Lake Burley Griffin

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Lake Burley Griffin
The lake as seen from the Black Mountain Tower
The lake from Black Mountain Tower of view
Location: Canberra , Australia
Tributaries: Molonglo River
Drain: Molonglo River
Larger cities on the shore: Canberra
Lake Burley Griffin (Capital Territory)
Lake Burley Griffin
Coordinates 35 ° 17 '33 "  S , 149 ° 7' 45"  E Coordinates: 35 ° 17 '33 "  S , 149 ° 7' 45"  O
Data on the structure
Construction time: 1960-1964
Height of the barrier structure : 33 m
Height of the structure crown: 556 m
Building volume: 55,000 m³
Crown length: 319 m
Base width: 19.7 m
Data on the reservoir
Altitude (at congestion destination ) 556 m
Water surface 6.64 km²dep1
Reservoir length 11.0 kmdep1
Reservoir width 1.2 kmdep1
Storage space 33 million m³
Catchment area 183.5 km²

The Lake Burley Griffin is an artificial lake in Canberra , capital of Australia . It was created in 1963/64 when the Molonglo River flowing through the city center was dammed. The lake is named after the American architect Walter Burley Griffin , who won the design competition organized by the Australian federal government for the new city of Canberra in 1912.

Griffin designed the lake with lots of geometric motifs so that the axes of his design are in line with natural geographic landmarks in the area. Schedule changes by government agencies, the Great Depression and the Second World War meant that the planning was resumed only in the 1950s. After political disputes and the consideration of other options, work began in 1960 thanks to the political support of Prime Minister Robert Menzies . They were completed in September 1963, but due to a temporary drought, the lake's target water level was not reached until April 1964. The official inauguration took place on October 17, 1964.

The lake, dammed by the 33 m high Scrivener Dam, is located approximately in the geographic center of the city at an altitude of 556 m above sea level. NN and according to Griffin's designs it is the heart of the capital. Numerous important institutions such as the National Gallery , the National Museum , the National Library , the Australian National University and the High Court of Australia are located on the shores of Lake Burley Griffin or, like Parliament House , a short distance from it. Its surroundings, which mainly consist of park landscapes , are very popular with leisure users, especially in the warmer months. While swimming in the lake is rare, it is used for a variety of other activities such as rowing , fishing, and sailing . The length of the lake is 11.0 km, the width up to 1.2 km, the average depth four meters. During drought conditions, water levels can be maintained by draining water from the Googong Dam on the Queanbeyan River , a tributary of the Molonglo.

Features of the lake

Map of Lake Burley Griffin
Map of the city center with Parliamentary Triangle and axes

Östlichster point of Lake Burley Griffin is the Molonglo Reach the district Fyshwick where the Molonglo River of the projected nature just north wetland Jerrabomberra Wetlands Nature Reserve opens. This is followed by three man-made lake basins called the East Basin , Central Basin and West Basin . The East Basin between the districts of Russell in the north and Kingston and Barton in the south extends to the first bridge, the Kings Avenue Bridge. The adjoining Central Basin forms the actual heart of the planned capital Canberra and occupies a large part of the representative Parliamentary Triangle , in which most of the representative buildings of the Australian federal government are located - with the districts of Reid in the north and Parkes in the south. The Nerang Pool , a small bay, is attached to the north side of the central basin . The Commonwealth Avenue Bridge forms the boundary to the West Basin (West Basin), the smallest of the three lake basins, which lies between the districts of Acton in the north and Yarralumla in the south.

The lake contains 33 million cubic meters of water with a surface area of ​​6.64 km². It is 11 km long, at its widest point up to 1.2 km wide, has a shore length of 40.5 km and an average water level of 556 m above sea level. The lake is relatively shallow: the maximum depth is 17.6 m near the Scrivener Dam , the average depth is 4.0 m. The shallowest part of the lake is the East Basin with an average depth of 1.9 m. The minimum water depth at the bank barriers is around 50 cm; rocks are placed there to inhibit the growth of aquatic plants.

