Alexei Anatolyevich Navalny

Alexei Navalny (2011)

Alexei Navalny ( Russian Алексей Анатольевич Навальный , scientific transliteration Aleksej Anatol'evič Naval'nyj , English transcribed Alexei Anatolievich Navalny ; * 4. June 1976 in butyne , Moscow Oblast , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union ) is a Russian opposition politician , dissident , documentary filmmaker and former lawyer. Nawalny's communication channels include his website and his channel on the video platforms YouTube and Instagram . He has been a popular political blogger since around 2009 .

In 2011 he founded the " Foundation for fighting corruption ," a now-banned non-governmental organization , which is funded by donations. It continuously investigates state corruption in Russia and makes it public. In October 2012 he was elected to head a newly created coordination council of the Russian opposition. In the mayoral election in Moscow in September 2013, he scored according to government 27 percent of the vote and was since then the undisputed leader of the anti- Putin -Opposition. From 2009 to 2013 he took part, also as a speaker, in the Russian marches , some of which were classified as right-wing extremists , from which he later distanced himself in part, calling himself “ nationalist democrats”, although the right-wing extremist slogans that had previously been widespread only sounded less radical reformulated without actually changing the content. Since November 2013 he has been chairman of the small party Russia of the Future .

In July 2013 Navalny was sentenced to five years imprisonment for embezzlement in what many observers believed was politically motivated; in October 2013 this sentence was suspended. After a decision by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in February 2016, the Supreme Court of Russia suspended the judgment and the trial was restarted, in which he was again sentenced to five years probation in February 2017.

In the period that followed, Navalny made a name for himself as a fighter against corruption with several high-profile campaigns. In March and June 2017 and on October 7th of that year - the birthday of Russian President Putin - he organized nationwide protests against corruption and against the government (2012 to early 2020 under Dmitry Medvedev ), in which tens of thousands of people took part. Numerous demonstrators were temporarily arrested and he himself was arrested for 25 days in July 2017 for allegedly violating the right of assembly.

On October 17, 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Nawalny's conviction was unlawful and that the convicted person had to pay 55,000  euros in damages.

In December 2016, Navalny announced his candidacy in the presidential election in March 2018 . On December 25, 2017, the Central Electoral Commission of Russia declared his candidacy to be inadmissible and justified this with his sentencing to a suspended sentence. He then called on his supporters to boycott the presidential election.

On August 20, 2020 Navalny victim was a poisoning attempt with a Nowitschok - nerve agent . He was treated for two days in the Omsk clinic by the deputy head physician for anesthesiology and resuscitation, Sergej Maksimischin, and the head of the department for traumatology and orthopedics, Rustam Agischew, put into an artificial coma and, at the instigation of his family, transferred to the Berlin Charité . He was brought out of the artificial coma in September 2020 and was able to leave the hospital that same month.

Navalny stayed in Germany to relax . He flew to Moscow in January 2021, was arrested at the airport and placed in pre- trial detention for 30 days by an urgent court decision after the Russian prosecution had put him on a wanted man for allegedly violating probation conditions from the Yves Rocher case . With his arrest , protests developed across the country in Russia . On February 2, 2021 he was sentenced to three and a half years in a prison camp by the recently replaced judge Natalja Repnikowa, following the application of the Prosecutor General Yekaterina Frolova . Navalny is detained in penal colony No. 2 in the small town of Pokrov, 100 km east of Moscow . Since he had been under house arrest for ten months during the previous trial, this time was counted towards the remaining detention. His health deteriorated drastically while he was in detention.

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) demanded his immediate release on February 17, 2021, what Justice Minister Konstantin Chuchenko described as “clear and gross interference” in the work of the judiciary of a sovereign state. There is no basis under Russian law to release "this person" from custody. The head of the Russian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Pyotr Tolstoy pointed to a constitutional amendment from the summer of 2020 that put Russian law above international law. Russia is not even thinking of complying with the ECHR's request.

The poisoning and arrest of Navalny, as well as the mass arrests and restrictions at demonstrations, are from the point of view of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe not national affairs for Russia , but have international legal dimensions that also affect the Council of Europe .

Life and education

Navalny and his wife Julija

Alexei Navalny was born on June 4, 1976 in Butyn near Golitsyno, west of Moscow. He is of Ukrainian- Russian descent. His father Anatoly Navalny comes from Zalissja , a village near the border with Belarus in Ivankiv Raion in Kiev Oblast , Ukraine. Navalny grew up in Obninsk, about 100 km southwest of Moscow, but spent his childhood summer holidays with his grandmother in the Ukraine.

In 1998 Navalny graduated from the Russian University of Friendship of Peoples with a law degree and in 2001 he graduated from the Financial University of the Government of the Russian Federation in Moscow.

Following the recommendation of the world chess champion Garri Kasparow as well as Evgenija Albaz , Sergei Gurijew and Aleh Zywinski , in 2010 Navalny received a four-month scholarship for aspiring executives at the US elite university Yale and took part in the “ Greenberg World Fellows Program”, which endeavors to create a “global network for international understanding ”.

Navalny is married to Julija Navalnaja (nee Abrossimowa). They have a scholarship graduate of Stanford University daughter and son.

Political activities

Navalny joined the Yabloko party (German “apple”) in 1999 , a pool of democratic-liberal forces. Navalny was a member of the party for eight years, including a member of the executive committee. After the party had only received 1.6% of the vote in the 2007 parliamentary elections and thereby lost its last MPs, Navalny publicly criticized the founder and chairman of the party, Grigori Jawlinski . After an internal meeting of the party leadership, he was expelled from the party. Jawlinski justified the exclusion with nationalistic and xenophobic remarks by Nawalny. After the exclusion, Navalny said goodbye to the party with the nationalistic greeting “Honor to Russia”. Before that, in 2005 he and Marija Gaidar (daughter of the politician Jegor Gaidar, who died in 2009 ) founded the movement “Da!” (“Yes!”), Which attracted attention, among other things, with nationwide public discussions on political issues.

Navalny in 2007

Exposing corruption among elites

Navalny's main occupation is his work as a lawyer in the court proceedings, which he himself is mostly seeking to pursue, for embezzlement of state funds by civil servants and employees under Section 160 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation . 45 of the 75 proceedings opened in response to his complaint (as of December 2011) resulted in a return of just under 40 billion rubles (at that time just under one billion euros) to the state treasury. He is a minority shareholder in several state-related or largely state-owned companies. This gives him the right to request disclosure of the company's management activities. He wants to make the financial investments and activities of these companies transparent, which is required by law, but which is often illegally prevented by the management of the companies. Navalny has also often criticized the police, for example in the case of Sergei Magnitsky .

In November 2010, Navalny released Transneft confidential documents . According to Navalny, these were original documents that proved that the management of Transneft had embezzled about four billion US dollars. These illegal activities are said to have been coordinated by Vladimir Putin .

On June 21, 2011, Alexei Navalny filed a complaint with the General Prosecutor's Office against the establishment of the All-Russian National Front .

At the beginning of 2011 Navalny launched the website "RosPil", which is supposed to not only make copies of public documents suspected of corruption available to the public, but also invites readers to examine the posted documents themselves and to give their assessment of the situation. Within a few months, illegal government contracts valued at seven million dollars were canceled under public pressure. However, those who supported the work against corruption ran into problems; of the allegedly just 16 people (as of 2013) who are said to have dared to publicly donate money, most had problems.

In 2015 Navalny published an investigative film documentary on YouTube called Tschaika (translated: "Seagull", also the last name of the prosecutor attacked by the film), in which the business interests of the family of the Prosecutor General Yuri Yakovlevich Tschaika are examined.

In February 2016, he tried to personally bring President Putin to justice for corruption. It was about payments by the state to the petrochemical company Sibur , in which Putin's son-in-law has a stake of around 17 percent. The court did not accept the lawsuit.

After Nawalnys published in the September 2016 research, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was on a Datschengrundstück had been diverted for the purchase and redevelopment around 400 million euros from a natural gas business, a duck pond, was a rubber duck a symbol of corruption in Russia .

Navalny with protesters along Moscow's Tverskaya Street in March 2017

In March 2017, Navalny called for anti-corruption protests. In the documentary " He's not a Dimon for you " (16 million views between March 2nd and April 1st, 2017) , Prime Minister Medvedev accused Prime Minister Medvedev of controlling a real estate empire via a "dubious network of non-governmental organizations". Navalny's call to seek answers to the allegations was followed on March 26, 2017 by tens of thousands of people in 90 cities in Russia. The Moscow city council did not approve the originally proposed demonstration location in the city center. Navalny saw the demonstration as approved and referred to a decision by the Constitutional Court, which declared rejections without a suggestion of an alternative location to be ineffective. When the deadline for replies had already passed, the city administration suggested Sokolniki Park or Ulitsa Pererwa instead . Navalny and his supporters nevertheless demonstrated in the city center; the police broke up the "unauthorized" demonstration and arrested between 600 and 1000 demonstrators, including Navalny. Navalny was sentenced to a fine of 320 euros for calling for an unauthorized demonstration and to 15 days' imprisonment for resisting state violence. On March 27 and April 6, 2017, the European External Action Service (EEAS), the European Parliament and the United States Department of State commented on the arrests of protesters and Navalny. Arrests were also made in Volgograd ; 30 out of 800 demonstrators were arrested there. Elsewhere, like Saratov , the demonstrators marched unmolested in these largest protests for many years.

In August 2017, one of Nawalny's videos was viewed millions of times. It was about the lifestyle of the alleged son of President Peskov's spokesman .

The head of the Russian National Guard and Putin's ex-bodyguard Viktor Solotov called on Navalny to a duel in September 2018 after Navalny published his latest revelations about suspected corruption in the National Guard and the dubious origin of Zolotov's assets. In a video message, Solotov threatened to make a "good, juicy chop" out of Navalny. Navalny was serving a 30-day prison sentence at the time, to which he had been sentenced for calling for demonstrations against the raising of the retirement age.

In January 2021 Nawalnys Anti-Corruption Foundation published FBK , a few days after Navalny was remanded in custody, with a palace for Putin one of the Foundation produced 112-minute investigative documentary about the Russian President Vladimir Putin and his alleged possessions, which according to the Film were appropriated through illegal enrichment. Released on Youtube, this film received over 76 million views within a few days.

Protest after the 2011 Russian parliamentary elections

In December 2011, the arrest of Nawalny and a subsequent conviction to a 15-day prison sentence for "resisting state power" caused a stir internationally after he was a speaker at a demonstration in Moscow on December 5, 2011 against possible election fraud in the 2011 parliamentary elections occurred. There are videos on YouTube of both Nawalny's speech and the subsequent arrest.

