Kleinseggenried
Kleinseggenriede , also known as Kleinseggenmoore , Kleinseggen swamps , limestone flat moors or meadow moors , are often plant communities rich in moss in intermediate moors . They are characterized by the predominance of low sedges , rushes and cotton grasses . The primary locations are in the vicinity of lakes , springs and in the lagg of rain bogs . By nature, they are largely free of trees.
Due to human use ( mowing , grazing ), secondary locations are now also populated. The plant communities are by the lack of fast-moving competitors and the natural tree hostility of almost all locations to refuges of glacial relicts become. Their locations are highly endangered, as they are mostly small areas in the middle of agricultural land and can be influenced from there by amelioration measures (drainage, fertilization).
Locations and distribution
Small sedge Riede come with the exception of nutrient-rich fens in almost all groundwater-fed bogs before. The ground is constantly saturated with groundwater, spring water or seepage water and only dries superficially. Common soil types are Gleye as Anmoorgley, Moorgley, Nassgley rarely also Pseudogley and peat soils of peat . The locations are moderately nutrient-rich to nutrient-poor, sub-neutral to calcareous; but very acidic soils are also populated.
These vineyards are widespread in the entire Euro- Siberian region ( Europe and the northern half of Asia ), with the focus being on the Young Pleistocene areas of the Palearctic , in the highlands of the low mountain ranges and in the Alpine foothills . Kleinseggenriede were often promoted by extensive , small-scale forms of use ( pasture , litter meadows , peat cuttings ).
Socialization
In terms of plant sociology , the Kleinseggenriede are classified according to Oberdorfer as the class "Small sedge societies of low and intermediate moors as well as upland moors ( Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae )". Kleinseggenriede comprise three orders on ecologically different locations:
- Pioneering societies of peat bogs ( Scheuchzerietalia palustris ) in acidic, base-rich to base-poor, nutrient-poor bogs (Sour intermediate bogs, pH values up to 4.8). They mainly accommodate peat moss such as the spit peat moss Sphagnum cuspidatum , peat moss from the Sphagnum recurvum complex and the swamp peat moss Sphagnum palustre .
- Brown sedge swamp communities ( Caricetalia nigrae ) in sub-neutral , mostly lime-poor, nutrient-poor to moderately nutrient-rich bogs (intermediate bogs, pH values of 4.8 to 6.4). The Kleinseggenriede are mainly characterized by the occurrence of brown mosses ( Amblystegiaceae ).
- Meadow sedge communities ( Caricetalia davallianae ) in calcareous to calcareous, mostly base-rich, nutrient-rich to nutrient-poor bogs (limestone intermediate bogs, pH values from 6.4 to 8.5). They include the often orchid-rich plant communities ( Tofieldia calyculata ) of the limestone areas in the Eurosiberian region.
In addition to a number of types of sedges and rushes, so-called mineral soil water indicators, which indicate the influence of nutrient-rich groundwater, occur in all plant communities in the intermediate bogs . Examples are the fever clover ( Menyanthes trifoliata ), the swamp blood-eye ( Potentilla palustris ), the pig's ear ( Calla palustris ), the narrow-leaved cotton grass ( Eriophorum angustifolium ), the dog-ostrich ( Agrostis canina ), the swamp violet ( Viola palustris ) or the common pennywort ( Hydrocotyle vulgaris ). Peat mosses play a role particularly in the acidic intermediate bogs, whereas the more nutrient-rich forms are characterized by the occurrence of so-called brown mosses .
Pioneering societies from Moorschlenken
The plant communities of the Kleinseggenriede of the Sauer-Zwischenmoore ( order : Scheuchzerietalia palustris ) are rich in peat moss and mainly contain peat moss such as the spit peat moss Sphagnum cuspidatum , from the S. recurvum complex and the swamp peat moss S. palustre .
In dystrophic temporarily dry falling gutters, Schlenken , bog pools in the range of high- and intermediate bogs, on poor, bare peat and peat mud and in wet heaths Schnabel Ried societies develop ( Rhynchosporetum albae ) from White beak-sedge ( Rhynchospora alba ). The stands are often sparse and very small. In addition to the bulbous rush ( Juncus bulbosus ), only mean sundew ( Drosera intermedia ) and bog bear moss ( Lycopodiella inundata ) are found here. These plant communities are often only short-lived stages, which towards the body of water can change into flooding lawns of sickle moss ( Drepanocladus fluitans ), peat moss and water hose ( Utricularia ) communities or beach littoral ( Littorella ) diving fields. Schnabelried societies exist in the oceanic regions of Central Europe as well as in the moors of the Alpine foothills, for example in the Schwemm in Tyrol .
