Corruption in Russia

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The corruption in Russia is seen as a significant problem that all aspects of administration, law enforcement , the health and education concerns. The phenomenon of corruption is firmly anchored in the historical model of public administration in Russia and is attributed to the general weakness of the rule of law in Russia.

Development of the Corruption Index in Russia

A corruption perception index is determined annually by Transparency International .

2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
Russia 72 71 71 71 73 72 72 76 79 78 79 77 75 76 72 73
Ø Europe 40.3 40.2 40.8 40.5 41.6 42.2 42.4 44.1 44.0 42.8 42.3 41.6 41.4 41.2 41.6 42.0
Ø worldwide 56.9 56.9 57.1 57.5 56.8 57.4 56.8 59.7 59.9 59.7 59.8 60.1 59.1 59.1 58.3 57.6

According to this, Russia averaged 111.35 from 1996 to 2018 - or 111th place in the list of the least corrupt countries out of 175 countries worldwide. Russia's highest corruption rank was 154 in 2010 and the lowest was 47 in 1996. In 2017, Russia ranked 135th.

Spread of corruption in Russia

According to Richard Palmer, CIA station chief at the US embassy in Moscow, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of Russia coincided with the illicit distribution of billions of dollars from the Soviet treasury to accounts across Europe and the US. This was practiced by elites from every corner of the Soviet system who would have exploited the knowledge of Western banking developed by the KGB during the Cold War . Palmer compared the spread of corruption in Russia to a theoretically assumed situation in which in the United States the majority of members of Congress, the Justice and Treasury departments and agents of the FBI , the CIA, the DIA, the IRS , the Marshal Service , the Border Patrol , the Federal Reserve Bank, and the Supreme Court justices would engage in “massive corruption”.

In 2004, at the beginning of Vladimir Putin's second term as president, Russia fell from 90th to 126th place in the Corruption Perceptions Index - a drop of 36 places in just one year. Another measure of corruption - an estimate of the average amount of bribes - also deteriorated from 2008 to 2011. According to the Department of Combating Economic Crimes of the Russian Interior Ministry, the average bribe in 2008 was 9,000 rubles; 23,000 rubles in 2009; 61,000 rubles in 2010; and 236,000 rubles in 2011 - making the average bribe in 2011 26 times higher than the average bribe in 2008 and a multiple of the rate of inflation over the same period.

According to Sergei Ivanov , the Kremlin's chief of staff, the most corrupt areas in Russia (in terms of budget corruption) are healthcare and education, housing and community services. By comparison, independent experts from RBC magazine cite law enforcement agencies (including the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate) as the most corrupt sphere in Russia, followed by health, education, housing and community services, and social security services. At the government level, the five main areas of corruption oppose it: government contracts and all government procurement, issuing permits and certificates, law enforcement, land distribution and urban organization and construction.

The estimates of corruption damage in Russia vary. According to official government statistics from Rosstat, the “black economy” represented only 15% of Russia's GDP in 2011 , and this included unreported salaries (to avoid taxes and social security contributions) and other types of tax evasion. According to Rosstat estimates, corruption in 2011 was only 3.5% to 7% of GDP. By comparison, some independent experts claim that corruption accounts for 25% of Russia's GDP. According to a report by the World Bank , this figure is 48%. There is also an interesting shift in the causes of bribery: while before officials received bribes to overlook legal violations or to interpret regulations in the briber's favor, now they simply use them to fulfill their duties. Many experts state that corruption has become a booming business in Russia in recent years. In the 1990s, business people had to pay various criminal groups to provide a 'Крыша' ( German  'roof' , meaning protection). This “ protection money ” is being collected from officials today. Corrupt hierarchies characterize different branches of the economy,

Ultimately, the entire Russian population pays for this corruption. For example, some experts believe that the rapid price increases for housing, hot water, heating and electricity, which significantly outperform inflation, are a direct consequence of the high volume of corruption at the highest level. The response to corruption has changed in recent years: since Putin's second term in office, general outrage has been limited to very few cases of corruption. Getting used to, indifference and fear of being disadvantaged if the machinations are exposed prevent violent reactions in public. Putin's system is notable for its ubiquitous and overt amalgamation of civil service and business, as well as the use of relatives, friends and acquaintances to benefit from household spending and take over state property. Corporate, property and land theft are the order of the day.