Head of the Coordination Council of the Russian Opposition

In October 2012, Navalny received the highest number of votes in the election to a 45-member coordinating council of the Russian opposition, in which, according to the organizers, more than 80,000 people participated in polling stations or on the Internet. The elected body was preceded by a three-week debate that had dominated Navalny. With over 43,700 votes, he took first place in front of the writer Dmitri Bykow and the former world chess champion Garri Kasparow .

At the end of the same month he was arrested together with Sergei Udaltsov and Ilya Yashin “for causing public nuisance” during a solidarity campaign for persecuted opposition members in Moscow . They were released a few hours later.

Navalny's supporters at an election rally in Moscow in September 2013

Candidate for the office of mayor of Moscow

Navalny's campaign office in 2013

On June 15, 2013 Navalny announced that he would run for Moscow mayor. He was set up by the RPR-Parnas party (Boris Nemtsov, Mikhail Kassyanov and others), to which he formally did not belong. Other parties, e.g. B. the People's Alliance , which is closely related to Navalny, or the December 5th party , however, had still not received approval as of June 2013 - the RPR-Parnas party is considered to be the only independent party that is critical of the government and has an official approval. The mayoral elections took place on September 8, 2013. The Navalny program was drawn up, among others, by the respected economist Sergei Guriev. In July Navalny was officially accepted as a candidate for mayoral election. A day later, the verdict for embezzlement made his candidacy unsafe. The electoral commission had stated that Navalny could continue running even after a verdict, provided that he would not receive a prison sentence. He was finally able to take part in the elections, in which he took second place behind incumbent Sergei Sobyanin (51%) with 27% of the vote . Navalny accused his pro-government rival, who narrowly escaped a runoff election with his share of the vote, of electoral fraud, but his performance was described as a success and he himself was described as the undisputed “leader of the anti-Putin opposition”.

Navalny after a Seljonka attack in 2017

Candidate for the 2018 presidential election

In December 2016, Navalny announced his candidacy for the 2018 presidential election. He launched a fundraising campaign and an online registration campaign for volunteers and those willing to sign (independent candidates must have 300,000 signatures for official registration).

On February 4, 2017, Navalny opened the first (of 77 planned) regional staffs in Saint Petersburg, and twelve more followed by the end of March. The Saint Petersburg office had already been set on fire once before.

On February 8, 2017, Navalny was convicted again in the Kirovles case . He declared his readiness to appeal the judgment to the European Court of Human Rights . In addition, his election campaign should continue regardless of the verdict, he said, referring to Article 32 of the constitution, which only deprives two groups of citizens of the right to vote: those who have been declared incapable of doing business by a court or are incarcerated due to a court judgment.

After Navalny's call for anti-corruption protests and a film on the assets of Prime Minister Medvedev in March 2017, the largest protests in Russia since 2012 took place.

On April 5, 2017, the number of those ready to sign reached 300,000.

On April 27, 2017, an unknown person injected Navalny brilliant green on the face, causing a chemical burn of the eye ( Seljonka attack ). After a similar incident in March, he recovered quickly; the renewed incident resulted in prolonged eye problems due to possibly mixed substances. Navalny then underwent eye surgery in Spain after waiting for a passport for five years and it was unexpectedly issued.

On September 6, 2017, Human Rights Watch found police interfering in Navalny’s election campaign on a regular basis. HRW called on the state to allow the activists to work without undue interference and to properly investigate the attacks on them by ultra-nationalist and pro-government groups.

On September 21, in connection with the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the Kirovles case , the Council of Europe’s Council of Ministers urged the Russian government to use further options to ensure Navalny access to the election candidacy.

Navalny tweeted in late September 2017 that he had been arrested. On October 2, he was sentenced to 20 days in prison for repeatedly calling for an unauthorized demonstration. According to Navalny, the Nizhny Novgorod administration had "revoked" its approval for the election campaign rally by telephone, which is not legally stipulated. At the beginning of October, Navalny's St. Petersburg office was searched and the head of the office was arrested by the police.

On October 18, 2017, Xenija Sobchak opened her campaign for the 2018 presidential elections. She herself declared that she wanted to be a candidate for citizens who wanted to show their position, but “whose candidate was not allowed to participate in the elections”. If Navalny is allowed to run for election, she says she would give up her candidacy. This possibility was considered unlikely. Opposition members, including Navalny, complained that they would - if necessary on behalf of the Kremlin - “spice up” Putin's re-election by increasing the voter turnout for his re-election, and also that it divides the opposition.

Towards the end of December 2017, Navalny said he was allowed to vote with gatherings in 20 Russian cities between Vladivostok and Saint Petersburg. These should each have been attended by at least 500 participants, the minimum number of supporters a presidential candidate must have. On December 25, 2017, Navalny was excluded from the Central Electoral Commission as a candidate for the 2018 presidential election. Twelve members of the 13-member committee voted for exclusion, one member abstained. The reason given was his conviction in criminal proceedings. Navalny then called for an election boycott.

Formation of a union for public employees

On February 1, 2019, Navalny announced the formation of a union for civil servants who, instead of promised improvements, were experiencing stagnation.

"Smart voting" strategy

According to his own statement in an interview with Masha Gessen on October 18, 2020 in The New Yorker , Navalny has been pursuing the strategy of "intelligent voting", which is a tactical form of choice, since 2018. This consists of convincing voters to support a minority candidate who may not be liked, but who has the chance to beat the ruling party's candidate. In general, according to Navalny in an interview, all candidates outside of Putin's United Russia party together received more than 50% of the vote, but the parties are dispersed, so United Russia always gets a relative majority. Navalny therefore tries, for example, to get liberal voters to support a communist or vice versa. This tactic is crucial for Navalny because, as in the Soviet Union, the GDR, Belarus and Syria, the autocratic regime always relies on the ruling party. “Your ability to reliably pass elections is what gives the regime stability.” After Navalny, this tactic has already been successful in Tomsk and Novosibirsk , but not yet in Moscow.

State harassment

Navalny in the courthouse (2011)

When Navalny announces protests, places are being refurbished or allegedly not available due to double bookings. According to the opposition newspaper Novaya Gazeta, the bureaucracy should also invent other, sometimes absurd reasons for harassment.

His team was arrested and searched and all material was seized, and when the Russian politician Nikolai Lyaskin , head of the Moscow office of the Navalny presidential campaign, was attacked with a metal rod, the police "absurdly" confiscated leaflets in order to investigate the attack and merchandising products in Nawalny's offices. Navalny calls all of these seizures "absolutely illegal" and when asked by a BBC journalist whether Russia is a police state, he answered "absolutely, one hundred percent".

A website that was supposed to unite the opposition, or rather to determine the most popular candidates for regional elections, was blocked by the supervisory authority in December 2018 under a flimsy pretext.

Mentioning Navalny's name has been bypassed by authorities and politicians for years, for example they mockingly call him “этот персонаж”, “this person”. In response to years of silence, Ilya Ponomarev wrote : “The entire behavior of the Kremlin consists of pretending that there is no Navalny, not to call him by name.” From this point of view, the wave of information about the 2020 poison attack is exactly what the authorities want would have tried to prevent. At the annual press conference in Novo-Ogaryovo in December 2020, Putin once called the poisoned opposition politician the “blogger we know” and then only “this patient from a Berlin hospital”.

In April 2021, Russia's public prosecutor's office requested that Navalny's organizations, including the Anti-Corruption Foundation , be classified as extremist and that Navalny's employees be criminalized. In the same month, the prosecution banned Navalny's organizations from working before a court ruling. She accuses them of “destabilizing the social and socio-political situation under the guise of liberal slogans” and overthrowing the constitution by means of a “ color revolution ”.

Arrests at demonstrations

Navalny when he was arrested in March 2017

Activists from his team and Navalny are regularly arrested in the context of demonstrations against the government and President Putin. Demonstrations under the motto “He is not our King” were announced for May 5, 2018; Navalny hoped that he could reach the designated Tverskaya Street, but said only sarcastically that "the statistics are not in his favor". Navalny was released on June 14, 2018, a few hours before the start of the 2018 World Cup .

Navalny was arrested in late August 2018. Since June he had called for protests against a pension reform planned by Putin on September 9th and interpreted his arrest as a measure to prevent him from preparing for the demonstration and from participating in it. Navalny himself mentioned that in the past few years the authorities had "never approved of our requests for rallies" and pointed to the Kremlin's real fear that people would actually be ready to protest.

At the end of July 2019, Navalny was again sentenced to 30 days in prison in connection with organizing demonstrations.

Processes

The approach of the Russian authorities was repeated at the end of February 2015: Because Navalny had campaigned for a demonstration on March 1, he was arrested and sentenced to 15 days in prison.

In February 2017, the European Court of Human Rights sentenced Russia to pay Navalny 63,000 euros for multiple violations of his right to peaceful demonstrations. A year and a half after Russia and Navalny appealed against this, the Grand Chamber not only confirmed the violation of civil rights (the right to freedom, a fair trial and freedom of assembly), but also upheld the political nature of the Article arrests, as Navalny sought 18 fixed.

According to BBC calculations, a final judgment in the Kirovles case of five years suspended prison sentence could deny Navalny the right to stand for election in presidential elections for the next 20 years .

Kirovles case

Navalny on trial in April 2013

At the end of July 2012, the Investigation Committee of the Russian Federation (the equivalent of the US FBI ) brought charges against Navalny for embezzlement. It accused him of damaging the state-owned woodworking company Kirovles by a sum of around 1.3 million rubles (around 33,000 euros) between April and August 2009 as the then advisor to the governor of Kirov Oblast . In July 2013, Navalny was found guilty of embezzlement and sentenced to five years in prison. A few hours after the verdict, the Prosecutor General's Office demanded that Navalny be released until the verdict became final, after which he was released the next day. On October 16, a court in Kirov city suspended the sentence.

Spiegel Online wrote on April 16, 2013:

“Even the investigators do not hide the fact that the process is politically motivated. […] The main witness for the indictment is the former Kirovwald managing director Vyacheslav Opalev. Opalev had admitted to participating in the embezzlement of 16 million rubles last year, reached an agreement with investigators and was sentenced to four years probation. Navalny believes the investigators would have promised Opalew a mild sentence if the Kirovwald boss incriminated the opposition in return. [...]

The head of the Kirov District Court suggests that Navalny will face a penalty. An acquittal is 'seven times more difficult than a conviction', according to Judge Konstantin Saizew. He himself had 'not yet made a single acquittal in his life'. "

At the beginning of December 2013, after his conviction, Navalny was revoked from his license to practice as a lawyer.

