Wolfgang Frommel

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Wolfgang Frommel (born July 8, 1902 in Karlsruhe , † December 13, 1986 in Amsterdam ) was a German writer .

Life

Wolfgang Frommel was the son of the theologian Otto Frommel and the older brother of the composer Gerhard Frommel . He attended schools in Heidelberg , where he met Kurt Wildhagen and Wilhelm Fraenger , and in Wertheim . Since 1922 he studied German , theology and pedagogy at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg . That he founded a socialist student group together with the literary interested socialist Theodor Haubach , through whom he got access to Stefan George's late work, or even on his behalf , is a fiction that Frommel himself launched. The friendship with his homosexual fellow student Percy Gothein was a turning point in Frommel's life: Gothein not only belonged to the circle “The Community” around Wilhelm Fraenger, but was also one of the closest circle around the poet Stefan George . However, according to the only surviving letter from Frommel to George dated March 13, 1926, the meeting with the revered “master”, dated in 1923, never seems to have taken place.

While continuing his studies in Berlin , he dealt intensively with George's poetry and spiritual world and gathered a group of like-minded people around him. During this time, around 1924, he also met thirteen-year-old Billy Hildesheimer, who later called himself William Hilsley . A lifelong friendship developed between Hilsley and Frommel. In 1930 Frommel founded, together with Edwin Maria Landau and Percy Gothein, the publishing house Die Runde , in which Frommel's widely acclaimed book The Third Humanism appeared in 1932 , under the pseudonym Lothar Helbing (after his mother's maiden name). During this time, Wolfgang Frommel belonged to the circle ("Beckerjungen") of the Prussian minister of education, Carl Heinrich Becker , who seems to have sympathized with his ideas. The font had two more editions until 1935, but was then banned by the National Socialists because the “third humanism” propagated in it for a “Third Reich” did not ultimately fit the ideology of the new rulers despite ambiguous formulations.

In July 1933 Walther Beumelburg , the new director of the Südwestdeutscher Rundfunk, brought him to Frankfurt and made him head of the word department. Through Frommel's mediation, Wilhelm Fraenger also found a job in the radio. In the fall of 1933 Frommel was able to start his own midnight program, which he continued on the Reichssender Berlin . In the series Vom Schicksal des Deutschen Geistes he invited one guest each time (“The best of the nation”, including Jewish authors under pseudonyms), who thus had the opportunity to skilfully bypass the official censorship through comments critical of the system . Following the mediation of their mutual friend Count Woldemar Uxkull-Gyllenband , Carlo Schmid , for example, gave his lecture on Friedrich and Rousseau or art and naturalness as a state-building effect on Friday, November 16, 1934, after midnight in a midnight broadcast . Parallel to his work on the radio, Frommel held a teaching position for the subject "Political Education" established by the National Socialists at the University of Greifswald from 1934 to 1935 . It is not certain whether Frommel became a member of the SA in order to gain or support his position . After the regime began to control the series, at the end of 1935 he was no longer able to continue the concept.

Another fateful encounter took place during Frommel's time in Frankfurt. In August 1933 he met fourteen-year-old Adolf Friedrich Wongtschowski, who later called himself Friedrich W. Buri . In 1937 he helped him to escape to the Netherlands and there - together with William Hilsley - to get a job at the Quaker School in Eerde . Hilsley and Buri gathered a circle of pupils in Eerde, who introduced them to George's world of thought and its interpretation by Frommel.

In the summer of 1935, the circle around Wolfgang Frommel met for the last time in Saas ( Graubünden ). In a remote country house, the group read and discussed Dante's Divine Comedy daily . The "group" gathered around him now dissolved, and some of the members emigrated in 1936. Frommel followed in 1937. He first went to Basel , where he was accepted by the publisher Benno Schwabe .

Netherlands from 1939

From there he made his way to the Netherlands in 1939, after stopping at Zurich and Paris. With the help of Dutch friends such as the writer Adriaan Roland Holst (1888–1976) he received a residence permit. Soon after his arrival in the Netherlands, Frommel was a regular guest at the Quaker School in Eerde , where he gave lectures on literary topics and became the “master” of the young people who had gathered Hilsley and Buri around them.

After the occupation of the Netherlands by the German Wehrmacht and the decision of the Quakers to give in to the pressure of the occupiers and banish the Jewish children from Eerde Castle to an outbuilding, Frommel and Wolfgang Cordan tried to convince the school management to let the Jewish children go into hiding . When the school administration opposed this plan and even threatened to report to the Gestapo , Frommel and Cordan decided to act on their own and to help the students who were close to them to escape. Claus Victor Bock , Clemens Michael Brühl, Liselotte Brinitzer and Thomas Maretzki went into hiding, Bock lived, like his former teacher Buri, from 1942 in hiding in Amsterdam's Herengracht 401, for which the name Castrum Peregrini became natural.