Anti-corruption efforts

An anti-corruption campaign in modern Russia began on April 4, 1992, when President Boris Yeltsin issued a decree entitled "Fighting Corruption in the Public Service". This document prohibited the officers from doing business. In addition, civil servants were required to provide information on income, personal property and real estate, bank balances and securities, and financial liabilities. The Directorate of Presidential Control was responsible for implementing the decree that formed the basis of the anti-corruption and civil service laws . Russia passed the first package of anti-corruption laws in 2008 in response to the ratification of the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention against Corruption.

The decree “On Anti-Corruption Measures” was signed in May of the same year by the former President and current Prime Minister Medvedev . Since then, numerous changes have been made to Russian anti-corruption legislation to combat bribery and improve the business climate. The Russian anti-corruption campaign is an ongoing effort by the Russian government to curb corruption, which has been recognized as one of Russia's most serious problems. The central documents of the campaign include the National Anti-Corruption Plan introduced by Medvedev in 2009 and the National Anti-Corruption Strategy introduced in 2010 . The central body of the campaign is the Anti-Corruption Council, which was set up in 2008 and made the fight against corruption one of the most important tasks of its presidency. At the first Council meeting on September 30, 2008, Medvedev said: “I am going to repeat a simple but very painful thing. Corruption is widespread in our country. It has become commonplace and shapes the life of Russian society. "

In 2012, the government passed a new law requiring officials and employees of government organizations to disclose their sources of finance, as well as their own and their families' purchases of real estate, stocks, shares and vehicles. The legislation has also for the first time defined conflicts of interest in relation to civil servants and extended anti-corruption legislation to the military. The last amendment to Federal Law No. 273 on Anti-Corruption was made in December 2012 and was adopted on January 1, 2013. By upgrading the Anti-Corruption Act to Article 13.3, Russia has taken a significant step in strengthening the framework of its Anti-Corruption Act and aligning it with internationally recognized best practices such as the UK Bribery Act and the US Corrupt Practices Act. According to Article 13 Paragraph 3 of the Anti-Corruption Act, organizations must develop and implement anti-corruption measures, e.g. B.

  • (I) appoint a specific department or officer responsible for preventing corruption and related crime;
  • (II) Cooperation with law enforcement agencies
  • (III) Develop and implement standards and procedures for ethical business practices
  • (IV) Establish an ethical code of conduct for staff
  • (V) Avoiding and Resolving Conflicts of Interest
  • (VI) Prevent the filing of false or confidential reports and the use of forged documents.

Russia also joined the OECD Convention against Bribery in 2012 and holds the G20 presidency in 2013, in which the fight against corruption is one of the three main topics on the agenda. Companies should therefore actively ensure that they comply with the new amendment to the Anti-Corruption Act.

The anti-money laundering initiative

Corruption is obviously linked to money laundering , as the fraudulent assets of a corrupt official are useless if they are not placed, invested and integrated into the global financial network in a manner that does not raise suspicion. The proceeds of corruption can be laundered in legal systems that do not have strict anti-money laundering measures and in countries that have very strict laws or regulations on banking secrecy . That is why the disenfranchisement policy advocated by President Putin in 2012 and 2013 (after the Cyprus conflict ) is often seen as a new anti-corruption measure. The latest government initiatives to gradually strengthen control over the financial operations of organizations and citizens were the subject of the Russian financial monitoring service "Росфинмониторинг (Rosfinmonitoring) ". A law has been drafted that changes a number of legal acts aimed at increasing the transparency of foreign exchange transactions and strengthening anti-money laundering measures in Russia. This law with corresponding changes was passed on June 30, 2013. The law introduces changes to a number of legal acts and ensures greater control over companies and citizens in relation to financial transactions.

The most important changes for businesses are those that change the way banking is regulated. The changes will have a significant impact on credit institutions, which will most likely have to change their internal anti-money laundering and customer identification policies and procedures. On the one hand, they allow the bankers to require the customer to disclose the purpose of the transaction. On the other hand, this can result in significant risks for the optimization of the business, including possible delays in the processing of payments.

National Anti-Corruption Plan

Russian President Vladimir Putin approved a new national anti-corruption plan for the period 2014-2015. The president ordered the executive and legislative branches to make appropriate changes to their anti-corruption plans by July 1, 2014, and to ensure control over their implementation . A corresponding mandate was included in the National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2014/2015. In June 2018, the Russian President, Vladimir Putin, enacted the “National Anti-Corruption Plan for the Years 2018-2020” with his decree.