In nutrient-poor (oligotrophic), acidic silting bogs, in non-drying upland bog gullies and in acidic spring pools, the peat moss sedge ( Caricetum limosae ) is a typical plant community which forms inaccessible rocking grass in oligotrophic waters . These initially grow as seams into the open water. After all, they span the entire body of water. Especially the bladder rush ( Scheuchzeria palustris ), the white beaked sedge ( Rhynchospora alba ), the mud sedge ( Carex limosa ) and the rare thread-rooted sedge ( Carex chodorrhiza ) make up the company. Most of the time, the species mentioned do not appear together, but each form so-called dominant stocks. Furthermore, the peat moss-sedge-cottongrass ( Sphagno-Eriophoretum angustifoliae ) with the narrow-leaved cottongrass ( Eriophorum angustifolium ) is a widespread plant community that characterizes late rocking bog landings.
The thread sedge transition moor ( Caricetum lasiocarpae ), which has become rare, is formed from the thread sedge ( Carex lasiocarpa ). The plant community often comes into close contact with raised bogs and forms swinging turfs on bog waters and heather ponds . Society can also be secondary to peat-cutting waters. The moor riding grass ( Calamagrostis stricta ) and Sphagnum obtusum are found as accompanying species . The society occurs throughout Central Europe from the planar to the montane level, especially on the northern edge of the Alps and in the north German lowlands. Societies with the dominance of the wire sedge ( Carex diandra ) or the thread-rooted sedge ( Carex chordorrhiza ) can also develop instead of the thread-like sedge. Thread sedge, wire sedge and knitting root sedge societies are very rare and endangered. The latter is even threatened with extinction.
Braunseggen swamp societies
The Kleinseggenriede of the moderately nutrient-rich intermediate bogs (order: Caricetalia nigrae ) are mainly characterized by brown mosses ( Amblystegiaceae ). Brown mosses are a number of species that are mostly dark to red or golden brown in color, a color that is most pronounced in late autumn. This group includes the pointed-leaved skewer moss ( Calliergonella cuspidata ), some beautiful mosses (genus Calliergon), many sickle mosses ( Drepanocladus vernicosus ), the scorpion moss ( Scorpidium scorpioides ) and, as very rare ice age relics in the Alpine foothills and in the Alps, the broken moss ( Meesia triquetra ) Paludella squarrosa . As representatives of the sedges, the brown sedge ( Carex nigra ), the thread sedge ( Carex lasiocarpa ), wire sedge ( C. diandra ) and, more rarely, the knitting root sedge ( C. chordorrhiza ) are found in these intermediate bogs . Most of these societies are at great risk.
Characteristic plant communities of the intermediate bogs are Alpine brown sedge marshes ( Caricetum fuscae subalpinum ), which are the characteristic species of the brown sedge ( Carex fusca , syn. Carex nigra ). Alpine brown-sedge swamps are permanently and heavily soaked locations and are home to numerous species that are weak in competition and which are often still rare. Accompanying species are, for example, the mountain rush ( Juncus alpinoarticulatus ), bristle grass ( Nardus stricta ) and turf rush ( Trichophorum cespitosum ). The plant community occurs in the entire Alpine region and in the Black Forest on extensively grazed locations. The alpine cotton grass swamp ( Eriophoretum scheuchzerii) has its main distribution in Scandinavia and in the Alpine region above the tree line . The society is very poor in species and is usually only formed from Scheuchzer's cotton grass ( Eriophorum Scheuchzeri ) itself. The swamp lice weed-rush -swamp ( Pediculario palustris-Juncetum filiformis ) is characterized by the swamp-lice weed ( Pedicularis palustris ) and the common rush ( Juncus filiformis ). The plant community is widespread in the submontane to subalpine level of the Alpine foothills and the low mountain ranges.
Wiesenseggen societies
The Kleinseggenriede of the limestone intermediate moors include the orchid-rich plant communities of the Kleinseggenmoore (order: Caricetalia davallianae ). These are plant communities that are mostly small and extremely rare. Many of them are threatened with extinction. Their natural locations are swamp springs of the subalpine level . In similar location conditions at lower altitudes, they could only form after clearing of swamp forests . Tufa formation is widespread.