A narrow peninsula, the Acton Peninsula , forms the boundary to the rather natural part of the lake, which was not created by dredging, but by flooding the original river valley. To the west of it extends the extensive West Lake (West Lake) between Yarralumla and the southern slope of Black Mountain . The lake surrounds the deep Black Mountain Peninsula and strives north through the Tarcoola Reach . It then circles Kurrajong Point and leads southwest through the Yarramundi Reach to the Scrivener Dam.

There are six islands in Lake Burley Griffin , three unnamed small ones and three named larger ones. Of the larger islands, Aspen Island is in the Central Basin, while Springbank Island and Spinnaker Island are in West Lake. Aspen Island is connected to the mainland by a footbridge and is the location of the National Carillon .

Planning history

In 1908 , after several years of political disputes, both houses of the Australian Parliament agreed on the triangle between Lake George , Yass and the small cattle ranching settlement of Canberra in Murray County as the location of the new federal capital. A year later, the surveyor Charles Scrivener recommended Canberra in his report. One of the reasons for choosing this location was the ability to store water "for ornamental purposes at a reasonable cost". His work had shown that the topography could be used to create a lake by flooding. In 1911, the federal government announced a competition to design Canberra and provided Scrivener's detailed survey of the area to competing architects. The Molonglo River flowed through the intended area, which was a floodplain. Scrivener's plan showed in gray an area that clearly represented an artificial lake - similar to the one created later - and four possible locations for a dam to dam it. Most of the submitted contributions took up the notice and contained artificial water bodies .

The design by Walter Burley Griffin

Model of the Parliamentary Triangle, with the lake as it is today and not Griffin's plan
Griffin's capital city design

American architect Walter Burley Griffin won the competition and was invited to Australia to oversee the construction of the new capital after the jury's decision was ratified by Home Secretary King O'Malley . Griffin's proposal, which featured an abundance of geometric patterns, included streets that began concentrically in hexagonal and octagonal grids of several radii. The lake he planned was located in the heart of the city and consisted of a central basin in the form of a segment of a circle, a west and east basin (West Basin or East Basin), both of which were approximately circular, and one adjacent to it West and Baltic Seas (West Lake and East Lake, respectively), which were much larger and irregularly shaped. East Lake should be six meters higher than the rest of the components. Griffin's proposal was the largest project submitted, but it was appealing in simplicity and clarity.

Griffin deliberately designed the lakes to relate their orientation to various topographical landmarks in Canberra. It extends from east to west and divides the city in half. A land axis runs perpendicular to the Central Basin from Capital Hill - the future location of the new parliament building - north-northeast across the lake and along the ANZAC Parade to the Australian War Memorial (although a casino was originally planned on the site). The axis is designed so that the war memorial is right at the foot of Mount Ainslie when viewed from Capital Hill . At the southwest end of the land axis is Bimberi Peak , the highest point in the Brindabella Range .

The lake is named after Walter Burley Griffin (left); next to him his wife Marion Mahony Griffin

The chord of the circle segment of the Central Basin is called the water axis and extends northwest towards Black Mountain . A running parallel to the water axis line on the north side of the city is the "urban axis" ( municipal axis ) and marks the course of Constitution Avenue between the City Hill and the Market Center. Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue, in turn, run from Capital Hill to City Hill and Market Center, respectively, which correspond to the western and eastern edges of the Central Basin. The triangular area enclosed by the three avenues is called Parliamentary Triangle and forms the centerpiece of Griffin's work.

