List of ancient monoliths
The list of ancient monoliths includes monoliths of all kinds from ancient times (from about 800 BC to about 600 AD), those in ancient Greek (about 900 BC-100 AD) and Roman buildings (approx. 500 BC - 400 AD) were built; monolithic sculptures such as colossal statues are also performed.
The transport from the quarry to the destination was carried out by land and preferably by water, whereby carrier ships such as the obelisk ships were often built especially for the occasion . For vertical conveyance at the construction site, since the late 6th century B.C. Chr. Antique cranes with block and tackle , as for example in the construction of Trajan's Column were used, the older ramp technology from.
Since monoliths were rarely actually weighed, the weight information is based on estimates of the volume and density of the stones (weight = volume × density), which is why the values given in the specialist literature are sometimes subject to strong deviations. The main source for the Greek era, JJ Coulton, uses 2.75 t / m³ for marble and 2.25 t / m³ for other types of stone.
Greek monoliths
A selection of Greek monoliths:
Roman monoliths
A selection of Roman monoliths; the list also includes construction work on Greek temples that continued into the Roman era and pharaonic obelisks brought from Egypt .
construction time | Building / object | place | region | monolith | Weight (in t ) |
comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st century BC Chr. | Apollo statue | Vitr. 10.2.13 | Base | 51? | ||
10 BC Chr. | Obelisco Flaminio | Rome | Italia | obelisk | 263 | From Egypt with obelisk ship |
10 BC Chr. | Obelisco di Montecitorio | Rome | Italia | obelisk | 230 | From Egypt with obelisk ship |
A.D. 37–41 | Vatican obelisk | Rome | Italia | obelisk | 361 | From Egypt with obelisk ship |
1st – 2nd Century | Pregnant woman stone | Baalbek | Syria ( Lebanon ) | Brick unused, still in the quarry | 1000 | also stone of the South called |
? | Unnamed Monolith I | Baalbek | Syria ( Lebanon ) | Brick unused, still in the quarry | 1242 | second largest man-made monolith of all time, in the same quarry as Stone of the South |
? | Unnamed Monolith II | Baalbek | Syria ( Lebanon ) | Brick unused, still in the quarry | 1650 | largest man-made monolith of all time, in the same quarry as Stone of the South |
1st – 2nd Century | Jupiter Temple | Baalbek | Syria ( Lebanon ) | Bricks in the podium | ∅ 350 | seven bricks in the podium of the temple of Jupiter, stone layer under the trilith |
1st – 2nd Century | Jupiter Temple | Baalbek | Syria ( Lebanon ) | Bricks in the podium | ∅ 800 | three bricks (called " Trilith ") in the podium of the Temple of Jupiter |
1st – 2nd Century | Jupiter Temple | Baalbek | Syria ( Lebanon ) | Column drum , lower | 48.5 | |
1st – 2nd Century | Jupiter Temple | Baalbek | Syria ( Lebanon ) | Architrave - frieze block , middle | 63 | Lifted 19 m with cranes |
1st – 2nd Century | Jupiter Temple | Baalbek | Syria ( Lebanon ) | Cornice block , corner | 108 | Lifted 19 m with cranes |
1st - 3rd Century | Granite column | Mons Claudianus | Aegyptus ( Egypt ) | Column shaft in the quarry | 207 | |
113 | Trajan's Column | Rome | Italia | Pedestal | ≈77 | |
113 | Trajan's Column | Rome | Italia | Base | 55 | |
113 | Trajan's Column | Rome | Italia | Column drum , typical | ≈32 | |
113 | Trajan's Column | Rome | Italia | capital | 53.3 | Raised 34 m with cranes |
2nd century? | Temple of Apollo | Didyma | Asia Minor ( Turkey ) | Architrave block | 20.5 | |
297 | Pompey column | Alexandria | Aegyptus ( Egypt ) | Column shaft | 285 | |
306-313 | Basilica Nova | Rome | Italia | Column shaft | 103 | |
357 | Lateran Obelisk | Rome | Italia | obelisk | 500 | From Egypt with obelisk ship |
530 | Mausoleum of Theodoric | Ravenna | Italia | Domed roof | 230 | Erected by the Ostrogoths , it no longer belongs to classical Roman architecture , but partly still belongs to antiquity, see also: End of antiquity |
gallery
Greek monoliths
Statue of Nikandre (0.25 t)
Sounion kouros (≈2 t)
Kouros of Apollonas (≈69 t)
Column drum (s) in Cave di Cusa (73 t)
Roman monoliths
Obelisco Flaminio (263 t)
Obelisco di Montecitorio (230 tons)
Obelisco Vaticano (330 t)
Pregnant Woman's Stone (≈1,000 t)
Unnamed monolith (1,242 t)
Capital of the Trajan Column (53.3 t)
Shaft of Pompey's column (285 t)
Obelisco Lateranense (500 t)
See also
Remarks
- ↑ If in two blocks.