This hiding place was thanks to Frommel's acquaintance with the painter Gisèle van Waterschoot van der Gracht , whom Frommel met in 1941 in Bergen , the place where his friend Adriaan Roland Holst lived. In July 1942 he moved into the painter's Amsterdam apartment in the house at Herengracht 401, which then became a hiding place for some of the young people who had gone into hiding. The place also remained a point of reference for those who had fled from the Quaker School in Eerde who had not found shelter here. They all survived the German occupation - despite the omnipresent threat from the raids by the German occupying forces and their Dutch auxiliary agencies. Claus Victor Bock reports about this in his 1985 book Untergetaucht unter Freunde und Buri in his “Life Report” I gave you the torch in the jump . While what Marita Keilson-Lauritz called "love that means friendship" played a role for the survival of the group internally, Frommel's acquaintance with the higher occupation officer Bernhard Knauss, whose book State and People in Hellas , was also probably important 1940, after Frommel's emigration, when one of the last publications "Die Runde" was published in Berlin. During these years Frommel was one of the most important interlocutors for the painter Max Beckmann, who also emigrated to Amsterdam .

After 1945

After the end of the Second World War , Wolfgang Frommel stayed in the Netherlands and published as a writer under changing pseudonyms such as CP de Fournière , FW L'Ormeau and Karl Wyser . He kept the apartment in Amsterdam until his death. In 1951 he and Gisèle van Waterschoot van der Gracht founded the literary magazine Castrum Peregrini , named after the last fortress of the Crusaders in the Holy Land , the Château Pèlerin , located around 20 km from the city of Haifa and considered impregnable at the time . "Castrum Peregrini" was also the code name of the group around Frommel, which he had hidden and thus saved during the German occupation. In 1973 he was honored by the State of Israel as Righteous Among the Nations for his rescue of persecuted Jews in Yad Vashem .

In Spaarnwoude , the Netherlands , Wolfgang Frommel was buried in a small cemetery, where his friend Claus Victor Bock was also buried on January 12, 2008 .

Honors

Allegations of pederasty

It was actually an open secret that there had been erotic-sexual contacts in Wolfgang Frommel's environment. Even before the Second World War, rumors about homosexual activities were circulating at the Quaker School in Eerde, the focus of which was on Frommel's frequent visits to the school and his closest friends, William Hilsley and Friedrich W. Buri, who taught there. The school management weighed it down and declared this to be a question of individual sexual preference . Claus Victor Bock reports from the same time about his first erotic-sexual encounter with Frommel in the apartment of a teacher couple who taught in Eerde. Bock's report was published in its second edition in 1985.

In 2013, Joke Haverkorn's book distant memories of W. was published by a small publishing house in Würzburg . In it, she describes precisely from her own experience how the Frommel system worked, how sexual abuse was part of everyday life under the guise of pedagogical eros , in which mostly older men made young men or boys "companions" and believed they were in harmony with them Rites in the George circle . It was not without reason that Haverkorn used the term "friends" for these companions and consistently put it in quotation marks, because in Frommel's world there was always a sexual component that deviated from everyday meaning when talking about friends. The recourse to Stefan George turned out to be a perfect disguise: “In George's poetry there are intense kisses and intimate hugs between men and boys, but there is no sex on the surface of the text. Words like homosexuality or pedophilia cannot be found in either George or Frommel. Platonic love was nothing else than platonic love. The magic word that was used in Germany in the context of this personal master-student or older-younger relationship was 'educational eros'. That sounded noble and learned. "

Perhaps all of this went largely unnoticed in Germany because it predominantly took place in the Netherlands, but perhaps also because Frommel had close ties to the national-conservative elites of the Federal Republic, who perceived the publication of unpleasant truths about him as polluting their nest as Haverkorn found out after her book was published. Frommel was well connected in Germany and its capital Bonn at the time, not only in intellectual circles, but also in politics. This is evident not least from the fact that the Castrum Peregrini magazine was able to expand “thanks to financial support from Bonn, including from Inter Nationes ”, and Frommel was in close contact “with friends like Carlo Schmid , with the director of Inter Nationes or with one of his many acquaintances in what was then the political capital ”.

Despite many parallels - because the Frommel system always worked in close contact with private boarding schools - the scandal surrounding the Odenwald School did nothing to change this lack of awareness, and the dissenters are still heard today.