Charles Scrivener was later responsible for modifying the winning design as part of a government design committee. He recommended changing the shape of the lake from strictly geometric to much more natural shapes with a single dam, as opposed to Griffin's sequence of weirs . Griffin advocated keeping the pure geometry and said it was "a raison d'être for the ornamental waters" but could not convince the commission of his opinion. The new sea design included elements from several of the top-ranked competition entries. It retained the three basins (East, Central and West), but in a more relaxed, less strict form. Griffin exchanged letters with the government about the plan and its alternatives. She invited him to Canberra to discuss the matter on the spot. The architect arrived in August 1913 and the government appointed him director of design and construction for the federal capital for a period of three years.

The capital city plans went through various adjustments in the following years, but the design for the lake continued to be largely based on that of the committee. In 1926 the federal parliament published a variant drawn up eight years earlier in the official gazette, which legally protected it. Griffin had a strained employment relationship with the Australian authorities and the shortage of funds in the federal government meant that little work had been done on the city until he moved in 1920. In the 1920s there was another proposal that took into account aspects of flood protection and provided for the conversion of West Lake into a band of water. However, the 1929 Owen-Peake Report found the original design to be flawless from a hydrological standpoint.

Political disputes and changes

Due to the global economic crisis and the Second World War , the new capital developed only slowly. Even in the ten years after the end of the war, there was criticism of the appearance of the city because it still resembled that of a village. The seemingly disorganized collection of buildings was also perceived as ugly. Critics mocked Canberra as "multiple suburbs looking for a city". During this time, the Molonglo River continued to flow through the lowland, which contained only a small fraction of the amount of water provided in Griffin's plan. The city center consisted mainly of farmland with small settlements - mostly wooden, temporary and ad hoc - on both sides. There was little evidence that Canberra had been planned. The Parliamentary Triangle was little more than pasture. The pastureland that would later become West Lake was home to a golf course, racecourse, and sports facility. The residents had to scare away the cattle before they could even play sport. There was a rubbish dump on the northern edge of the planned Central Basin and no earthworks had been done since Griffin's departure three decades earlier.

In 1950, on the advice of the National Capital Planning and Development Committee (NCPDC) , the planners painted East Lake - the largest component. Today the industrial district of Fyshwick and the Jerrabomberra Wetlands Nature Reserve are located there . The reason given by the NCPDC was that around 690 acres of farmland would be flooded and the Molonglo River would not provide enough water to keep the lake filled. In 1953, the NCPDC also removed West Lake from the plans and replaced it with a meandering watercourse that was 110 meters wide and covered about a fifth of the original area. Since the NCPDC had only advisory powers, the change was attributed to the influence of senior Home Office officials who believed Griffin's plan was too cocky. Proponents of a more modest plan thought it was more economical as it gave 350 acres of land for property development. However, according to engineering reports that had been ignored, the scaled-down plan would have cost more and required a complicated structure of dams that, in any event, would have been less able to prevent flooding.

Prime Minister Robert Menzies advocated the development of Lake Burley Griffin

During the consultation phase prior to the implementation of the changes, there was initially little resistance to the reduction of the water surface, but then increased. The critics were bothered by the fact that the change process was intransparent and insidious. Some organizations complained that they had not been given an opportunity to express their views before the change was published in the Official Journal. Many politicians and the chief city planner were not informed. Critics bitterly suggested that politically influential members of the Royal Canberra Golf Club , whose golf course was on the site of the proposed West Lake, were responsible for the concept change.

The Parliamentary Public Works Committee recommended that Parliament reintroduce West Lake into the planning. After an investigation in late 1954, he concluded, “West Lake is desirable and practical. It was removed from the Canberra plan by the Home Office without proper investigation by the NCPDC and replaced with a water band, which has an additional capitalized cost of nearly $ 3 million. The lake should be returned to the plan and it is recommended that the necessary measures at ministerial level be taken as soon as possible. ”Prime Minister Robert Menzies found the state of the federal capital an embarrassment. While he initially took a disdainful attitude, over time he began to campaign more and more for the development of the lake. He fired two ministers in charge of urban development because he felt their performance was lacking in intensity.

In 1958, the newly created National Capital Development Commission (NCDC), created by Menzies after a 1955 Senate investigation and given more powers, put West Lake back in the plans and published its planned appearance in October 1959 formally in the Official Journal. The NCDC also blocked a Department of Public Works plan to build a bridge over the lake along the land axis between the Houses of Parliament and the Australian War Memorial because it did not meet Griffin's expectations. A Senate committee oversaw the NCDC and renowned British architect William Holford was called in to refine Griffin's plans. He changed the geometry of the Central Basin so that it was no longer a segment of a circle. Instead, he converted the southern straight tendon to a polygonal shape with three sides and added the Nerang Pool on the north bank . The result was similar to the modified design Scrivener had made half a century earlier.

Formation of the lake

Also in 1958, engineers conducted studies of the hydrological and structural requirements necessary to build the dam. Further studies were carried out to model water quality, siltation, climatic impact and change in land quality. The modeling based on the data collection showed that in the event of a flood, the water level could be kept within one meter at the intended level of 556 m above sea level.

The formal building permit was available in February 1959. At its peak, between 400 and 500 people were involved in the construction work. John Overall, the agent for the NCDC, promised Menzies that the work would be completed within four years, despite the Prime Minister's skepticism. The necessary equipment was quickly available.

After the political tussle over the draft was over, criticism of the project gradually fell silent, especially since Menzies vigorously denounced the "mucking" of enemies at the sea. Many critics had called the project a waste of money and called for the funds to be better used for essential services across Australia. There were less strong concerns about the lake's potentially negative impacts, such as mosquitos , ecological degeneration, siltation, and the possibility of the lake causing fog. These concerns have been shown to be unfounded.

Lakes, islands and shorelines

Construction of the Kings Avenue Bridge, on the far left the Australian War Memorial (around 1961)

Excavation for Lake Burley Griffin began in 1960 with the removal of vegetation in the Molonglo River plains. The trees on the golf course and along the river were felled, and the sports facilities and buildings were torn down. At least 382,000 cubic meters of topsoil were excavated during the earthworks and collected for later use in future public parks and gardens, including Commonwealth Park on the north bank. It was also used to create the six man-made islands including Springbank Island. This island is named after the former Springbank farm that was there. The excavation that arose from the construction of a sailing course near Yarralumla was used for the thematically named Spinnaker Island in the north. Stones excavated near Kings Avenue Bridge were moved to the eastern edge of the Central Basin at Aspen Island.

Those responsible ensured that the entire lake bed was excavated to a depth of at least two meters in order to create enough space for boat keels. Another reason they gave is that mosquitoes do not breed or weeds grow at such a depth. In the catchment area, they started a soil protection program and installed bed traps to minimize soil loss. The traps have since been used as a source of sand and gravel for construction sites. Drainage carpets were used to prevent the loss of groundwater under the lake.

In the next phase of work, the workers built four types of sea edges. On the south side of the Central Basin they made low retaining walls out of reinforced concrete, on the east side near Commonwealth Park and in large parts of the East Basin they created a sealed rock wall. They created sand and pebble beaches to enable leisure activities on the lakeshore. These can be found mainly in the western half of the lake complex. For stabilization, the workers created ledges and planted them with aquatic vegetation. This method is particularly evident in West Lake at Yarralumla. William Holford's construction company was responsible for the design of the shore landscape and planted over 55,000 trees according to a detailed plan, preferably eucalyptus .

bridges

Commonwealth Avenue Bridge as seen from Mount Ainslie

Lake Burley Griffin can be crossed in three places: on the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge (310 m), on the Kings Avenue Bridge (270 m) and on the road over the Scrivener Dam . Both bridges were built before the lake was filled and replaced wooden structures. Site tests were conducted for both Kings Avenue Bridge and Commonwealth Avenue Bridge in late 1959 and early 1960. Construction of the former began in 1960, and construction of the latter the following year. The builders benefited from the fact that Canberra was experiencing a period of drought at the time and that the soil therefore remained dry during construction. Both bridges are made of prestressed concrete , reinforced with stainless steel cables.