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) criticized the condemnation of Nawalny as "arbitrary" and "feared" a judgment of "political nature". In early 2013, President Putin introduced a law in the Duma prohibiting previous convictions from running for elections. In February 2016, the ECtHR ruled that the Kirov District Court's conviction was unlawful. Instead of acquitting Navalny, the Supreme Court only suspended the verdict, which means that Navalny can run for public office, but he is re-charged and the case must be retried. The ECHR had also instructed the government in Moscow to pay Navalny and the co-defendant Ofizerov each 8,000 euros in compensation for pain and suffering.

Based on the judgment of the ECHR, the trial against Navalny was renegotiated in 2016/17. He was found guilty again on February 8, 2017. The verdict is a fine of 500,000 rubles and five years' imprisonment, which has been suspended. The wording of the verdict was largely similar to the 2013 guilty verdict. Navalny accused the Kremlin of exerting political influence in order to prevent his presidential candidacy. The OSCE and the German Federal Government also expressed doubts about the procedure. According to Der Spiegel, the guilty verdict came shortly after Navalny announced in mid-December that he wanted to challenge Vladimir Putin in the 2018 presidential election.

Yves Rocher case

Navalny and his brother Oleg were investigated on suspicion of fraud and money laundering. According to the prosecutors, the two are said to have defrauded the French cosmetics manufacturer Yves Rocher for around 26 million rubles by selling him services at an overpriced price. According to the prosecutors, Oleg Navalny is said to have used his position as head of department at the subsidiary of the Russian Post , which is responsible for mail order business, to force Yves Rocher to sign a contract with the logistics service provider Glawpodpiska . The Moscow company Glawpodpiska (Glawnoje Podnisnoje Agenstvo) was registered in May 2008. It was a 99% subsidiary of the Cypriot offshore company Alortag Management Limited , which had been founded in 2007. The beneficiaries of this offshore company were the brothers Oleg and Alexei Navalny.

In an interview on December 14, 2012, Navalny admitted that although he was the founder of the Cypriot offshore company Alortag Management Limited , it was not illegal to do so. When the interviewer inquired whether he could confirm the founding of Glawpodpiska (as a 99% daughter of Alortag ), Navalny claimed that he had not known anything about it. He also couldn't remember Leonid Saprudski, the co-founder and general director of Glawpodpiska , even though the name didn't seem unfamiliar to him.

After the contract was signed in August 2008, Glawpodpiska passed the transport service on to another company at lower cost. Navalny viewed the difference as a customary commission. The contract he had signed with the French company saved Yves Rocher part of the cost of transporting it from Yaroslavl to Moscow. Oleg made about $ 1.2 million on the deal between 2008 and 2011. He was charged with having obtained that amount through fraud. The money is said to have been laundered via a corporate network.

Navalny, for his part, was accused of being involved in the alleged fraud because he was accused of controlling Glawpodpiska via the Cypriot offshore company, which Navalny denies . The founder and general manager have different names. Shares in the company are owned by Alortag Management Limited in Cyprus, which is said to be owned by Navalny . In an interview in December 2012, Navalny said that he had actually started an offshore company in Cyprus. He does not know whether the company Glawpodpiska was founded in Russia through his Cypriot company.

After the contract with Glawpodpiska had expired , Bruno Leproux, General Director of Yves Rocher Vostok, filed a complaint against unknown persons with Russia's investigation committee for fraud at the end of 2012.

However, Leproux's successor later issued a statement that no damage had occurred. The defense said no evidence had been presented by the state to show that a crime had been committed at all. A document of Yves Rocher's controlling published by the defense had confirmed that Oleg Navalny not only fulfilled his duties reliably, but had also worked for less than the average market price. A representative from Yves Rocher stated during the process that the company would sign this contract again. Oleg Navalny's supervisor at the Russian Post confirmed that the post had not suffered any damage either.

The prosecutor nevertheless called for ten years in prison, nine for the current case and another year for previous offenses. Navalny described the process as constructed.

Initially, the court wanted to announce the judgment on January 15, 2015; Opposition members had started to organize a demonstration that was to take place on the same day. Tens of thousands had already announced their participation when the court announced on December 29 that it would announce the verdict the next morning (Tuesday, December 30, 2014). Numerous supporters assured that they wanted to demonstrate despite the lack of approval and thus despite the threat of arrest.

On December 30, 2014, Judge Yelena Korobchenko found Navalny guilty of fraud and sentenced him to three and a half years in prison. The sentence has been suspended. His co-defendant Oleg received the same sentence, but without parole. When the verdict was announced, Navalny was particularly shocked by the punishment against his brother. Furthermore, he denied Putin's regime the right to exist and demanded that it be broken up. Navalny described the verdict as disgusting. Supporters stated that the regime had imprisoned Oleg's brother in order to better control Alexei Navalny. On the day the verdict was pronounced, Navalny went to a demonstration announced by his supporters in the arena square, despite the house arrest imposed on him. On the way he was picked up by the police and taken back to his apartment.

On October 17, 2017, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) convicted Russia of unfair criminal proceedings. The Court found the judgments of the Russian courts in the Yves Rocher case to be arbitrary.

Sentenced to several years in prison in February 2021

After Navalny returned to Moscow in January 2021 after recovering in Germany after the poison attack , he was arrested at Moscow airport and taken into custody for 30 days by an urgent court decision . While he was being cured abroad, the Russian prosecution had put him on a wanted man for allegedly violating the probation conditions imposed in 2014 in the Yves Rocher case. With his arrest , protests developed across the country in Russia . On February 2, 2021, his suspended sentence was changed to three and a half years in a labor camp . Since Navalny was already under house arrest for ten months during the then ongoing proceedings, this time was counted towards the three-and-a-half year prison sentence. The day after the conviction, the company pointed out that Yves Rocher had never filed a lawsuit against the Nawalnys himself. Amnesty International initially classified Navalny as a prisoner of conscience after his arrest , but withdrew this classification a month later with reference to earlier discriminatory speeches. The organization still considers the trial against him to be unlawful and in May 2021 granted him the status of "prisoner of conscience" again.

Conditions of detention and targeted torture

At the end of February 2021, Navalny was transferred to prison camp No. 2 in Pokrov, 100 kilometers east of Moscow. Because of Navalny's imprisonment, the European Union (EU) imposed entry bans into the EU and account freezes against the Russian Attorney General (Igor Krasnow), the head of the investigative committee of the Russian Federation ( Alexander Bastrykin ), the head of the penal service (Alexander Kalashnikov) at the beginning of March 2021 , as well as the commander of the Russian National Guard ( Viktor Solotov ). From March onwards, Navalny's health deteriorated. Since he was withheld from an examination by a doctor he trusted, which he is legally entitled to, he went on a hunger strike at the end of March 2021 . Navalny had already reported sleep deprivation in mid-March . He said that a security guard woke him up every hour at night . The human rights organization Amnesty International criticized the conditions of detention and called on Vladimir Putin (like several governments) not to let Navalny die. The Russian government rejected allegations of torture against Russian penal camps. In an open letter to Vladimir Putin published in several European daily newspapers in April , more than 70 celebrities and intellectuals called for adequate medical treatment for Navalny. When Nawalny's health deteriorated dramatically in April, he was transferred to an infirmary in the IK-3 prison camp in Vladimir . After 24 days, Navalny ended the hunger strike on April 23, 2021 after his private doctors had issued urgent warnings of permanent health problems. At a hearing at the end of May 2021, Navalny complained about nightly controls, which he complained about in mid-March because he was woken up every hour. At the beginning of June 2021, a court dismissed Navalny’s lawsuit against the hourly nightly checks. In the same month Navalny was relocated from Vladimir to Pokrov.

Criminal proceedings for alleged defamation of a World War II veteran

On February 5, 2021, a trial was opened against Navalny in Moscow for allegedly defamation of a World War II veteran. That same month he was fined for this.

propaganda

In April 2017 Doschd reported on the establishment of a working group in the presidential administration to launch a campaign to discredit Navalny. Videos, films, video games, and manipulative media reports are outsourced. According to the sources, "about like with Hitler" is to be fought. Immediately after this report, a video appeared on YouTube under the title Hitler 1945. Navalny 2018 - We can repeat it, in which Navalny is directly compared to Hitler . According to the Frankfurter Rundschau , this video is part of state propaganda. At the same time, the chairman of the Communist Party, Gennady Zyuganov , said in the State Duma that a “new leader” (he used the German word) had already appeared. Observers believed this remark was aimed at Navalny.

Poison attack

→ Main article : Poison attack on Alexei Navalny

Navalny had recently commented approvingly on the protests in Belarus and expressed that he assumed that a similar revolution would soon also take place in Russia. In video messages he expressed his solidarity with the protests in Belarus and with the protests in Khabarovsk .

Navalny was in Siberia in August 2020 on the occasion of the upcoming Russian regional elections to hold talks with opposition representatives. He is to the Russian secret service FSB , which is supposed to have made a detailed report on his stay closely shadowed have been. On August 20, 2020 Navalny flew from Tomsk to Moscow, suffered a breakdown and was after the emergency landing in Omsk in the Municipal Hospital No. 1 and treated there with atropine, artificially ventilated and put into a coma. The suspicion of poisoning, for example through the tea at morning breakfast, was expressed by paramedics, doctors and the Nawalnys team. The involvement of the Russian government, similar to earlier cases, was suspected by some English and German-speaking media as well as some German politicians.

Initial alleged poisoning diagnoses and corresponding protective measures by Russian doctors were later denied. Finally, on the evening of August 21, the medical profession in Omsk stated that poisoning of Navalny could "definitely" be ruled out, and cholinesterase inhibitors were ruled out. The diagnosis of blood sugar level and metabolic disorder was rejected by a doctor Nawalnys.

The Berlin Charité declared itself ready for admission on August 21.

As of August 21, the media reported that after delays the transfer to Germany was allowed. Navalny was brought to the Charité in an intensive care transport from the Bundeswehr medical service and is said to have been placed under police protection there.

On August 24th, the Charité announced that the first clinical findings indicated that Nawalny was intoxicated by a substance that inhibits cholinesterase and thus attacks the nervous system.

Chancellor Merkel called on Russia to investigate the crime and offered to have Navalny treated in Germany.

On the same day, the Russian government repeatedly denied the allegation of responsibility for the attack, and the Russian police said they had initiated preliminary investigations and secured possible evidence. The Russian General Prosecutor's Office refused to initiate investigative proceedings and sent an initial request for legal assistance to the German federal government for the transmission of analyzes and preliminary diagnoses.

On September 2, 2020, the German government declared that a special Bundeswehr laboratory had unequivocally detected a neurotoxin from the Novitschok group in the samples taken from Nawalny at the Charité. The federal government condemned the poison attack "in the strongest possible way" and called in the Russian ambassador . The government of the Russian Federation was asked to explain the results of the investigation. The German government also announced that it would brief the EU , NATO and the German Bundestag and inform the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) of the results.