The myth of the Odenwald School was only cracked at the second attempt. When Jörg Schindler first reported on cases of abuse there in the Frankfurter Rundschau in November 1999 , it had no consequences. It was only after a new report in the Frankfurter Rundschau in 2010 that the investigation into cases of abuse that had dragged on for decades began. Seen in this way, Joke Haverkorn's book from 2013 was only the first impetus to come to terms with the consequences of Frommel's "insatiable [m] erotic [n] desires". The second impetus came from a sacrifice from Frommel and his circle. Frank Ligtvoet, long-time Castrum Peregrini member and pallbearer at Frommel's funeral, reported on his experiences in this environment in the magazine Vrij Nederland in July 2017 . Like Haverkorn or Christiane Kuby , he also refers to the ambivalent charisma that emanated from Frommel, attractive and repulsive at the same time:

“Frommel, back in his seventies, was a formidable, learned, and witty man, a captivating storyteller, and an amusing chat. I quickly fell under its spell, so much so that I accepted the very uncomfortable, all too erotic goodbye kisses with false teeth and old man's erections on my leg.
Most of the men in Frommel's circle were heterosexual. In their early years they were 'discovered' by Frommel or by friends of Frommel or by friends of friends of Frommel, then brought up erotically with the star of the covenant - or shall we now say 'prepared' - and finally initiated. What this initiation meant depended on the sexual orientation or preference of the older friend. It could be just a kiss. Frommel preferred the sexual variant and - as far as could be ascertained - had always practiced it himself. As can be seen from various sources, Frommel had every kind of sexuality: with most of the people in his immediate environment - men and women of all ages - he had relationships or at least slept with them, desired or undesired. "

References to the Odenwald school scandal

Using the example of Alexander Drescher, who also in the 2010 period had reported Ligtvoet shows many parallels that existed between the abuse cases at the Odenwald School and those in the Frommel environment. Drescher's father himself belonged to the Frommel circle, his friends included the Zeit editor Marion Countess Dönhoff or the Spiegel publisher Rudolf Augstein, who wrote many articles in the Dreschers' villa on Lake Como and his first wife was the godmother of Drescher's twin sister has been". This father, Paul Otto Drescher, one of Frommel's oldest friends after Ligtvoet, allowed his son to be abused for about a year and a half by the George admirer Wolfgang Held in 1970 when he was about 13 years old. Held, the former music teacher, is one of the main culprits at the Odenwald School alongside Gerold Becker . He was a kind of revenant of William Hilsley, the music teacher at the school in Eerde and Beverweerden, whose long shadow weighs not only on these schools, but also on the experiences of Ligtvoet. “ Hilsley was a repeat offender : as a teacher at boarding schools, he had easy access to boys and had recruited many younger friends who were accepted into the Frommel circle. He also had pedophile contacts and relationships outside the circle "In the already mentioned. Time interview with Melchior Frommel complained that:" The fact that Frank is doing after 30 years as he had been the victim of a homosexual cult, we really grieved "But. The two Dutch journalists Botje and Donkers were able to compile a large number of victim reports in the follow-up to Ligtvoet's article, which leave no doubt about the abuse cases in the Frommel environment. Julia Encke , who, referring to Ligtvoet, Botje and Donkers, prepared the discussion about Frommel and his circle at the detailed star for the German-speaking area, refers to the Georges spirit from which all this originated: “The elitist thinking of the authoritarian George circle was the thinking of a men's society (only occasionally women also played a role), which had decided for themselves that the secret of power should not be accessible to everyone. You had to belong to 'secret Germany'. You had to read George poems with the 'master' or a mentor, the truth of which was between the lines. One had to submit to certain rituals, initiation had to be initiated and, once associated, had to look out for new boys to initiate oneself. It is becoming increasingly clear that 'initiation' in the George context included sexual acts in many cases. ”Frommel adapted this model for his circle and reanimated it. In contrast to what Karl Marx claimed in The Eighteenth Brumaire by Louis Bonaparte , the repetition of history did not move here from the great comedy to the rude farce, because: “But above all those who live their lives in the name of the higher - in the name Stefan Georges - were damaged among us. They struggle, cannot cope without therapeutic help and are only now finding words after so many years. "

"Righteous Among the Nations" 1973

Wolfgang Frommel was honored in 1973 in Yad Vashem as “Righteous Among the Nations” - together with Gisèle van Waterschoot van der Gracht . The honor was given for hiding Jewish boys in the house on the Herengracht during the German occupation in the Netherlands. The fact that the rescued were among Frommel's “companions”, whom he had met through the Quaker School Eerde , does not speak against this honor. Rather, he had campaigned at the school to help many more students to escape, but was unable to assert himself with the school management and then acted on his own together with Wolfgang Cordan.