Anti-Corruption Foundation

The Anti-Corruption Foundation or Fund to Fight Corruption (FBK) is a non-profit organization based in Moscow, which was founded in 2011 by the opposition activist and nationalist-democratic politician Alexei Navalny . His main goal is to investigate corruption cases among high-ranking Russian government officials and uncover which he and his staff have also successfully done in recent years. As a result of his activities, Navalny was arrested and convicted several times.

The FBK has already investigated corruption and reported charges against the following Russian politicians, entrepreneurs and journalists:

Investigations

The 2012 report by Transparency International Russia shows a multitude of activities that enable citizens to monitor corruption. In a large-scale campaign in 20 cities, together with the youth movement for human rights, she checked the police officers' identification tags. It was a proactive exercise to stop the petty corruption. If an official can be identified, he is less likely to expect bribery. Transparency International Russia, with the help of students, also monitors the profit and loss accounts of Russian officials, publishes the results and monitors the use of public funds amounting to 600 million rubles (US $ 19 million) for socially oriented NGOs and has several cases of conflict of interest identified. She provided analysis and recommendations to make this process more transparent and accountable. The NGO works with individuals and groups, with commercial and not-for-profit companies and organizations, and with anti-corruption organizations. It carries out professional analyzes and works on corruption issues in order to explain the reasons for the spread of corruption as well as its political and social effects and to analyze possible scenarios for the future.

On December 9, 2014, the Novosti Agency reported that the head of the National Anti-Corruption Committee, Kirill Kabanov, admitted on the program that a third of Russian officials were corrupt. Since 2015, Russian officials have been regularly accused of spending on luxury cars, villas, or clothes that are significantly higher than their reported income.

A 2018 study of state corruption in Russia in the 1750s and 1830s found that "the volume of wealth drawn from the population through routine corruption was surprisingly small, to our knowledge. The authors wrote," Every small interaction with state officials involved the Paying a 'fee' to employees and these fees, while legally illegal, were so common and widely accepted that they were recorded in the books of accounts along with other operating expenses. On the other hand, these 'routine' payments were really quite small, especially when distributed per capita across the community. Such fees appeared to have been largely common, part of the traditional economy of gift giving, showing respect and maintaining informal contacts ('good relationships'). Yet even such a small pro- Head removal would have made it possible for important district officials to amass substantial sums of money on a scale that would at least triple their salaries. ”Measured against low salaries, such bribes seldom made people rich.

The Russian General Prosecutor's Office reported that of those convicted of corruption in 2017, the number of law enforcement officers and parliamentarians (nearly 2,200 people) made up over 11%.

Spectacular process

This list of these proceedings, which have become known beyond Russia, is incomplete, as many cases are of insufficient public interest or have been concealed by the Russian media. Corruption is almost a trivial offense in Russia . In many cases, allegations of corruption in connection with other crimes, such as abuse of office , property crimes , illegal enrichment , theft , gang violence , etc. in order to bribery a criminal prosecution avert. Only the top management from politics and business is rarely prosecuted and at most accused from abroad. Efforts by activists to bring incidents to the public are often drastically cut off.