The federal government complied with Russia's request for legal assistance, but did not want to surrender a large part of the investigation files in order to preserve evidence and out of “confidentiality”. The final result was handed over to the OPCW, but "not the complete investigation file which is subject to confidentiality". Russia said it wanted to contact the OPCW.

On September 14, the federal government announced that special laboratories in France and Sweden had independently confirmed the poisoning with a warfare agent from the Novichok group. Navalny himself had recovered further that day and no longer had to be artificially ventilated. According to the Charité, he has already been able to get out of bed for some time.

On September 17, Navalny's team announced that traces of Novichok had been found on a water bottle that the team had seized from the Tomsk hotel after Navalny's collapse. According to Nawalny's team, the poison on the bottle is a secondary trace. The actual cause of the poisoning is still unknown.

On September 22nd, Navalny was able to leave the hospital.

According to a message from Navalny's spokeswoman Kira Jarmysch on Twitter on September 23, Navalny's accounts in Russia were frozen and his apartment in Moscow's Maryino district was confiscated. The court order was issued on August 27th.

On October 6, the OPCW confirmed that Navalny had been poisoned with a new Novichok variant not included in the Annex to the Chemical Weapons Convention .

The first EU sanctions began in October against people whose shared responsibility seemed certain.

In the international "Valdai" discussion club in 2020, at the request of a German journalist at the video conference panel on October 22, 2020, the President of the Russian Federation Putin made his first statement on poisoning. Putin confirmed that after an interview by Nawalny's wife, he supported the departure despite the existing legal travel restrictions. He complained that the German side had so far neither provided biological material nor the official report on the "Novitschok" analyzed for investigation in Russia. He expressed doubts about the investigations because the OPCW had come to a different analytical result (not “Novitschok”) and again offered joint international investigations.

According to research by Bellingcat , Spiegel and other partners published on December 14, 2020, eight employees of the Russian secret service FSB were involved in the attack. Putin confirmed during his annual press conference and citizens' hour that Russian intelligence services were watching Navalny, but denied his involvement in the poison attack. Navalny is not a worthwhile goal, "but if someone had wanted to kill him, it would have been brought to the end."

On December 21, 2020, Navalny posted a phone call between him and an alleged Russian agent named Konstantin Kudryavtsev on YouTube. In the video, he pretended to be assistant to the secretary of the Russian Security Council to the person called. In the phone call, the person he was talking to gave alleged details about the participants and the execution of the nerve poison attack. Accordingly, the poison was administered through Navalny's underpants. Nawalny's clothes were collected at the hospital after the attack and cleaned several times by the FSB.

Political positions

Navalny has been calling for more political transparency since the beginning and is fighting against corruption in Russia during Putin's reign. In his program for the 2018 presidential election, Navalny called, among other things, for a minimum wage of 25,000 rubles , higher social benefits, and for the UN anti-corruption convention to be ratified to the end and a horizontal and vertical separation of powers to be established.

The poet Lev Rubinstein described him as "talented, active and very dangerous" because he had no value system; In 2013, however, he supported his candidacy for the office of mayor of Moscow.

According to Gwendolyn Sasse , Navalny deliberately avoids committing to a political program for the post-Putin period. According to his earlier political statements, he had bypassed a political position in the system and concentrated on tactical priorities, the cooperation of the opposition forces and on elections. Whether he has given up the positions that have met with criticism or just no longer represents them publicly, it is difficult to know for sure.

Position on the Caucasus War in 2008

During the Russo-Georgian war in 2008 , he sided with Russia. Navalny proposed that all Georgian citizens be deported from the Russian Federation.

Established closeness to nationalism

The UK's Economist reported in December 2011 that Navalny described himself as a " nationalist democrat". The Guardian wrote of Navalny that he was one of the few opposition politicians who, with his nationalism and charisma, had the ability to address not only “Moscow hipsters” but also the masses in the provinces. The political scientist Gerhard Mangott described him as an intrepid activist against corruption, but also as a “radical Russian nationalist”. 3sat reported in January 2012 that Navalny was trying to shed his reputation as a nationalist.

In 2007 he co-founded a Russian movement known as NAROD (The People), which prioritized immigration policy. The movement allied itself with two nationalist groups, the Movement Against Illegal Immigration (DPNI) and Great Russia , to create the National Russian Movement , of which Navalny was co-chair. In the same year he compared terrorists from the Caucasus to cockroaches. He explained in a video that the terrorists could not be fought with a fly swatter or a slipper, but only with a pistol. Navalny proposed the deportation of the "corrosive elements".

In 2011 Navalny used nationalist slogans and was noticed as a speaker at various rallies by right-wing groups. In his blog he was critical of the supposedly common practice of exercising blood revenge in the North Caucasus : “Unfortunately, North Caucasian society and all elites have only one thing in common: the desire to follow animal laws and customs. [...] I categorically disagree with Basmachi running through Moscow and taking revenge on each other by shooting at each other with machine guns. […] If this is my country, then I don't want regions in it to exist where blood revenge is a common phenomenon that is accepted by society ”. According to the Moscow Times , he saw illegal immigration to Russia as one of the country's biggest problems. Navalny called for a visa requirement for migrant workers from Central Asia. On October 22, 2011, he took part in the Russian march of right-wing extremists in Moscow, on whose organizing committee he was also a member. The left-wing taz wrote at the end of 2011 that Navalny was not afraid to exploit nationalist sentiments in Russian society for his struggle. In October of the same year, according to The Moscow Times, around a thousand pages of Navalny's private emails were intercepted and posted on an anonymous Russian blog. The emails contain exchanges with liberal politicians, right-wing extremist politicians (including Alexander Belov ) and members of the US embassy in Russia .

The economist and government advisor Sergei Guryev, who fled abroad, remarked on this subject in 2013 that Navalny had changed his attitude towards nationalists. In 2013, Navalny expressed his sympathy for those who were demanding the eviction of Chechens from a city in southern Russia. In the same year after ethnic unrest broke out in Moscow's Biryulyovo district following a murder committed by a migrant, Navalny again showed his sympathy for the anti-immigrant movement. Der Spiegel reported in 2020 that at Navalny - "apart from the demand for free arms" - " little remained of the nationalists and xenophobes ". In June 2020 Navalny spoke favorably to the Black Lives Matter protests. Radio Free Europe said in 2021 that Navalny had repeatedly stated in interviews that he did not regret his previous comments or videos and that the ability to involve both liberals and nationalists was part of his strength as a politician.

Ukraine conflict and annexation of Crimea

In 2017, Navalny supported the regional integration of eastern Ukraine into Russia and refused western arms deliveries to Ukraine.

In an interview with Aleksei Venediktov from Ekho Moskvy in 2014, Navalny stated that Crimea was part of the Russian Federation, even if it was taken over "in tremendous violation of all international norms". To resolve the conflict and to restore justice, a new, "normal" referendum by the Crimean population on the status of Crimea is required. He commented that the breakup of Crimea would also benefit Ukraine because Crimea's 2 million pro-Russian and conservative voters had put a brake on the anti-corruption movement in Ukraine. In mid-2017, he declared that he would not support the annexation of Crimea to Russia because Ukraine and Russia had signed the Budapest Memorandum . An "honest" referendum had to take place because the referendum on the status of Crimea in 2014 was, in his opinion, falsified. With regard to the Donets Basin , he said that if he took over government he would abide by the Minsk Agreement .

Poster with the inscription: "United Russia - Party of crooks and thieves!"

Reception in the population

Navalny coined the term "party of crooks and thieves" ( Russian партия жуликов и воров ) for the Kremlin party " United Russia ". This satirical antonomasia was quickly adopted by large parts of the population. A 2013 poll by the opinion research institute Levada-Zentrum showed that 40 percent of Russians considered the ruling United Russia party to be a “party of crooks and thieves”. In December 2011 the ironic renaming of the ruling party became part of the main advertising slogan of the protest movement for “honest elections” .

In 2009 the newspaper Vedomosti named Navalny Person of the Year . In October 2010, he was the undisputed first in a non-official and non-representative online election for a new Moscow mayor, carried out by the newspapers Kommersant and Gazeta.ru . He received about 30,000 votes, or 45%, ahead of Boris Nemtsov with only 8,000 or 14% of all 67,000 votes.

Nawalny's supporters can be found mainly in the country's big cities. In December 2011 the Economist wrote that Navalny was a largely unknown figure in Russia. Only 7 percent of Russians could do something with his face. In March 2017, his level of awareness had risen to 55 percent. This increase was based on the film For you, he's not a Dimon (original title: Он вам не Димон ) about Dmitri Medvedev, which 7 percent of those surveyed had seen and of which another 31 percent had heard.

In December 2020, around 78 percent of the Russians surveyed by the Levada Center were aware of Navalny's poisoning. Their opinion on this depended on the information channel. Young people - who obtained information on the Internet - were more likely to blame the authorities (34%) than older people over 55 years of age (9%) who obtained information via television and predominantly from a form of staging (40%) or actions from western countries Secret services (26%) believed.

Awards

• 2021: M100 Media Award with Nawalny's anti-corruption team, the laudation was given by FDP boss Christian Lindner .
• 2021: European Parliament Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought

Filmography

• 2015: Tschaika , investigative documentary
• 2017: For you it's not a dimon , investigative documentary
• 2021: A Palace for Putin , investigative documentary

literature

• Julia Ioffe: Net Impact - One man's cyber-crusade against Russian corruption. ( English ) . In: The New Yorker , April 4, 2011. ISSN  0028-792X . Retrieved July 22, 2011. 
• Alexej Nawalny , in: Internationales Biographisches Archiv 35/2013 from August 27, 2013, in the Munzinger archive ( beginning of article freely available)
• Jan Matti Dollbaum, Morvan Lallouet, Ben Noble: Nawalny. His goals, his opponents, his future. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 2021, ISBN 978-3-455-01253-8 .