The Commonwealth Avenue Bridge has three lanes in each direction, the Kings Avenue Bridge two lanes. Instead of traditional lighting with lamp posts, Kings Avenue Bridge is lit from the start by a series of fluorescent tubes on the handrails - a concept known as "integral lighting". The design proved a success, which is why it was also introduced on the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge. The American Illuminating Engineering Society awarded both structures. The Kings Avenue Bridge opened on March 10, 1962. Prime Minister Menzies untied a ceremonial chain before the motorcade and pageant crossed the bridge in front of a large crowd of people. The Commonwealth Avenue Bridge opened in 1963 without an official ceremony. Menzies called it "the most beautiful building in the capital".

Scrivener Dam

Scrivener Dam

The Scrivener Dam ( English Scrivener Dam ) is near the Government House , the official residence of the Governor General . It is named after the surveyor Charles Scrivener , whose work served as the basis for determining the location of the capital Canberra. The dam was designed and built by the West German company Rheinstahl Union Brückenbau . State-of-the-art post-tensioning techniques were used to deal with any problems or movements in the river bed. This was necessary because of the quartz porphyry and the geological faults on which the dam stands. Around 55,000 cubic meters of concrete were required to build . The dam is 33 m high and 319 m long, with a maximum wall thickness of 19.7 m. It is designed for a flood event that occurs once every 5000 years . Construction began in September 1960 and was completed three years later.

The dam has five drains that are controlled by hydraulically operated fish-bellied flaps 30.5 m wide. The flaps enable precise control of the water level and reduce the dead zone on the banks between high and low water levels . In the history of the dam, they were all open only once at a time, during severe floods in 1976. They hold back two-thirds of the reservoir's volume and are designed so that bed load can easily drain from the lake. The dam allows a flow of 5600 m³ per second, but can handle up to 8600 m³ per second before "catastrophic damage" occurs. A flow of 2830 m³ / s can be managed without any significant change in the water level. The highest registered discharge in the Molonglo River before the construction of the reservoir was 3400 m³ / s during a flood.

Lady Denman Drive runs on top of the dam. It consists of a roadway and a bike path and allows residents of western Canberra to cross the lake. This was possible because the dam's flaps are closed by sliding them up from below - unlike most previous designs where the gates would have had to be lifted from above.

Sea filling

A prolonged drought coincided with the work on the lake and made it easier. On September 20, 1963, Home Secretary Gordon Freeth closed the dam's doors; Prime Minister Menzies was absent for health reasons. After seven months there was still no rain in sight, and mosquito-infested pools were the only visible sign of the lake being full. Heavy rain showers then ensured that the lake filled up within a few weeks. The planned water level was reached on April 29, 1964. On October 17, 1964, Menzies commemorated the replenishment of the lake with an opening ceremony accompanied by fireworks and against the backdrop of sailing boats. After five decades of Lake Burley Griffin had finally become a reality, the costs amounted to 5,039,050 Australian dollars . Freeth commented that Menzies was "in a material sense the father of the lake" and that the lake should be named after him. Menzies, in turn, refused and suggested instead that the lake be named after Walter Burley Griffin.

During periods of severe drought, the lake's water level can drop too low, creating a risk of mosquitos to spread. In this case, water can be drained from the Googong Dam upstream to rebalance the water level. The dam, completed in 1979, is located on the Queanbeyan River , a tributary of the Molonglo River. In addition to the Cotter Dam and Corin Dam, it covers the water supply needs of the region around Canberra and Queanbeyan . Its capacity is 124.5 million cubic meters.