This list is incomplete. Please help with the expansion.
date Defendant
former function 		Lawsuit / punishment annotation
2019 Igor Pushkarev
( Russian Игорь Пушкарёв )
Lord Mayor of Vladivostok 		Imprisonment for 15 years Fine
: 500 million rubles (6.8 million euros)
Compensation payment: 143 million rubles (1.9 million euros) from civil action
2018
December 2017 Alexei Uljukajew
( Russian Алексей Улюкаев )
Minister for Economic Development [en] 		Eight years in prison.
Fine: 130 million rubles (just under two million euros).
November 14, 2016 Threat: up to 15 years in prison He was arrested by the Investigative Committee for allegedly accepting a $ 2 million bribe. He is currently under investigation and faces up to 15 years in prison if found guilty.
June 24, 2016 Nikita Belych
( Russian: Никита Белых )
Governor of the Perm Territory 		Threat: up to 15 years in prison He was arrested in a bar by the Russian Investigative Committee for allegedly receiving a € 400,000 bribe. He is currently under investigation and could result in up to 15 years in prison if found guilty.
2015 Andrei Ljalin
( Russian Андрей Лялин )
director of the Central Museum of the Naval Navy
Vyacheslav (Wetschӧ) Gaiser
( Komi Вечӧ Миш Гайзер Večö Miš Gaizer )
Governor of the Komi Republic 		Arrested September 19, 2015, theft of state property the investigation was discontinued on February 2, 2017. Gaiser is considered a loyal Putin supporter.
2013 Alexander Buchtojarow
( Russian Александр Бухтояров )
First Deputy Governor of the Kurgan Region
Vyacheslav Dudka
( Russian Вячеслав Дудка )
governor of the Tula region 		9½ years penal colony
2012 Yuri Slepzow
( Russian Юрий Слепцов )
Mayor of Voskressensk , Moscow Oblast 		18.1 million rubles fine
2011 Anatoly Baschlakow
( Russian Анатолий Башлаков )
head of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome
Eduard Katschanowski
( Russian Эдуард Качановский )
Mayor of Smolensk 		Four years imprisonment and a fine
2010 Sergey Tulinov
( Russian Сергей Тулинов )
Head of Rajon Yeisk 		7½ years
Daimler Chrysler
German vehicle manufacturer		 Five million euros in bribes paid to Russian officials The investigation was closed because no interpreter could be found to translate the documents . The investigation was conducted by the Ministry of the Interior, which itself appeared on the list of bribed authorities.
2009 Natalja Klimowa
( Russian: Наталья Климова )
Deputy Director of the Federal Health Insurance Fund		 9 years penal colony and 1 million rubles fine died in custody in 2015
2008 Nikolai Utkin
( Russian: Николай Уткин )
Mayor of Tolyatti 		7 years Released early on parole in 2012
2006 Vladimir Ganeev
( Russian Владимир Ганеев )
Lieutenant General of the Ministry of Disaster Control 		20 years Case “werewolves in uniform” ; Released in 2014 for health reasons.
2001 Valentin Kovalyov
( Валентин Ковалёв )
Minister of Justice 		9 years

See also

Web links

  • Russia analyzes. Subject index; Corruption and crime. In: Country Analysis. Research Center for Eastern Europe (FSO), 2019, accessed on May 20, 2019 (list of topic-related articles).
  • Corruption in Russia. Laenderdaten.info, 2019, accessed on May 20, 2019 .
  • Graphic of the week. Russia more and more corrupt. OWC Verlag für Außenwirtschaft GmbH, January 31, 2019, accessed on May 20, 2019 : “Russia has fallen further in Transparency International's new corruption perception index. The country is in 138th place in the current ranking with 28 out of 100 possible points (0 points = high level of corruption). "
  • Eric Mayer: Transparency International's new corruption perception index. In the spotlight: implementation recommendations for companies. Deutscher Anwaltspiegel, 2018, accessed on May 20, 2019 .