Web links

Commons : Alexei Anatoljewitsch Navalny  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Official website of Alexei Navalny (Russian)
• Heiko Pleines / Elisa Lederer: Nawalny, Alexei Anatoljewitsch , in: Kurt Groenewold , Alexander Ignor, Arnd Koch (ed.): Lexicon of Political Criminal Trials (as of May 2016)
• Putin's greatest adversary: ​​Navalny on YouTube , August 24, 2021 (WDR documentary - 43:50 min.).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Mareike Aden: The dark star. In: Zeit Online . September 5, 2013, accessed September 10, 2020 . 
2. ↑ Navalny loses his lawyer status. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . December 5, 2013, accessed April 22, 2021 . 
3. ↑ Alice Bota : Who is Alexej Navalny? In: The time . September 25, 2020, accessed April 22, 2021 . 
4. ↑ ^{a b} Prominent Russians: Aleksey Navalny
5. ↑ Putin Nemesis Stays Defiant Ahead of Trial. Retrieved July 12, 2013 . 
6. ↑ ^{a b} Executive committee elected in Russia: Blogger Navalny is supposed to coordinate the opposition . (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 26, 2012 ; Retrieved February 12, 2013 .  at tagesschau.de , October 22, 2012 (accessed October 23, 2012).
7. ^ ^{A b} Matthias Schepp: Mayoral election in Moscow: Putin - the big loser at spiegel.de, September 9, 2013 (accessed on September 9, 2013).
8. ↑ ^{a b} Lara Schultz: "Controlled Nationalism" , magazine of the right margin issue 173 - July / August 2018.
9. ^ Roman Goncharenko: What you need to know about Alexej Navalny. In: dw.com . January 30, 2018, accessed January 31, 2021 . 
10. ↑ ^{a b} The birth of Russian citizenry. The Economist , accessed December 17, 2011 : "I consider myself to be a nationalist democrat" 
11. ↑ Alexei Navalni. Retrieved September 15, 2012 . 
12. ↑ Navalny on the official website of the Progressive Party / Russia of the Future (Russian)
13. ^ Opposition politician Navalny sentenced to 20 days in prison. ZEIT Online, December 2, 2017, accessed December 25, 2017 . 
14. ^ Protests for Navalny across Russia on Putin birthday. BBC News, December 7, 2017, accessed December 25, 2017 . 
15. ↑ Russian opposition leader's fraud conviction arbitrary, Europe's top rights court says. Reuters, October 16, 2017, accessed December 25, 2017 . 
16. ^ Russian presidential election: Alexei Navalny barred from competing. BBC News, December 25, 2017, accessed December 25, 2017 . 
17. ↑ Sergej Maksimischin, the attending physician (written in the source “Maximischin”), died unexpectedly in February 2021 at the age of 55. Source: Clinic in Omsk: Doctor who treated Navalny, suddenly died , Spiegel Online, February 5, 2021. Access date: February 9, 2021.
18. ↑ Rustam Agischew, a doctor from Omsk, died unexpectedly in March 2021 at the age of 63. Source: Emergency treatment in Omsk: Another doctor from Navalny Clinic is dead , n-tv , March 29, 2021. Access date: March 30, 2021.
19. ^ Friedrich Schmidt, Die Schikanen des Kreml , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 29, 2021. Access date: March 30, 2021.
20. ↑ Russia: Navalny sentenced to 30 days in prison. In: tagesschau.de. Retrieved January 18, 2021 . 
21. ↑ Kremlin critic Navalny landed in Moscow. In: tagesschau.de. Retrieved January 17, 2021 . 
22. ↑ ^{a b} Imprisonment for Alexej Navalny: "He painted hearts on the pane of glass". In: The mirror. Retrieved February 2, 2021 . 
23. ↑ Alexej Navalny has landed in Moscow - Kremlin critic threatens arrest. In: The mirror. Retrieved January 17, 2021 . 
24. ↑ ^{a b} Alexei Navalny sentenced to two and a half years in a prison camp. In: Zeit Online. Retrieved February 24, 2021 . 
25. ↑ ^{a b} Judgment against Kremlin critics - three and a half years imprisonment for Navalny. In: tagesschau.de. February 2, 2021, accessed February 2, 2021 . 
26. ↑ ^{a b} Russia: Alexej Navalny has to be arrested. In: The mirror. Retrieved February 2, 2021 . 
27. ↑ Ryan Grenoble: Alexei Navalny Condemns 'Thieving Little' Putin In Dramatic Courtroom Speech. February 2, 2021, accessed February 2, 2021 . 
28. ↑ ^{a b} Alexej Navalny: Doctors warn of impending cardiac arrest. In: The mirror. Retrieved April 18, 2021 . 
29. ↑ Reuters / AFP / gub: Merkel spoke to Putin about Navalny - whose health is deteriorating. Die Welt , April 8, 2021, accessed April 8, 2021 . 
30. ↑ Christina Hebel: Nawalny's first appearance after a hunger strike: "I'm just a terrible skeleton". Der Spiegel , April 29, 2021, accessed April 30, 2021 . 
31. ↑ Judgment against Russia: ECHR orders the release of Kremlin critic Navalny. Deutschlandfunk, February 17, 2021, accessed on February 17, 2021 . 
32. ↑ Victoria Vlasenko: The Navalny case - Russia ignores the European human rights court. Deutsche Welle, February 18, 2021, accessed on March 20, 2021 . 
33. ↑ Sebastian Richter, Mirko Schmid: Russia: Hundreds of thousands protest for Navalny - a lot of violence, several arrests. Frankfurter Rundschau , January 24, 2021, accessed on April 6, 2021 . 
34. ↑ Silke Hahn: Russia: Twitter threatens around 100,000 euros fine for demo calls per Navalny. heise online , April 4, 2021, accessed on April 6, 2021 . 
35. ^ German Bundestag, online services: Andreas Nick: Russia has to face difficult questions about Navalny. January 29, 2021, accessed April 1, 2021 . 
36. ↑ Sergei Hrabovsky. Олексій Навальний як дзеркало російської революції (Ukrainian). day.kiev.ua, accessed July 31, 2012.
37. ↑ АЛЕКСЕЙ НАВАЛЬНЫЙ (Russian). esquire.ru, accessed July 31, 2012.
38. ↑ "Alexei Navalny". The Moscow Times. February 28, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
39. ^ Roman Goncharenko: Kremlin critic Navalny: To Moscow via Yale. In: Deutsche Welle , August 14, 2013 (English)
40. ^ Yale World Fellows Program The World Fellows. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 7, 2011 ; Retrieved August 5, 2012 . 
41. ^ Roman Goncharenko: A Yale Fellow wants to rule Moscow. In: Deutsche Welle , August 25, 2013.
42. ↑ Amy Kellogg: Being Navalny: Russian activist, wife explain his brush with death after poisoning, escaping for treatment. October 16, 2020, accessed October 18, 2020 (American English). 
43. ↑ Carina Huppertz: How Navalny campaigns against migrants. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , September 7, 2013, accessed on December 31, 2014.
44. ↑ Activist presses Russian corporations for openness. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 11, 2011 ; Retrieved July 7, 2012 . 
45. ↑ Навальный - Как пилят в Транснефти. (No longer available online.) In: navalny.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010 ; Retrieved July 22, 2011 . 
46. ↑ Навальный - ОНФ. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on August 16, 2011 ; Retrieved July 13, 2012 . 
47. ^ ^{A b} Christian Neef and Matthias Schepp: RUSSIA: "Putin is afraid" . In: The mirror . No. 24 , 2013, p. 86-87 ( Online - June 10, 2013 ).
48. ↑ ^{a b c d} Alexander Chernyshev, Christian Esch, Matthias Gebauer, Christo Grozev, Christina Hebel, Martin Knobbe, Mathieu von Rohr, Marcel Rosenbach, Fidelius Schmid, Christoph Schult, Christoph Seidler, Severin Weiland: The Russian Patient . In: The mirror . No. 36 , 2020, p. 8-16 ( online ).
49. ↑ Neue Zürcher Zeitung , February 12, 2016, page 2
50. ↑ The court refused to take notice of the Alexei Navalny v. Russian President case (Russian), Echo Moskwy, February 12, 2016
51. ↑ Секретная дача Дмитрия Медведева. Retrieved April 18, 2021 (German). 
52. ↑ Guido Felder: Yellow ducks drive Putin to white heat. March 15, 2018, accessed on April 18, 2021 (Swiss Standard German). 
53. ↑ Berliner Zeitung: Vladimir Putin's birthday: Thousands in Russia follow the protest call from opposition leader Alexej Navalny. Retrieved April 18, 2021 . 
54. ↑ Фильм ФБК "Он вам не Димон" набрал более 16 млн просмотров в YouTube - zaks.ru, April 1, 2017.
55. ↑ gazeta.ru
56. ↑ Participants in Moscow unauthorized protest may face fines, arrests. In: tass.com. March 26, 2017, accessed March 27, 2017 . 
57. ↑ Навальный подтвердил желание провести митинг против коррупции на Тверской - RBK, March 19, 2017.
58. ↑ Можно выйти? Теория и практика проведения акций протеста в России - Deutsche Welle, March 29, 2017.
59. ↑ СПЧ заинтересовался правовой коллизией в согласовании митингов - Republic, March 30, 2017.
60. ↑ Антикоррупционные митинги, протест дальнобойщиков и кубанских фермеров - что дальше? - Salt, March 28, 2017.
61. ↑ Мэрия Москвы предложила Навальному альтернативные площадки для митинга. Он не согласен ни с одной - Meduza, March 22, 2017.
62. ↑ Навальный объявил, что шествие по Тверской «автоматически» согласовано. Так бывает? - Meduza, March 20, 2017.
63. ↑ Власти 24 городов согласовали площадки для митингов Навального - RBK, March 24, 2017.
64. ↑ Navalny arrested during protests. In: dw.com. March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017 . 
65. ↑ Russia: Alexej Navalny sentenced to 15 days' imprisonment and a fine. In: zeit.de. March 27, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017 . 
66. ↑ Statement by the Spokesperson on the anti-corruption demonstrations across the Russian Federation - EAD, March 27, 2017.
67. ↑ Pier Antonio Panzeri (S&D, IT), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Human Rights of the European Parliament: "Release immediately Alexey Navalny and other protestors arrested in Russia yesterday", urges DROI Chair - March 27, 2017, European Parliament website
68. ↑ Russian police detain opposition leader, hundreds of protesters - Reuters, March 27, 2017.
69. ↑ European Parliament resolution on Russia, the arrest of Alexei Navalny and other protestors - European Parliament, 6 April 2017.
70. ↑ ^{a b} A man wants to wake up Russia , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, March 28, 2017.
71. ↑ Navalny Outs Kremlin Spokesman's Alleged Son , The Moscow Times, August 17, 2017.
72. ^ Nathan Hodge: A threat disguised as a duel: Putin's ex-bodyguard challenges Navalny. In: CNN . September 12, 2018, accessed August 28, 2020 . 
73. ↑ Putin's ex-bodyguard challenges Navalny to duel . In: Associated Press , September 11, 2018.
74. ↑ Russia: Chief of the National Guard challenges Alexej Navalny to a duel . In: Zeit Online , September 11, 2018.
75. ↑ Christian Esch: Alexej Navalny: fellow campaigners fight for his release. In: DER SPIEGEL. Retrieved January 24, 2021 . 