Further development of the lake

Autumnal view of the National Library from the lake

Griffin's design made the lake the focal point of the city. In the four decades since its construction, various buildings of national importance have been added. According to the government's concept, "the lake is not just one of the heart of Canberra, but is the foreground of the national parliamentary area". The creation of the lake also gave many institutions that were previously surrounded by land a side facing the shore. The Royal Canberra Hospital was located on the newly created Acton Peninsula until it was demolished in 1997. The Government House , the historic Blundells Cottage from the 1860s and the campus of the Australian National University also received a waterfront.

Captain James Cook Memorial

In 1970, two tourist attractions were added to the Central Basin. The Captain James Cook Memorial was created to commemorate the bicentenary of the first sighting of the east coast of Australia by James Cook . It includes a water jet fountain in the lake (modeled on the Jet d'eau in Geneva ) and a spherical sculpture at Regatta Point depicting the paths of Cook's expeditions. On April 25, 1970, Queen Elizabeth II officially inaugurated the monument. During the same ceremony, she also opened the National Carillon on Aspen Island, a 53-bell tower carillon donated by the British government to commemorate the city's 50th anniversary.

With the completion of the Central Basin, a waterway was available between the Parliament building and the Australian War Memorial , and a landscaped boulevard was created along the land axis. From the late 1960s to the early 1980s, various buildings of national importance were erected along the land axis. The National Library of Australia on the west side of the axis opened its doors in April 1968. Construction on the High Court of Australia and National Gallery of Australia buildings on the east side began in the late 1970s and were in May 1980 and May respectively Completed October 1982. The new building of the National Museum of Australia was built in 2001 on the Acton Peninsula on the site of the former Royal Canberra Hospital.

The shape of the lake first underwent a major change in the early 21st century, when more than a hundred luxury apartments were built in Kingston, on the south bank of the East Basin. After a dispute over the environmental impact of the project, construction work began in 2007 in what was once the industrial waterfront of this district. These included, among other things, the reclamation of land in order to be able to build a marina. The adjacent Kingston Powerhouse , Canberra's first power station built in 1915, was also converted into an art gallery with a glazier's workshop in 2007.

Recreation and leisure activities

Parks

Commonwealth Park

The area around Lake Burley Griffin is a popular recreational area . There are public parks along most of the shoreline, equipped with free electric grills, fenced swimming areas, picnic tables, and restrooms. The park landscapes make up a significant part of the area around the lake and are a total of 314 hectares. Public areas include Commonwealth Park , Weston Park , Kings Park , Grenville Park, Lennox Gardens, and Commonwealth Place. The Commonwealth Park is a center of horticulture and the venue for numerous events such as the Floriade . The largest flower festival in Australia takes place every spring. It lasts around a month each and attracts more than 300,000 visitors.

Weston Park to the west is known for its forests and conifers, and the eucalyptus-covered Black Mountain Peninsula is a popular spot for picnics. In contrast, Grevillea Park and Bowen Park are usually little used. West Lake is the most widely used area by swimmers and boats because of the variety of beaches, boat ramps, and jetties. A cycle path also surrounds the lake; other popular leisure activities include horse riding, hiking and jogging. In the New Year's Eve fireworks will be held over the lake many times, since 1989 a large fireworks show called place in March Skyfire instead.

water sports

Sailboat on the lake, behind the Black Mountain Tower

Lake Burley Griffin is not only used for decoration, but is also used for many recreational activities. Canoeing , rowing , sailing , windsurfing , pedal boating and dragon boating are all popular . The Australian rowing championships were held here in 1964, but the strong winds prevented the organizers from holding further races. Swimming is not of particular interest. The possibilities for this have become increasingly limited over time as the lake has had to be closed more and more frequently due to concerns about the water quality. The comparatively cool water temperature also keeps many swimmers away. Nevertheless, the lake is used as a swimming course for several triathlon and aquathlon events in summer .