- ↑ If monolithic.
- ↑ If monolithic.
- ↑ For Egyptian obelisks, the year the ship was transported to Rome.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Wirsching 2000 & 2003.
- ↑ Lancaster 1999, pp. 419-439.
- ↑ a b Coulton 1974, pp. 7, 16.
- ↑ Coulton 1974, p. 14.
- ^ Josef Maier: Handbook of historical masonry: investigation methods and repair procedures. Birkhäuser, Basel 2002, p. 15 f .; Spyros Iakovidis : Mycenae-Epidaurus. Argos Tiryns Nauplia. Complete guide to the museums and archaeological sites of the Argolis. Athens 1996, p. 30.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Coulton 1974, pp. 17-19 (appendix); other information from running text
- ^ Coulton 1974, p. 16.
- ↑ Vitruvius: De Architectura, Book 10 (Engl.)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Wirsching 2000, p. 271 (plate 1)
- ↑ Lancaster 1999, p. 428.
- ↑ Ruprechtsberger 1999, p. 15.
- ↑ Ruprechtsberger 1999, p. 17.
- ↑ Adam 1977, p. 52.
- ↑ a b Coulton 1974, pp. 16, 19.
- ↑ Maxfield 2001, p. 158.
- ↑ Lancaster 1999, p. 430.
- ↑ a b c Lancaster 1999, p. 426.
- ↑ Jones 1993, p. 32.
- ↑ Adam 1977, p. 50 f.
- ↑ Robert Heidenreich , Heinz Johannes : The tomb of Theodoric in Ravenna . Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden 1971, p. 63.
- ^ Coulton 1974, p. 7.
literature
- Jean-Pierre Adam: About you trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes . In: Syria . tape 54 , 1977, pp. 31-63 .
- JJ Coulton: Lifting in Early Greek Architecture . In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies . tape 94 , 1974, pp. 1-19 .
- Mark Wilson Jones: One Hundred Feet and a Spiral Stair: The Problem of Designing Trajan's Column . In: Journal of Roman Archeology . tape 6 , 1993, pp. 23-38 .
- Lynne Lancaster: Building Trajan's Column . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 103 , no. 3 , 1999, p. 419-439 .
- MJT Lewis: Roman Methods of Transporting and Erecting Obelisks . In: Transactions of the Newcomen Society . tape 56 , no. 1 , 1984, p. 87-110 .
- Valerie A. Maxfield: Stone Quarrying in the Eastern Desert with Particular Reference to Mons Claudianus and Mons Porphyrites . In: David J. Mattingly, John Salmon (Ed.): Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World (= Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society . Volume 9 ). Routledge, London 2001, ISBN 0-415-21253-7 , pp. 143-170 .
- Erwin M. Ruprechtsberger : From the quarry to the Jupiter temple of Heliopolis / Baalbek (Lebanon) . In: Linz archaeological research . tape 30 , 1999, pp. 7-56 .
- Armin Wirsching: How the Obelisks Reached Rome: Evidence of Roman Double-Ships . In: The International Journal of Nautical Archeology . tape 29 , no. 2 , 2000, pp. 273-283 .
- Armin Wirsching: Supplementary Remarks on the Roman Obelisk-Ships . In: The International Journal of Nautical Archeology . tape 32 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 121-123 .