76. ↑ Fabio Ghelli: The blogger who wants to overthrow Putin. In: The time . Retrieved December 8, 2011 . 
77. ^ Andre Ballin: Protest against the elections. (No longer available online.) Russia Today December 6, 2011, archived from the original on June 20, 2012 ; Retrieved November 28, 2015 . 
78. ↑ Речь Навального на митинге 5 декабря (Navalny on December 5th meeting). In: YouTube. Retrieved December 8, 2011 . 
79. ↑ Задержание Алексея Навального (festival name Alexei Navalny). In: YouTube. Retrieved December 8, 2011 . 
80. ↑ Several leading opposition figures arrested in Russia: police intervene in a protest in Moscow . Retrieved February 13, 2013 .  . welt.de , October 27, 2012, accessed on October 27, 2012.
81. ↑ ^{a b} Trial in Kirov: Court convicts Kremlin critic Navalny for embezzlement Spiegel Online , July 18, 2013 (accessed July 18, 2013).
82. ↑ ^{a b} Judgment against Putin opponent Nawalni: Five years imprisonment - immediately ( memento from July 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de , July 18, 2013 (accessed on July 18, 2013).
83. ↑ Навальный назвал главную задачу своей избирательной кампании - RBK, December 14, 2016
84. ↑ Навальный будет баллотироваться в президенты - Snob, December 13, 2016
85. ↑ Навальный получил пять лет условно по "делу" Кировлеса " - RBK, February 8, 2017.
86. ↑ Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - Constitution.ru
87. ↑ Christina Hebel: Russia: Tens of thousands protest against corruption and Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev is skiing. In: Spiegel Online . March 27, 2017, accessed August 21, 2020 . 
88. ↑ - Навальный собрал 300 тысяч "будущих подписей" в свою поддержку на президентских выборах - Mediazona, April 5, 2017.
89. ^ Kremlin critics attacked with chemical on their way to election campaign event , Huffington Post, April 28, 2017.
90. ^ Attack on Putin opponent Navalny , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, May 2, 2017, title of the print edition
91. ↑ sda, May 10, 2017.
92. ↑ «Согласованная» часть президентской кампании Навального закончилась. Что успел политик? ( The "agreed" part of the Navalny presidential campaign ended. What did the politician manage? ), Republic.ru, October 4, 2017.
93. ↑ Russia: Nationwide Assaults on Political Opposition Campaign . In: Human Rights Watch . September 6, 2017 ( hrw.org [accessed October 8, 2017]).
94. ↑ Council of Europe: H46-25 Navalnyy and Ofitserov v. Russian Federation (Application No. 46632/13). In: 1294th meeting, 19–21. September 2017 (DH). Council of Europe Council of Ministers, September 21, 2017, accessed October 8, 2017 . 
95. ↑ Kremlin critic Navalny apparently in custody. orf.at , September 29, 2017, accessed on September 29, 2017.
96. ↑ 20 days in prison for Kremlin critic Navalny. orf.at , October 3, 2017, accessed on October 3, 2017.
97. ↑ Алексея Навального и  Леонида Волкова арестовали на  20 суток (каждого). Как это было - Meduza . In: Meduza . October 2, 2017 ( meduza.io [accessed October 3, 2017]).
98. ↑ В Петербурге полиция задержала руководителя местного штаба Навального. ( In St. Petersburg, the police arrested the head of the local Navalny headquarters ), Novaya Gazeta, October 3, 2017.
99. ↑ Ксения Собчак объявила об участии в выборах президента России. ( Xenija Sobchak announced that he would take part in the presidential elections in Russia ), Vedomosti, October 18, 2017.
100. ↑ Xenia Sobchak, the spoiler candidate. Die Welt, October 19, 2017.
101. ↑ Russia: Navalny fights for admission to the election . In: tagesschau.de (accessed December 25, 2017)
102. ↑ Putin opponent Navalny excluded from presidential election . In: sueddeutsche.de , December 25, 2017.
103. ^ By Launching a Trade Union, Navalny Addresses the Elephant in the Room. Moscow Times, February 1, 2019.
104. ↑ Masha Gessen : Alexey Navalny Has the Proof of His Poisoning. In: The New Yorker . October 18, 2020, accessed October 25, 2020 . 
105. ↑ За два дня до несогласованной акции Навального Марсово поле закрыли из-за садово-парковых рабопарковых. ( Two days before the planned action by Navalny, the Field of Mars was closed due to the landscape work ) Novaya Gazeta, October 5, 2017.
106. ↑ The Kremlin plays cat and mouse with Navalny. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, September 29, 2017; "This tactic of" double booking "at the last moment has a long tradition in Putin's Russia in preventing opposition protests."
107. ↑ Уточкам тут не место. ( Ducks don't belong here ), Novaya Gazeta, October 4, 2017; with the tag "absurdity"
108. ↑ «Удивляюсь, что они не нашли у меня литературу ИГИЛ!" ( “I am surprised that you did not find IS literature!” ) Novaya Gazeta, May 31, 2018.
109. ↑ Taking On Putin. BBC one, Panorama, March 14, 2018; Minute 7:30
110. ↑ Роскомнадзор попросили заблокировать сайты Госдумы, "Единой России» и «Вестей.ру» по аналогии с «Умным голосованием" Навального. (Roskomnadzor was asked to block the websites of the State Duma, United Russia and Vestey.ru, by analogy with the Navalny Smart Vote), Novaya Gazeta, December 20, 2018; “Litreev pointed out that the State Duma , United Russia and Vestey.ru websites also use Yandex.Metrica and neither do they ask users for consent to data processing. In this regard, these Internet pages should also be blocked. "
111. ↑ За державу им не обидно. , Novaya Gazeta, May 2, 2020.
112. ↑ Russian PM rejects Navalny's corruption allegations. Agence France-Presse (AFP), April 4, 2017.
113. ↑ Ilya Ponomarev: 'I don't believe Kremlin ordered poisoning of Navalny' , kyivpost.com, September 9, 2020.
114. ↑ Frank Nienhuysen: The Berlin patient: At his annual press conference , Russian President Vladimir Putin rejects all allegations about the case of the poisoned Alexej Navalny. The Kremlin chief claims that the opposition is not a worthwhile target. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . December 17, 2020, accessed June 24, 2021 . 
115. ^ ^{A b} Christian Esch: Russia: What we know about Alexej Navalny's health and care. In: The mirror. Retrieved April 19, 2021 . 
116. ↑ Russia: Alexej Navalny's organizations are no longer allowed to work for the time being. In: The mirror. April 26, 2021, accessed April 26, 2021 . 
117. ↑ Christian Esch, Christina Hebel: Work ban for Nawalny's team. In: The mirror . April 27, 2021, accessed April 27, 2021 . 
118. ↑ Сторонников Навального задерживают в разных российских городах перед завтрашней акцией «Он» нам цне. ( The supporters of Navalny are being held in various Russian cities before tomorrow's action “He is not our King”. ) In: Echo Moskwy (Echo Moscow), May 4, 2018.
119. ↑ Russian opposition leader Navalny arrested. Der Tagesspiegel , May 5, 2018.
120. ↑ Alexej Navalny released from prison . Zeit Online , June 14, 2018.
121. ↑ Kremlin critic Navalny sentenced again. Deutsche Welle , August 27, 2018.
122. ↑ Kremlin critic Navalny has to be arrested again. In: Tages-Anzeiger . August 27, 2018.
123. ↑ Alexei Navalny : Почему Путин испугался? Объясняю на картинках. ( Why was Putin afraid? Explained in graphics. ) In: Эхо Москвы. ( Echo Moscow ), August 29, 2018.
124. ↑ Alexej Navalny released from prison again. From www.zeit.de, August 23, 2019, accessed on August 23, 2019.
125. ↑ New Moscow harassment against Navalny. In: Deutsche Welle , February 19, 2015
126. ↑ Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny wins European human rights payout. BBC , February 2, 2017.
127. ↑ The Strasbourg judges set a political signal against Russia , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, November 15, 2018.
128. ↑ Пустят ли Алексея Навального на президентские выборы? BBC , December 13, 2016
129. ↑ kremlin.ru (President of Russia) :: Bastrykin, Alexander Chairman of the Investigative Committee of Russia . (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 16, 2013 ; Retrieved April 17, 2013 . 
130. ↑ Accusation of embezzlement: Russian judiciary accuses Putin opponent Navalny . (No longer available online.) In: tagesschau.de . Archived from the original on January 9, 2014 ; Retrieved September 15, 2012 . 
131. ↑ Benjamin Bidder: Alexej Navalny: The anti-Putin blogger in portrait. In: Spiegel Online . July 18, 2013, accessed August 21, 2020 . 
132. ^ Public prosecutor's office in Russia appeals to the Navalny case. In: Spiegel Online . July 18, 2013, accessed August 21, 2020 . 
133. ↑ Russia: Navalny is still needed in freedom. In: Zeit Online . July 19, 2013, accessed August 21, 2020 . 
134. ^ The court suspends Navalny 's prison sentence. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , October 16, 2013.
135. ↑ ^{a b} Benjamin Bidder: Putin's opponent faces ten years imprisonment. In: Spiegel Online . Retrieved April 17, 2013 . 
136. ↑ Navalny loses his lawyer status. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . December 5, 2013, accessed August 22, 2020 . 
137. ↑ Neue Zürcher Zeitung , February 24, 2016, page 2
138. ↑ Ekaterina Sinelschtschikowa: After the judgment was overturned: Navalny can run for presidential elections. In: Russia Beyond the Headlines , November 16, 2016
139. ↑ heb; Collaboration: Tatjana Böhm: Russia: Supreme Court overturns judgment against Alexej Navalny. In: Spiegel Online . November 16, 2016, accessed August 21, 2020 . 
140. ↑ Kremlin critic Navalny found guilty - no participation in presidential election 2018. Deutsche Welle , February 8, 2017, accessed on February 8, 2017.
141. ↑ Alexei Navalny: Russian opposition leader found guilty. In: bbc.com. February 8, 2017, accessed February 8, 2017 . 
142. ↑ Christina Hebel: Alexej Navalny: The man who challenges Vladimir Putin. In: Spiegel Online . February 8, 2017, accessed August 21, 2020 . 
143. ↑ OSCE / ODIHR Director Link expresses concern over Navalny conviction | OSCE. Retrieved February 8, 2017 . 
144. ↑ Christina Hebel: Alexej Navalny: New judgment against critics of Vladimir Putin. In: Spiegel Online . February 8, 2017, accessed August 21, 2020 . 
145. ^ New indictments against Kremlin critic Navalny. In: Deutsche Welle , October 29, 2013.
146. ↑ Navalny brothers Yves Rocher embezzlement case investigation completed Russian Legal Information Agency November 15, 2013, accessed January 3, 2015
147. ↑ Background: Alexej Navalnij. (No longer available online.) In: russland.ru. December 31, 2014, archived from the original on December 8, 2015 ; Retrieved November 29, 2015 . 
148. ↑ Алексей Навальный: это полнейшая фигня. (No longer available online.) In: openspace.ru. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015 ; Retrieved December 14, 2012 (Russian). 
149. ↑ ^{a b c d} Julia Smirnova: New charges against opposition members Navalny. In: WeltN24 , October 30, 2013.
150. ↑ Yves Rocher Has Rouge on Its Face . moscowtimes of February 13, 2013, viewed December 22, 2014.
151. ^ Rally in Moscow - police take action against opposition members
152. ↑ Benoît Vitkine: Procès Navalny: Yves Rocher, une plainte au service du pouvoir. In: Le Monde , December 30, 2014 (French).
153. ↑ A question to Yves Rocher ( Memento from September 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
154. ↑ Reinhard Veser : And who is the next? In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 26, 2014.
155. ↑ AP: Russia Seeks 10 Years in Prison for Putin Foe . NYT dated December 19, 2014, sighted December 21, 2014.
156. ↑ sueddeutsche.de: The court today pronounces judgment against Kremlin critic Navalny. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , December 30, 2014.
157. ↑ New York Times : AP: "Moscow Court Rushes Verdict to Putin's Chief Foe", December 29, 2014, viewed December 29, 2014
158. ↑ Benjamin Bidder: The brother has to atone.  In: Spiegel Online , December 30, 2014 (the transcription of the name of the judge "Elena Korobtschenko" into English is usually "Yelena Korobchenko").
159. ↑ Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny found guilty, given suspended sentence. In: Deutsche Welle , December 30, 2014 (English).
160. ^ Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny gets suspended sentence but brother jailed.  In: The Guardian , December 30, 2014.
161. ↑ EU and USA criticize judgment against Navalny. In: Die Zeit , December 31, 2014.
162. ^ Kremlin critic: Human rights court approves Navalnyj. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017 . 
163. ↑ HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights. Retrieved October 17, 2017 . 
164. ↑ tagesschau.de: Russia: Navalny sentenced to 30 days in prison. Retrieved January 18, 2021 . 
165. ↑ tagesschau.de: Kremlin critic Navalny landed in Moscow. Retrieved January 17, 2021 . 
166. ↑ Alexei Navalny landed in Moscow - Kremlin critics are threatened with arrest. In: DER SPIEGEL. Retrieved January 17, 2021 . 
167. ↑ AFP: Yves Rocher Rebuffs Criticism Over Role in Navalny Affair. February 4, 2021, accessed February 10, 2021 . 
168. ↑ Christina Hebel, Britta Sandberg: Alexej Nawalny and Yves Rocher: What is the story behind the new judgment in Russia? In: DER SPIEGEL. Retrieved February 10, 2021 . 
169. ↑ Russia: Aleksei Navalny becomes prisoner of conscience after arrest on arrival in Moscow , Amnesty International, January 17, 2021.
170. ↑ Amnesty turns away from Navalny , ntv, February 24, 2021.
171. ↑ Amnesty International: Human rights activists re-classify Navalny as a political prisoner. In: The time . May 7, 2021, accessed May 8, 2021 . 
172. ↑ Russia: Alexej Navalny arrived in the penal camp. In: DER SPIEGEL. Retrieved February 28, 2021 . 
173. ^ The Navalny case: USA imposes sanctions on Russia in the Navalny case. In: DER SPIEGEL. Retrieved March 4, 2021 . 
174. ↑ Imprisoned Kremlin critic: Alexej Navalny complains of pain in his leg. In: The mirror. Retrieved March 28, 2021 . 
175. ↑ NZZ editorial team: Navalny case: The state of health continues to deteriorate, according to media reports, the Russian is said to have been transferred to an infirmary. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . April 8, 2021, accessed April 9, 2021 . 
176. ↑ FOCUS Online: Putin critic Navalny reports from prison camp: concentration camp. Retrieved May 31, 2021 . 
177. ↑ Andrew Osborn, Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber: Jailed Kremlin critic Navalny alleges sleep deprivation 'torture', lack of medical care . In: Reuters . March 25, 2021 ( reuters.com [accessed May 31, 2021]).
178. ↑ Roman Goncharenko: Alexei Navalny describes harsh conditions in Russian penal colony. In: DW.com (Deutsche Welle). March 18, 2021, accessed March 18, 2021 (UK English). 
179. ↑ Amnesty International compares Navalny's conditions of detention to torture. In: The standard . April 7, 2021, accessed April 9, 2021 . 
180. ↑ Imprisoned Kremlin critic: USA threatens Russia with consequences in case of Navalny's death. In: The mirror. Retrieved April 18, 2021 . 
181. ↑ Russian police arrest Navalny's doctor. In: The mirror. April 6, 2021, accessed April 6, 2021 . 
182. ↑ WORLD: Alexej Navalny: EU worries about his health . In: THE WORLD . March 26, 2021 ( welt.de [accessed April 21, 2021]).
183. ↑ The Kremlin sees no need for action in the Alexei Navalny case. In: The time. Retrieved April 21, 2021 . 
184. ↑ Christian Esch: Russia: What we know about Alexej Navalny's health and care. In: The mirror. Retrieved April 19, 2021 . 
185. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung: Kremlin opponent Navalny relocated to a prison camp with an infirmary. Retrieved April 21, 2021 . 
186. ↑ Putin opponent Navalny ends hunger strike in Russian jail. BBC News, April 23, 2021, accessed April 23, 2021 . 
187. ↑ "Practically Torture": Navalny is imprisoned at the end of nightly controls. In: The mirror. Retrieved May 31, 2021 . 
188. ↑ Alexej Navalny: Russian court rejects the end of the nightly controls. In: The mirror. Retrieved June 7, 2021 . 
189. ↑ Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny after hunger strike back in a penal colony. In: The mirror. Retrieved June 7, 2021 . 
190. ↑ aljazeera.com
191. ↑ Christian Esch: Alexej Navalny at the appointment hearing in Moscow: With the Sermon on the Mount against Putin. In: DER SPIEGEL. Retrieved February 21, 2021 . 
192. ↑ Moscow finds inconsistencies in the OPCW report on Navalny: "Are you trying to convince us of this lie?" - Russia Today , July 11, 2021
193. ↑ Кремль решил начать кампанию против Навального - Doschd , April 18, 2017.
194. ↑ "Hitler 1945. Navalny 2018" - Frankfurter Rundschau, April 21, 2017.
195. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Luke Harding, Andrew Roth: A cup of tea, then screams of agony: how Alexei Navalny was left fighting for his life . In: The Guardian . August 21, 2020 (in English, published online on August 20, 2020 [accessed on September 26, 2020]).
196. ↑ ^{a b} Channel 4 News (7pm) . In: Channel 4 News , August 20, 2020. 
197. ↑ Kremlin critic Navalny is under protection of the BKA. In: Zeit Online . August 23, 2020, accessed August 25, 2020 . 
198. ↑ Pavel Lokshin: Alexej Navalny: Silenced . In: The world . August 23, 2020 ( welt.de [accessed September 18, 2020]).
199. ↑ ^{a b c} Alexei Navalny: 'Poisoned' Russian opposition leader in a coma. In: BBC News . August 20, 2020, accessed on August 21, 2020 . 
200. ↑ Georg Mascolo, Ronen Steinke: Why there are no criminal steps in Germany for the time being. September 21, 2020, accessed September 21, 2020 . 
201. ↑ Lorena Dreusicke: Not recovered from "stroke": Another Navalny doctor died. In: Schleswig-Holstein newspaper publisher . March 31, 2021, accessed March 31, 2021 . 
202. ↑ Frank Nienhuysen: The rebel doctor. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . April 23, 2021, accessed May 4, 2021 . 
203. ^ Luke Harding: Alexei Navalny and the long history of poisoned Kremlin critics. In: The Guardian. August 20, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 . 
204. ↑ Röttgen: Poisoning Nawalnys "no coincidence". In: ZDF today . August 24, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 . 
205. ↑ FDP politician: "The Navalny case bears the signature of the Russian regime". In: n-tv.de . August 23, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 . 
206. ↑ ^{a b} Dirk Banse, Alexej Hock: The Nawalny case now occupies the German judiciary . In: Welt am Sonntag . No. 35/2020 , August 30, 2020 ( welt.de [accessed August 31, 2020]).
207. ↑ Alexei Navalny: German group sends plane for Putin critic fighting for life after suspected poisoning. In: Sky News . August 21, 2020, accessed on August 21, 2020 . 
208. ↑ ^{a b} For the first time since illness: German doctors are allowed to visit Navalny. In: t-online.de . August 21, 2020, accessed on August 21, 2020 . 
209. ↑ Navalny: Doctors are now talking about a metabolic disorder. In: tagesschau.de . August 21, 2020, accessed on August 21, 2020 . 
210. ↑ Christina Hebel: Suspicious tactics in Omsk. In: The mirror . August 22, 2020, accessed on August 22, 2020 . 
211. ↑ Anton Zverev, Gleb Stolyarov: Exclusive: Russian paramedics' accounts challenge Moscow's explanation for Navalny's coma - sources . In: Reuters . September 14, 2020 ( reuters.com [accessed September 14, 2020]).
212. ^ Rescue pilot is supposed to bring Kremlin critic Navalny to Berlin. In: rbb24 . August 21, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 . 
213. ↑ Christina Hebel: Suspicious tactics in Omsk. In: The mirror . August 22, 2020, accessed on August 22, 2020 . 
214. ↑ Christina Hebel, Marcel Rosenbach: The Russian patient. In: The mirror . August 22, 2020, accessed on August 22, 2020 . 
215. ↑ Navalny is said to have been observed prior to possible poisoning. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . August 23, 2020, accessed August 25, 2020 . 
216. ↑ Departure from Navalny to Germany is delayed. In: The mirror . August 21, 2020, accessed August 22, 2020 . 
217. ↑ Navalny on the way to Germany. In: The mirror . August 22, 2020, accessed on August 22, 2020 . 
218. ^ Kremlin critic Navalny arrived in Germany. In: tagesschau.de . August 22, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 . 
219. ^ Police protection for Navalny - signal to Moscow. In: ZDF today . August 23, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 . 
220. ↑ Mathias Brüggmann: Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny is obviously heavily guarded in the Charité. In: Handelsblatt. August 23, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 . 
221. ↑ Second statement from the Charité: Clinical findings indicate that Alexei Navalny was poisoned. Press release. Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , August 24, 2020, accessed on February 15, 2021 . 