In general, the use of motor boats is not allowed on the lake. The National Capital Authority issues special permits for rescue missions and training trips, for commercial purposes or for special interests (e.g. for historic steam boats). Molonglo Reach, a section of the Molonglo River just before it flows into the East Basin, is reserved for water skiing . For environmental reasons, no more than one motorboat may be used in this limited area.

safety

The lake is patrolled by the Australian Federal Police Marine Police . She assists the users of the lake by helping to rescue boats and dragging damaged boats to the shore. For safety reasons, there are fenced swimming areas at most of the bathing areas around the lake. Safety lockers with lifebuoys and emergency telephones are also available in the more popular areas. Seven people died from drowning between 1962 and 1991.

For reasons of safety and water quality, the lake is divided into different zones for different activities. The east end is demarcated for primary water contact activities such as swimming and water skiing. The East Basin and Central Basin, which are closer to populated areas, are designated for secondary water contact sports such as sailing or rowing. West Lake and Tarcoola Reach, which spans the area between Commonwealth Avenue and Kurrajong Point, is the lake's primary recreational area, where both primary and secondary water contact sports are permitted. Yarramundi Reach, near Scrivener Dam, has a marked rowing regatta route and is classified as a secondary area, although primary activities are also allowed.

Environmental issues

Water quality

Announcement of a sea closure (June 2009)

Poisonous blue-algae blooms are relatively common in the lake. Water contact warnings are triggered when an algal bloom is detected. Attempts are made to limit the amount of phosphates that enter the lake - in the hope of improving the water quality. Blue-green algae produce toxins that can be harmful to humans and all animals that come into contact with the contaminated water. There have been several cases of dogs being affected after playing in the lake and drinking the water.

The water appears cloudy due to its high turbidity , but this does not usually pose a health risk. However, the cloudiness caused by wind prevents photosynthetic stabilization. Siltation is not seen as a major problem and is only a factor in the East Basin, dredging is not required. The problem has eased with the construction of the Googong Dam and the risk of heavy metals pollution has decreased, in part due to the closure of some lead mines upstream. However, leaching and groundwater leakage still cause some pollution. Trash, oil and sediment separators were set up at the tributaries into the lake to minimize pollution.

In 2012, the Australian Capital Territory Government, National Capital Authority, Queanbeyan and Palerang City Councils (both in New South Wales), and utility ACTEW formed a working group . The aim is to further improve the water quality in the lake and its catchment area by means of numerous coordinated individual measures and to significantly reduce algae formation by 2030.

Aquatic life and fishing

The fishing in the lake is quite popular. The most common species caught is the illegally imported carp . A monitoring to determine the fish populations is carried out annually. The introduced redfish are almost as common . There are also a number of less common species that inhabit the lake, including the native Murray cod , Klunzinger sleeper goby, and Australian golden bass, as well as introduced goldfish , gambus , rainbow trout, and trout .

The lake is stocked with a large number of introduced and native species every year, and over half a million fish have been released since 1981. Since the lake was replenished, fish stocks and stocking practices have changed significantly. Due to the regular stocking since the beginning of the 1980s, adequate stocks of goldfish and Murray cod have been built up again. These are species of fish that were native to the Molonglo River before the lake was built, but were lost to pollution of the river as a result of mining in the first half of the 20th century. The main reason for the stocking is to promote fish stocks along the Molonglo River, which have been decimated by overfishing , introduced species, and habitat destruction. One of the motives for increasing the Murray cod and golden bass population is to balance the ecosystem by using them as native predatory fish for other fish.

Native silver bass and introduced brown trout were released in 1981–83 and 1987–89, but not since then. The release of silver bass resulted in almost no catches. Imported rainbow trout have been released sporadically, about once a decade, but have not been released since 2004 due to low survival rates. According to a government report, the reason for the low survival rate is unknown, but the dominance of carp in competition for food is one of the popular theories. More likely, however, are the eutrophic nature and the high water temperatures in summer for this species. Golden bass and Murray cod make up about four-fifths of the fish released and have been the only species released since 2014.