  • Corporate liability for corruption in Russia. Law enforcement and developments 2018/201. Noerr , April 8, 2019, accessed May 18, 2019 .
  • Corruption reveal video. Russia blocks Navalny's website. n-tv , February 15, 2018, accessed May 18, 2019 .
  • Amnesty Report. Russian Federation 2017/18. Amnesty International Deutschland eV, February 22, 2018, accessed on May 18, 2019 : “In March 2017 there were protests against corruption in at least 97 cities. In many places, the police broke up peaceful demonstrations with excessive and unnecessary violence. More than 1,600 people were arrested, including at least 14 journalists who covered the protests. Politically motivated charges were brought against many of the detainees in unfair trials. Hundreds were detained for peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of expression and assembly. In the capital, Moscow, 14 employees and volunteers from the Anti-Corruption Foundation, who organized a live webcast of the protests on the Internet, were arbitrarily arrested in their offices. Twelve of them were sentenced to administrative detention on March 27 and 28, respectively. "
  • Putin's ex-bodyguard wants to make a “chop” out of Navalny. $ 29 million embezzled from the National Guard. SPIEGEL online , September 11, 2018, accessed on May 18, 2019 : "The head of the Russian National Guard is allegedly involved in a corruption scandal. Now he's verbally attacking the oppositionist Alexej Navalny, who made the affair public. "
  • Associated Press in Moscow: Russian opposition leader injured following detention. Alexei Navalny, who has been investigating official corruption, suffered a suspected broken finger. The Guardian , August 25, 2018, accessed May 18, 2019 .
  • Wolfgang Bauer: A state locks itself up. Zeit Online , December 27, 2013, accessed on May 18, 2019 (very detailed with comments): “Under Vladimir Putin, corruption increased dramatically in Russia. A visit to the special prison at Colony 13, where officers and police are incarcerated "
  • Corruption in Russia. All articles and backgrounds. SPIEGEL online, 2018, accessed on May 18, 2019 .
  • Decoder: systematic corruption charges? The Ulyukayev case and its role models. bpb , February 5, 2018, accessed on May 18, 2019 : “The Ulyukayev case has led to a heated debate in Russia: for the first time, an incumbent minister was dismissed from office on charges of corruption. Is it really a case of corruption or is there a systematic charge behind it? "
  • Mark Levin, Georgy Satarov: Corruption and institutions in Russia. Foundation for Information on Democracy, 2000, accessed May 17, 2019 .
  • News. Transparency International Russia, May 17, 2019, accessed May 17, 2019 .
  • Transparency Germany: Enlargement of parliamentary control rights in criminal and civil matters planned. Transparency International , January 17, 2006, accessed May 21, 2019 .
  • Attorney General: Damage from corruption increased by two thirds. In: PANORAMA. Sputnik, April 9, 2019, accessed on May 21, 2019 : “According to its own statements, the Russian judiciary discovered more cases of corruption last year than in 2017. The estimated damage was therefore two thirds higher than in 2017, but could largely be repaired through judicial and extrajudicial measures. "
  • Kremlin campaign: The Tsar takes action against the Gaiser. Russian investigators target governors. DerStandard , 2015, accessed on May 21, 2019 .
  • Pavel Lokshin: Nothing works without bribes. January 18, 2016, accessed on May 21, 2019 : “Corruption is part of everyday life in Russia: Economists see it as the mainstay of the system, a third of citizens consider it ineradicable. Neither is an exaggeration. "

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Corruption Perceptions Index 2017. Transparency International, February 21, 2018, accessed on May 17, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b Manabu Suhara: Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective. (PDF) Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on December 4, 2015 .
  3. ↑ Russia lost 4 billion dollars on unfavorable state procurement contracts in the last year. In: Meduza. Accessed December 7, 2015 .
  4. ↑ Klara Sabirianova Peter, Tetyana Zelenska: Corruption in Russian Health Care. (PDF) The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery. February 15, 2010, accessed May 17, 2019 .
  5. ↑ Elena Denisova-Schmidt, Elvira Leontyeva: Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine. Harvard University, June 17, 2014, accessed May 17, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Russia Corruption Rank. In: Trading Economics. 2018, accessed on May 17, 2019 .
  7. ↑ This year New Zealand took first place and Somalia last 180th place. Russia was tied with the Dominican Republic , Honduras , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Mexico , Papua New Guinea and Paraguay (for comparison: CH = 3, D = 12, A = 16)
  8. ↑ FRANKLIN FOER: Russian-Style Kleptocracy Is Infiltrating America . In: The Atlantic . No. March 2019, September. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  9. ^ Richard L. Palmer: The infiltration of the western financial system by elements of Russian organized crime. Statement before the committee on banking and financial services, US house of representatives. September 21, 1999, accessed May 21, 2019 .
  10. ↑ a b Alexandra Kalinina: Corruption in Russia as a Business. IMR Institute of Modern Russia, January 29, 2013, accessed May 21, 2019 .
  11. ^ JR Nyquist: A Serious Threat to Western Nations. Financial Sense, April 9, 2012, accessed May 21, 2019 .
  12. ↑ May 2008 to December 2011: Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, since December 2011: Head of the Russian Presidential Administration
  13. ↑ Ararat Osipian: Loyalty as Rent: Corruption and politicization of Russian Universities . In: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy . tape 32 , 2012, 3/4, p. 153–167 , doi : 10.1108 / 01443331211214730 (English, researchgate.net [accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  14. ↑ Максим Легуенко, Екатерина Трофимова: Взятки в России: кто, где, сколько и можно ло с этим сярть :: Деловой журнал :: РБК daily. Magazine.rbc.ru, June 17, 2014, accessed July 14, 2014 (Russian).
  15. ↑ Ararat Osipian: Education Corruption, Reform, and Growth: Case of Post-Soviet Russia . In: Journal of Eurasian Studies . tape 3 , 2012, chap. 1 , p. 20–29 (English, researchgate.net [accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  16. ↑ Доля теневой экономики в РФ снизилась почти до 15%. deutsch  The share of the shadow economy in the Russian Federation fell to almost 15% . In: таблицы "затраты-выпуск". Interfax.ru, April 24, 2012, archived from the original on June 16, 2012 ; accessed on May 21, 2019 (Russian).
  17. ↑ Source: Milov, Nemtsov, Ryzhkov, Shorina (2011). “Putin. Corruption. Independent expert report ", p. 6th
  18. ↑ Sebeck: Коррупция в России как система "распилки" ВВП. German  Corruption in Russia as a system of "lowering" GDP . Newsland.ru, November 2, 2010, accessed May 21, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Средний размер взятки в России в 2010 году вырос с 27 до 47 тысяч руб. deutsch  The average size of a bribe in Russia in 2010 increased from 27 to 47 thousand rubles . РИА Новости ( RIA Novosti ), February 1, 2011, accessed May 21, 2019 (Russian).
  20. ↑ Ararat Osipan: Corrupt Organizational Hierarchies in the Former Soviet Bloc . In: International Journal of Educational Development . tape 29 , 2007, chap. 3 , p. 321–330 (English, uni-muenchen.de [PDF; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  21. ↑ Ararat Osipan: Who is Guilty and What to Do? Popular Opinion and Public Discourse of Corruption in Russian Higher Education . In: International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy . tape 41 , 2012, ISBN 1-78536-259-3 , chap. 1 , p. 81–95 , doi : 10.4337 / 9781785362590 (English, unisg.ch [PDF; accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  22. ↑ Milov et al., Op, cit., 2011, p. 6th
  23. ↑ Ararat Osipan: Predatory Raiding in Russia: Institutions and Property Rights after the Crisis . In: Journal of Economic Issues . tape 46 , 2012, chap. 2 , p. 469–479 , doi : 10.2307 / 23265027 (English, google.de [accessed on May 21, 2019]).
  24. ↑ Sakwa 2011, p. 329
  25. ↑ Putin approves new anti-corruption plan. Sputnik, June 30, 2018, accessed on May 21, 2019 : “With his decree, the Russian President, Vladimir Putin, put the“ National Anti-Corruption Plan for the years 2018-2020 ”into effect. The document is published on the Kremlin's website. ” Putin praises the FSB's actions against“ parasites and thieves ”. March 5, 2018, accessed on May 21, 2019 : "The Russian President Vladimir Putin has called for any signs of corruption to be stopped in the implementation of extensive projects and especially in the implementation of the new state armaments program."
  26. ↑ Каждый третий чиновник в России берёт взятки, заявили в НАК. life.ru, December 9, 2014, accessed May 17, 2019 (Russian). Kirill Kabanov: The Man Fighting Corruption in Russia. July 25, 2008, accessed May 17, 2019 . Mikhail Zelensky: No, Russia is not decriminalizing bribery. Meduza, January 19, 2019, accessed on May 17, 2019 .
  27. ↑ Max Seddon: New Investigation Exposes Glam Life Of Vladimir Putin's Bling Ring. September 9, 2015, accessed May 19, 2019 . Kirill Kabanov: Corruption Fatigue | Opinion. The Moscow Times , May 5, 2011, accessed September 9, 2015 . William Echols: Russia's Prisoner Dilemma. Russia! Magazine, May 25, 2015, accessed May 19, 2019 . Alexandra Kalinina: Corruption in Russia as a Business. Institute of Modern Russia, January 29, 2013, accessed May 19, 2019 . Russia's mafia state. Alexey Navalny's group publishes startling revelations linking the Attorney General's son to the mob.Meduza, December 1, 2015, accessed on May 19, 2019 .



  28. ↑ a b Elena Korchmina, Igor Fedyukin: Extralegal payments to state officials in Russia, 1750s – 1830s: assessing the burden of corruption . In: The Economic History Review . 72, 2019, ISSN  1468-0289 , pp. 156-181. doi : 10.1111 / Ehr.12666 .
  29. ↑ Генпрокуратура отчиталась о числе осужденных за коррупцию силовиков и депутатов. NEWSru , April 23, 2018, accessed May 19, 2019 (Russian).
  30. ↑ In 2018, 104 public prosecutors or investigators and 2,103 other law enforcement officials were convicted.
    • Fight against corruption. More than 100 prosecutors and investigators convicted in Russia in 2018. Sputnik , May 4, 2019, accessed on May 18, 2019 : “Last year, 104 public prosecutors or investigators and 2,103 other law enforcement officials were convicted, most of them for corruption or fraud. The other most common offenses also include forgery, negligence, evasion and embezzlement as well as violation of traffic rules. "
    • Wolfgang Bauer: A state locks itself up. Zeit Online , December 27, 2013, accessed on May 18, 2019 (very detailed with comments): “Under Vladimir Putin, corruption increased dramatically in Russia. A visit to the special prison at Colony 13, where officers and police are incarcerated "
  31. ↑ On the investigation:
  32. ^ Fight against corruption: ex-mayor in Russia sentenced to 15 years in prison. Sputnik , October 4, 2019, accessed on May 18, 2019 : "The ex-OB was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in a correctional colony under the strict prison regime and a fine of 500 million rubles (6.8 million euros). In addition, Pushkarev has to pay compensation in the amount of 143 million rubles (1.9 million euros) as part of a civil suit.
    In addition to the Pushkarev brothers, the director of the local authority "Dorogi Vladivostoka", Andrei Luzhnikov, was sued, who had bought overpriced building materials from "Vostokzement" for bribes.
    The damage is estimated at hundreds of millions of rubles. None of the defendants pleaded guilty. "
  33. ↑ Eight years in prison for ex-minister of economy. Zeit Online , December 15, 2019, accessed May 18, 2019 .
  34. ^ Gesine Dornblüth: Trial against ex-minister begins. Deutschlandfunk , August 8, 2017, accessed on May 18, 2019 : "The former Russian Economic Development Minister Aleksej Ulyukayev is said to have asked the energy company Rosneft to accept the takeover of another company. Ulyukayev was arrested last year while he was still a minister - a one-off event in Russia. ” Putin removes his minister of economics. Spiegel online , November 16, 2016, accessed on May 18, 2019 : “The Russian Minister of Economic Affairs Alexej Ulyukayev has been removed from his office. Russian news agencies reported that head of state Vladimir Putin had issued a decree exempting him from his duties. The minister had “lost confidence” in Putin. ” Russian Minister of Economic Affairs arrested. max / dpa / Reuters / AFP, November 15, 2016, accessed on May 18, 2019 : “The procedure is considered unprecedented: Secret service employees have arrested the incumbent Russian Minister of Economics. Alexej Ulyukayev is accused of having accepted bribes in the millions. “ Decoder: Corruption accusations with a system? The Ulyukayev case and its role models. bpb , February 5, 2018, accessed on May 18, 2019 : “The Ulyukayev case has led to a heated debate in Russia: for the first time, an incumbent minister was dismissed from office on charges of corruption. Is it really a case of corruption or is there a systematic charge behind it? "
  35. ↑ Russian court orders Kirov governor be kept in custody. Russian court orders the arrest of the governor of Kirov . REUTERS , June 24, 2016, accessed on May 18, 2019 . Russian Governor Held On Corruption Charges Refused Bail. The Moscow Times , June 16, 2016, accessed May 19, 2019 .
  36. ↑ Карина Саввина: Суд передал привет Шойгу. BaltInfo, May 14, 2019, accessed on May 18, 2019 (Russian): "The former head of the Central Naval Museum, Andrei Lyalin, who was accused of embezzling millions of dollars while executing the State Treaty on the Relocation of the Museum, was declared Sentenced to nine years in prison. The Vasileostrovsky District Court also sentenced him to ½ billion rubles, confiscating two apartments in Sheny Egorovo Street, a BMW X5 bought with a bribe, depriving him of state awards and the right to fill relevant positions. "
  37. ↑ On September 19, 2015, an investigation by the Russian investigative committee led to his arrest. Gaiser and 18 of his staff, some of whom are members of the regional administration, were accused of organizing and leading a criminal gang that dealt en masse with the theft of state property. The charges against him were dropped in March 2017.
    • Leonid Bershidsky: Oil crash results in Moscow warning to Russia's comfortably corrupt. Bloomberg News via National Post, September 22, 2015, accessed on May 21, 2019 : “Vyacheslav Gaizer was a model corrupt governor and loyal Putin supporter. Then he was arrested and labeled the leader of a "criminal community" - without even the usual warning "
    • Security Services Bust Criminal Gang Running at Entire Russian Region. Sputnik, September 19, 2015, accessed on May 21, 2019 (English): “An investigation by Russia's Investigative Committee has led to the arrest of Komi Republic Governor Vyacheslav Gayzer. Gayzer and 18 of his associates, some of them also members of the regional administration, have been charged with organizing and running a criminal gang involved in the theft of state property on a mass scale. "
  38. ↑ ДЕЛО ГАЙЗЕРА: Уголовное преследование экс-главы Коми Гайзера за дачу взятки прекращено. The criminal prosecution of Komi Gaiser's ex-boss for bribery has been suspended. BNKomi, March 13, 2017, accessed May 21, 2019 (Russian).
  39. ↑ Срочно! Александру Бухтоярову вынесли приговор. Суд признал экс-первого заместителя губернатора Зауралья ... German  Urgent! Alexander Bukhtoyarov was convicted. The court found the former first deputy governor of Zauralye… . URA.RU, December 20, 2013, accessed May 18, 2019 (Russian).
  40. ↑ Julija Alexandrowa: Взятка строгого режима - Бывший губернатор Тульской области Вячеслав Дудка приговорен коглодка 9.5 коглодка 9.5. deutsch  The former governor of the Tula region, Vyacheslav Dudka, was sentenced to 9.5 years in prison . Газета.Ru (Gazeta.Ru), July 22, 2013, accessed May 18, 2019 (Russian).
  41. ↑ Ksenia Karpova .: Мэру подмосковного Воскресенска назначен штраф 18.1 млн руб за взятку. deutsch  The mayor of Voskressensk near Moscow was fined 18.1 million rubles for bribery . РАПСИ / rapsinews.ru, March 30, 2012, accessed May 18, 2019 (Russian).
  42. ↑ Вынесен приговор бывшему мэру города Смоленска, виновному в покушении на получение взям ка в в кререр. (Archive) german  Former mayor of Smolensk convicted of attempted large-scale bribery . Следственный комитет Российской Федерации, April 22, 2011, accessed May 18, 2019 (Russian).
  43. ↑ Бывшему главе кубанского района дали 7.5 лет за взятку. deutsch  Former head of Kuban district received 7.5 years for bribery . September 1, 2010, Retrieved May 18, 2019 (Russian).
  44. ↑ Daimler bribery scandal:
    • Алексей Никольский, Мария Цветкова: Дело об откатах от Mercedes будет спущено на тормозах из-за отсутсевя. deutsch  The Mercedes bribery case is closed due to the lack of an interpreter . Vedomosti , June 7th 2010, accessed on May 18, 2019 (in Russian): "Проверка сведений об откатах при закупках госструктурами автомобилей Mercedes поручена УБЭП Москвы, но расследование зашло в тупик из-за отсутствия переводчика с английского ( German  The review of information on Setbacks in the procurement of Mercedes vehicles by the state authorities were entrusted to the Moscow UBEP, but the investigation was discontinued due to the lack of an interpreter from the English ) "
    • Corruption allegations against Daimler. Bribe: five million euros. orf Mittagsjournal, June 7, 2010, accessed on May 19, 2019 : “The account numbers of the bribed are known, the company that paid the money pleads guilty, but there are still no consequences. This is what the Russian newspaper “Vedomosti” reports in today's edition. In the years 2000 to 2005, the then Daimler-Chrysler group paid five million euros in bribes to civil servants in Russia so that their authorities would choose Mercedes and not other suppliers' cars. The Kremlin's vehicle fleet, several city administrations, the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of the Interior are affected. "
    • Corruption allegations against Daimler. Russia delays investigation. In: press review. Transparency International Deutschland eV, June 7, 2010, accessed on May 18, 2019 .
  45. ↑ В России: Мэр Тольятти осужден на 7 лет заключения, его подельники получили сроки 8,5 и 7 лет. German  Mayor of Tolyatti sentenced to 7 years in prison, his accomplices sentenced to 8.5 and 7 years in prison . Interfax, February 12, 2008, accessed May 18, 2019 (Russian).
  46. ↑ Ян ДАШЕВСКИЙ / Jan Daschewski: Николай Уткин освобожден. German  Nikolai Utkin released . RegionSamara.ru, December 6, 2012, accessed May 18, 2019 (Russian).
  47. ↑ "Werewolf in Uniform" was the name of the Russian Interior Minister Boris Gryzlov , who was indicted in a volatile case of corruption and other crimes in the Russian Civil Protection Ministry and the Interior Ministry and was tried in the years 2003-2006; Ganeev was involved in this case.
  48. ↑ "Оборотни в погонах" признаны виновными и приговорены к срокам от 15 до 20 лет. German  "Werewolves in Uniform" found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of between 15 and 20 years . NEWSru.com, December 6, 2017, accessed May 18, 2019 (Russian).
  49. ↑ Экс-министр юстиции Валентин Ковалев получил девять лет условно. German  ex-Justice Minister Valentin Kovalev received nine years probation . (No longer available online.) Lenta.ru, October 1, 2001, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved in 2002 (Russian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lenta.ru