222. ^ Joint declaration by Chancellor Angela Merkel and Federal Foreign Minister Heiko Maas on the Navalny case. Press release. Federal Foreign Office , August 24, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 . 
223. ↑ daily topics 08/24/2020 10:15 p.m. In: tagesschau.de . Retrieved August 24, 2020 . 
224. ↑ Кремль ответил на обвинения в адрес властей России из-за Навального. Retrieved August 25, 2020 . 
225. ↑ swissinfo.ch
226. ↑ Russian police initiate “preliminary investigations” into the Navalny case. In: The mirror . August 27, 2020, accessed on August 27, 2020.
227. ↑ Russian General Prosecutor's Office sees no reason for criminal proceedings in the Navalny case. In: The mirror . August 27, 2020, accessed on August 29, 2020.
228. ↑ Suspected chemical warfare agent - Charité intervenes in the Bundeswehr. In: The world . August 28, 2020, accessed August 29, 2020.
229. ↑ Bundeswehr Laboratory to Navalny: It was Novitschok. In: Berliner Zeitung . September 2, 2020, accessed September 3, 2020 . 
230. ^ Statement by the Federal Government in the Navalny case. Press release. Press and Information Office of the Federal Government , September 2, 2020, accessed on September 2, 2020 . 
231. ↑ According to the federal government, Navalny was poisoned with nerve agents. In: The mirror . September 2, 2020, accessed September 2, 2020 . 
232. ↑ Germany wants to keep files secret. In: tagesschau.de . September 14, 2020, accessed September 24, 2020 . 
233. ^ Charité: Navalny's condition improved. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . September 14, 2020, accessed September 23, 2020 . 
234. ↑ Navalny on the mend - Abroad - Badische Zeitung. In: Badische Zeitung. Retrieved September 14, 2020 . 
235. ↑ Navalny poisoning: After a video with explosive content, the Kremlin shoots back: "Maybe there are people who don't want ..." September 18, 2020, accessed on September 18, 2020 . 
236. ↑ instagram.com/p/CFOnffrHZ0d/
237. ↑ Kremlin doubts new evidence. In: tagesschau.de . September 18, 2020, accessed September 18, 2020 . 
238. ↑ Russian government doubts new evidence in Navalny case. In: Zeit Online . September 18, 2020, accessed on September 22, 2020 . 
239. ↑ Traces of poison on a water bottle. In: tagesschau.de . September 17, 2020, accessed September 18, 2020 . 
240. ↑ Alexej Navalny released from hospital. In: Zeit Online . September 23, 2020, accessed September 23, 2020 . 
241. ^ Authorities confiscate Alexej Navalny's accounts and apartment. In: Zeit Online . September 24, 2020, accessed September 25, 2020 . 
242. ↑ OPCW Issues Report on Technical Assistance Requested by Germany. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , October 6, 2020, accessed October 6, 2020 . 
243. ↑ Podium with Vladimir Putin at the “Valdai” Discussion Club October 2020 (excerpt, German). Question from Hans-Joachim Spanger (Frankfurt). In: Dr. Rainer Böhme (Ed.): DGKSP discussion papers, Dresden 2020, December, ISSN 2627-3470, pp. 37-39. on-line
244. ↑ Roman Dobrokhotov, Matthias Gebauer, Christo Grozev et al .: These are the men who should kill Navalny . In: The mirror . December 14, 2020, accessed December 18, 2020 . 
245. ↑ Frank Nienhuysen: The Berlin patient. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . December 17, 2020, accessed December 19, 2020 . 
246. ↑ Navalny: "I called my murderer". In: zdf.de. December 21, 2020, accessed December 21, 2020 . 
247. ↑ предвыборная программа Алексея Навального 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2020 (Russian). 
248. ↑ ^{a b} figurehead of the citizens' protest - How dangerous is Alexej Navalny? (Article can only be found indirectly: https://www.perlentaucher.de/medienticker/2012-01-19/ein-schwein-ist-ja-auch-nur-ein-mensch.html )
249. ↑ Лев Рубинштейн
250. ↑ Key figure without stipulations. Interview with Gwendolyn Sasse . In: tagesschau.de . August 25, 2020, accessed September 8, 2020 . 
251. ↑ Is Aleksei Navalny a Liberal or a Nationalist? . In: theatlantic.com . July 29, 2013.
252. ↑ US slam Russia's arrests of over 3,300 Alexei Navalny supporters, EU to discuss 'next steps' . In: scmp.com . January 24, 2021.
253. ↑ Russian blogger Alexei Navalny in spotlight after arrest
254. ↑ 'Putin is destroying Russia. Why base his regime on corruption? ' asks Navalny
255. ↑ Federal Agency for Civic Education : Comment: Battle rhetoric and “clean victories”: Putin's outstretched hand is essential
256. ↑ Russia Rising: The Blogger Who Is Putin's Greatest Challenger . In: TIME . December 29, 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021.
257. ^ 5 things to know about Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny . In: politico.eu . Archived from the original on February 7, 2021.
258. ↑ Националисты объединились в Русское национальное движение . June 8, 2008.
259. ↑ Вменяемых собрали в одном зале . June 9, 2008.
260. ↑ Sarah Pagung: " Navalny hits the nerve of the Russian population" MDR aktuell, June 19, 2017; YouTube video linked in the article: НАРОД за легализацию оружия September 19, 2007.
261. ↑ НАРОД за легализацию оружия
262. ↑ Rousing Russia With a Phrase
263. ↑ If not Putin, who? It's because I love my own country that I can see the point of this sinister tyrant who so ruthlessly stands up for Russia
264. ↑ Навальный Финальная битва между добром и нейтралитетом. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 22, 2011 ; Retrieved July 11, 2012 . 
265. ↑ Viktor Funk: Alexej Nawalny shows the powerful that they are vulnerable Frankfurter Rundschau , August 26, 2020; Filipp Piatov: There is a Russia to the right of Vladimir Putin world , March 21, 2014; Mariya Petkova: Alexei Navalny: Putin's sole political nemesis Al-Jazeera , May 16, 2018; Robert Coalson: Is Aleksei Navalny a Liberal or a Nationalist? The Atlantic , July 29, 2013.
266. ↑ Rousing Russia With a Phrase
267. ↑ Original quote in Alexei Navalny's blog on Lifejournal from September 26, 2008: “К сожалению, всё северокавказское общество и все элиты обедикеко и все элиты обедикево и все элиты обедикево и все элиты обедикево обекены. [...] Меня категорически не устраивает, что по Москве бегают какие-то басмачи и мя. [...] Если это моя страна, то я не хочу, чтобы в ней существовали регионы, где кровная месть обычное и принимаемое обществом явление " Навальный , accessed on 21 April 2020th
268. ↑ Navalny Wouldn't Return Crimea, Considers Immigration Bigger Issue Than Ukraine
269. ↑ Julia Smirnova: Russian Nazis hunt everything foreign in: www.welt.de, July 10, 2013.
270. ↑ В столице отрепетировали "Русский марш" - Лозунг "Хватит кормить Кавказ" стал главным на митинге. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 26, 2011 ; Retrieved September 4, 2012 . 
271. ↑ The motley opposition: Yes, departure, direction unclear
272. ↑ Klaus-Helge Donath: The new cult figure of the opposition. In: Die Tageszeitung , December 11, 2011.
273. ↑ Navalny's Private E-Mails Leaked . October 26, 2011. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021.
274. ^ The man who would beat Putin .
275. ↑ Russia Responds to Anti-Migrant Riots by Arresting Migrants . Archived from the original on March 2, 2021.
276. ↑ How Russian Nationalism Fuels Race Riots . 1. November 2013.
277. ↑ Россия в зеркале Black Lives Matter . In: eurasianet.org . June 18, 2020. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved on August 22, 2020.
278. ↑ Navalny's Failure To Renounce His Nationalist Past May Be Straining His Support . February 25, 2021. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021.
279. ↑ Taras Kuzio: Three Ways the West Can Get Tougher on Russia for Crimea Land Grab. In: Atlantic Council . April 3, 2017, accessed December 26, 2017 . 
280. ↑ Russia This Week: Gorbachev Confirms There Was No NATO 'Non-Expansion' Pledge (October 13-19). In: The Interpreter. October 18, 2014, accessed on October 14, 2020 (English): “Ryabtseva: Regarding the people. Russians and Ukrainians - are they one people? […] Navalny: The opinion of a person who spent a lot of time in Ukraine, and has relatives and so on. I think that this perspective will provoke some sort of monstrous outrage in Ukraine, for whom it is fundamental to prove that we are different people. I don't see any difference whatsoever between Russians and Ukrainians. " 
281. ^ Robert Mackey: Navalny's Comments on Crimea Ignite Russian Twittersphere . In: The New York Times . October 16, 2014 (English, nytimes.com [accessed December 26, 2017]).
282. ↑ ^{a b} Navalny promises withdrawal of Russian troops from Donbas, fair referendum in Crimea. UNIAN , June 9, 2017, accessed December 26, 2017 . 
283. ↑ Телеканал Дождь : Навальный о своей позиции по Крыму on YouTube , June 8, 2017, accessed on December 26, 2017 ( Xenija Sobchak's interview with Navalny about his stance on Crimea (Russian)).
284. ↑ Jan Gänger: Brother has to atone for Navalny. In: n-tv , December 30, 2014.
285. ↑ Belkovsky, SA : Vladimir: The whole truth about Putin. (Chapter 20: “Putin and the Russian Opposition - Twin Brothers”) Redline Economy, 2013, ISBN 978-3-86881-484-2
286. ↑ Survey: 40 percent of Russians distrust the Kremlin Party in: Rossija Sevodnja from February 26, 2013
287. ^ Ulrich Heyden: Start of the trial against the Russian opposition leader Navalny . Heise online , April 18, 2013
288. ↑ ВЕДОМОСТИ - Персоны года - 2009: Частное лицо года. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 26, 2011 ; Retrieved September 15, 2012 . 
289. ↑ Отставка Лужкова - Виртуальные выборы мэра Москвы - Газета.Ru. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 12, 2010 ; Retrieved August 4, 2012 . 
290. ^ Profiles: Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny
291. ↑ The birth of Russian citizenry. The Economist , accessed December 17, 2011 : "Although Mr Navalny is recognized by only 7% of the population, [...]" 
292. ↑ levada.ru
293. ↑ levada.ru
294. ↑ Levada Center: 78% of Russians know about the attempt to poison Navalny , Znak.com, December 24, 2020.
295. ↑ levada.ru , Levada Center, December 24, 2020.
296. ↑ https://www.rbb24.de/politik/beitrag/2021/10/nawalny-m100-medienpreis-kremlkritiker-potsdam-award.html
297. ↑ Kremlin critic Navalny receives EU human rights award. Retrieved October 20, 2021 .