Various water bird species have made their home around the lake, particularly in the Jerrabomberra Wetlands Nature Reserve . These include the Pacific Black Duck , the hardhead , the Gray Teal , the little pied cormorant , the Australian little grebe , the Austral reed warbler , the coot , the Japanbekassine that mane goose , the masked lapwing , the dusky moorhen , the purple gallinule , the black forehead plover and the Silver Gull . In addition to the National Capital Authority, the private organizations Lake Burley Griffin Guardians and Molonglo Catchment Group are committed to biodiversity in and around the lake .

and display information about the image
Panorama of the lake as seen from Mount Ainslie

literature

  • Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan . National Capital Development Commission , Canberra 1988, ISBN 0-642-13957-1 .
  • WC Andrews (Ed.): Canberra's Engineering Heritage . Institution of Engineers Australia, Canberra 1990, ISBN 0-85825-496-4 .
  • Eric Sparke: Canberra 1954-1980 . Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra 1988, ISBN 0-644-08060-4 .
  • Lionel Wigmore: Canberra: history of Australia's national capital . Dalton Publishing Company, 1971, ISBN 0-909906-06-8 .
  • AE Minty: Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects . William Byrd Press, Richmond (Virginia) 1973, ISBN 0-87590-017-8 .
  • Draft for public comment: Fish stocking plan for the Australian Capital Territory 2009-2014 . Department of Territory and Municipal Services, Canberra 2009.

Web links

Commons : Lake Burley Griffin  - Album containing pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Navigation map of Lake Burley Griffin. (PDF; 834 kB) Transport for New South Wales - Roads and Maritime, October 2017, accessed on March 1, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. P. 8.
  3. ↑ a b Sparke: Canberra 1954–1980. P. 131.
  4. ^ A b c d e f Andrews: Canberra's Engineering Heritage. P. 88.
  5. ↑ a b c Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. P. 9.
  6. ↑ Sparke: Canberra 1954-1980. P. 5.
  7. ↑ a b c d Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. P. 3.
  8. ↑ Sparke: Canberra 1954-1980. Pp. 4-7.
  9. ↑ The Griffin Legacy. Canberra . National Capital Authority , Canberra 2004, ISBN 0-9579550-2-2 , pp. 51 .
  10. ^ Charles Scrivener : Canberra Contour Survey. National Library of Australia , 1911, accessed March 1, 2020 .
  11. ↑ a b Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. P. 4.
  12. ^ Wigmore: Canberra: History of Australia's national capital. P. 67.
  13. ↑ Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. Pp. 6-7.
  14. ^ A b Andrews: Canberra's Engineering Heritage. Pp. 88-89.
  15. ^ A b c Wigmore: Canberra: history of Australia's national capital. P. 64.
  16. ↑ a b Sparke: Canberra 1954–1980. Pp. 1-3.
  17. ↑ a b c d Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. P. 17.
  18. ^ Wigmore: Canberra: History of Australia's national capital. Pp. 52-57.
  19. ^ Wigmore: Canberra: History of Australia's national capital. Pp. 61-63.
  20. ^ A b Wigmore: Canberra: History of Australia's national capital. Pp. 69-79.
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  61. ↑ ACT Infrastructure Five-yearly report to the Council of Australian Governments (COAG). (PDF; 529 kB) ACT Chief Minister's Department, January 2007, pp. 40–42 , accessed on March 1, 2020 (English).
  62. ↑ Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. P. 1.
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  72. ↑ A short history of Skyfire - find out how it started with a bang over 30 years ago. CBR Canberra, March 13, 2019, accessed March 1, 2020 .
  73. ↑ Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. P. 18.
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  75. ↑ Lake Burley Griffin, Canberra: Policy Plan. P. 13.
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  80. ↑ Casuarina Sands Weir. (PDF; 434 kB) In: Hansard. Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly , February 21, 1991, accessed March 1, 2020 .
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