The question of whether Frommel could have saved more students is pointless. A shadow over his “very risky and courageous” behavior remains, even in Haverkorn's assessment: “However, even decades later, Jewish survivors told me: 'He did not choose me for the hiding place, I was not beautiful enough.'” This is also true not new, because Keilson-Lauritz had already discussed this in the context of Frommel's sexual preferences:

“But of course it is no coincidence that Frommel and Cordan from school in Ommen let young people go into hiding who were dear to them, who were dear to their hearts - at times also literally. They could only save 'those close to us', as Cordan put it. One can ask critically: Were only the darlings, the beautiful boys, saved in the end? (One of the survivors once explained a bit bitterly to me that Clemens Brühl had to go into hiding on his own: 'He was probably not beautiful enough.') After all, 'love that means friendship' saved people's lives. From the memories it becomes clear how the (homo) eroticism, inspired by Stefan George, played a role in survival during the occupation - more directly in the Frommel circle than in the Cordan circle, which was less geared towards George. "

However, the same Marita Keilson-Lauritz, who temporarily attended Julia Encke's visit to Castrum Peregrini in April 2018 , lost her composure when the allegations of abuse were raised in a conversation with the foundation's board of directors: “Marita Keilson is losing her patience. She raves about Frommel as a 'brilliant organizer'. As for his eroticism, she says, 'he was more daring than George, I'd say that. What he represented was a remarkable mix of eroticism and religion. ' And addressed to those who speak now [the members of the board of directors]: 'What nonsense is it when people who are very dear to me are suddenly pelted with dirt and even my husband gets into a light and a discourse, which I wonder what it's actually about. I lived and worked here from 1966 to 1970. The 'castrum' was largely a male community. If you break the rules, you could quickly be thrown out the door, It really had nothing to do with a sect in which you were held. '"

This is reminiscent of Hartmut von Hentig and his failure to take notice of the abuse scandal at the Odenwald School, at the center of which was Gerold Becker, his partner. About von Hentig's book Still My Life. Bernhard Pörksen judges memories and comments from the years 2005 to 2015 , in which he tries to express his view of things : “It is a book that makes the abuse scandal at the Odenwald School tangible as a single perceptual disaster, as one Series of crimes that those who were close to Gerold Becker could not or did not want to see, blind to their own blindness. ”Poerksen uses the Anton syndrome as an analogy , which also seems to be widespread among the Frommel defenders: “There is a strange, extremely rare cognitive disorder that has been known in specialist literature as Anton Syndrome since the late 19th century. People who suffer from Anton syndrome believe they see, even though they cannot. They are blind to their own blindness. For example, if you ask them to read the headline of the day from the newspaper, they evade. They confabulate, as neuropsychologists say, claim that the newspaper is once again reporting on war and death. They construct statements without any inventiveness. But they don't lie, because the liar knows that he is lying when he lies. "

Publications

author
  • (Co-author) (anonymous): Homage. Poems of a round. The Round, Berlin 1931.
  • Lothar Helbing (di Wolfgang Frommel): The third humanism . The Round, Berlin 1932.
  • Poems. Holten, Berlin 1937.
  • FW l'Ormeau (di Wolfgang Frommel): Templar and Rose Cross. A treatise on the work of Stefan George. The first part. Pantheon, Amsterdam 1940. 2nd edition under the title Templer und Rosenkreuz. A treatise on the Christology of Stefan Georges. Castrum Peregrini 198-200, Amsterdam 1991.
  • as Lothar Helbing: Conversations with mother Henschel. Castrum Peregrini, Amsterdam 1952.
  • Changes and symbols. Poems. Castrum Peregrini, Amsterdam 1982.
  • Stelio. A report. Castrum peregrini, Amsterdam 1988.
  • Meditations on the second book of the “Stern des Bund” by Stefan George. Castrum Peregrini, Amsterdam 1994.
  • Poeta et amicus. Postponed poems. Castrum Peregrini 216, Amsterdam 1995.
  • Wolfgang Frommel in his letters to his parents 1920–1959. Edited by Claus Viktor Bock. Castrum Peregrini 226-228, Amsterdam 1997.
  • Wilhelm Fraenger and Wolfgang Frommel in correspondence: 1947–1963. Castrum Peregrini 191-192, Amsterdam 1990.
  • (with Renata von Scheliha) Correspondence 1930–1967. Edited by Claus Victor Bock. Castrum Peregrini 251-252, Amsterdam 2002.
editor
  • On the fate of the German spirit. First episode: The encounter with antiquity. Talk at midnight. