677-7 , p. 68
  62. ↑ Chronicle of the Heilbronner Cinemas on Heilbronnerkinos.wordpress.com
  63. ↑ Kaiserstraße 26–34 and Kilianskirche on a postcard  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / heuss.stadtarchiv-heilbronn.de  
  64. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 288.
  65. ↑ Heilbronn a. N. 2nd edition. Deutscher Architektur- und Industrie-Verlag, Berlin-Halensee 1928, p. [144].
  66. ^ Willi Zimmermann: Alt-Heilbronner Fachwerkbauten , in: Historischer Verein Heilbronn. 23rd publication , Heilbronn 1960, pp. 115-134.
  67. ↑ Simon M. Haag: Quirky and coarse, but ingenious - Philipp Safe (1803–1861) , in: Heilbronner Köpf II, Stadtarchiv Heilbronn 1999, pp. 141–158.
  68. ^ Postcard from around 1904
  69. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 62.
  70. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 285.
  71. ↑ Otto Igersheimer (1879–1942) at www.stadtarchiv.heilbronn.de
  72. ^ The west tower of Heilbronn's Kilian's Church in art historical literature . Heilbronn city archive . Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  73. ↑ Franke 1963, p. 236f.
  74. ↑ Franke 1963, pp. 285f.
  75. ^ View of the Landauer brothers' business around 1930 on www.alemannia-judaica.de
  76. ↑ Heilbronn a. N. 2nd edition. Deutscher Architektur- und Industrie-Verlag, Berlin-Halensee 1928, p. [136].
  77. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. P. 227.
  78. ^ Robert Bauer: Heilbronner Tagebuchblätter. Heilbronn 1949, p. 110.
  79. ↑ Chronicle of the City of Heilbronn 1952–1957. Pp. 78, 156 and 199.
  80. ^ Mark Twain, A stroll through Europe , translated by Ulrich Steindorff Carrington, Verlag Ullstein GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 1986, ISBN 3-548-02711-3 , p. 44
  81. ^ Mark Twain, A stroll through Europe , translated by Ulrich Steindorff Carrington, Verlag Ullstein GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 1986, ISBN 3-548-02711-3 , p. 47
  82. ↑ SWR 2 music lesson with Katharina Eickhoff. "I think of Germany ... (5) ... I think of Mark Twain" , broadcast on December 23, 2011, p. 10
  83. ↑ Description of life given to Mr. Goetzens von Berlichingen with the iron hand explained with various comments , Nuremberg ²1775, p. 137
  84. ↑ In 1899 there was still a Hotel Krone, owned by Rudolf Neher. The building seems to have been built in a later epoch than that of Götz von Berlichingen.

Coordinates: 49 ° 8 '31.4 "  N , 9 ° 13' 6.9"  E