The Davall sedge spring bog ( Caricetum davallianae ) is formed from the eponymous Davall sedge ( Carex davalliana ). The society includes the following species, among others: Broadleaf cottongrass ( Eriophorum latifolium ), flour primrose ( Primula farinosa ), common cornflower ( Tofieldia calyculata ), swamp heart leaf ( Parnassia palustris ) and butterwort ( Pinguicula vulgaris ). Kleinseggenriede with Black Kopfried ( Schoenus nigricans ) and Marsh Orchid ( Orchis palustris ) form the very rare Orchid Kopfried Society ( Orchio-Schoenetum nigricantis ). Characteristic of this company are still following Brown Moose: the Star Gold sleeping Moss ( Campylium stellate ) and the roll sheet Sickle moss ( Drepanocladus revolvens ). The Mehlprimel-Kopfried ( Primulo-Schoenetum ferruginei ) grows in calcareous, mesotrophic bogs and is made up of the rust-red Kopfried ( Schoenus ferrugineus ) and the Mehlprimel ( Primula farinosa ). Broad-leaved cottongrass ( Eriophorum latifolia ) and common butterwort ( Pinguicula vulgaris ) are also found in this society . The dull-flowered bulrush ( Juncetum subnodulosi ) is home to the dull-flowered bulrush ( Juncus subnodulus ), the yellow sedge ( Carex flava ), the pointed skewer moss ( Calliergonella cuspidata ) and the marsh stendellum ( Epipactis palustris ).
Ecological importance
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Due to the low-growing and open structure with extremely wet water balance at the same time , small sedge bogs are locations for weakly competitive rosette plants such as primrose ( Primula farinosa ) and butterwort ( Pinguicula spp.). Due to their extreme location conditions, they are refuges for many rare marsh plants and a large number of often highly specialized invertebrates . Kleinseggenriede are also particularly valuable as biotopes of glacial relics such as the broken moss ( Meesia triquetra ). They are also important breeding areas for meadow birds such as walleye and snipe species and feeding grounds for the white stork ( Ciconia ciconia ), for example .
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Hazard and protection
The natural, primary locations of the Kleinseggenriede, i.e. spring swamps, spring moors and flow moors, have been largely destroyed. The secondary locations are often in the midst of agricultural areas and are therefore severely endangered by amelioration and eutrophication . The drainage of the sites causes a mineralization of the peat peat, whereby the released nitrogen promotes a nitrogen-loving (nitrophilic) perennial vegetation .
Many species of the Kleinseggenriede are listed in the numerous Red Lists of endangered animal and plant species in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. A number of species also enjoy legal protection through the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species , the IUCN , the Bern Convention (implementation in the EU Bird Protection Directive and Habitats Directive) and the Federal Species Protection Ordinance .
The Habitats Directive obliges the member states at European level to establish a coherent European ecological network of protected areas called Natura 2000 for the preservation of natural habitats as well as wild plants and animals. Moors and wetlands, and thus also the various forms of the Kleinseggenriede, form one of the focal points of FFH habitat types.
Kleinseggenriede can be protected by suitable measures. This includes the creation of buffer zones against nutrient inputs, the avoidance of impact loads, rewetting measures and occasional mowing or dekussing if there is a tendency towards bushes .
credentials
- P. Mertz: Plant communities of Central Europe and the Alps. Recognize, determine, evaluate. Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft, Landsberg / Lech, 2000, ISBN 3-609-19380-8 .
- Claus-Peter Hutter (Eds.), Alois Kapfer, Peter Poschlod: Swamps and Moors - Recognize, determine, protect biotopes. Weitbrecht Verlag, Stuttgart / Vienna / Bern 1997, ISBN 3-522-72060-1 .
- Claus-Peter Hutter (ed.); Gottfried Briemle, Conrad Fink: Meadows, pastures and other grassland - recognizing, determining, protecting biotopes. Weitbrecht -Verlag, Stuttgart / Vienna / Bern 1993, ISBN 3-522-72010-5 .
- M. Succow, L. Jeschke: Moors in the landscape: origin, household, living world, distribution, use and preservation of moors. 1st edition. Thun, Frankfurt a. M. 1986, ISBN 3-87144-954-7 .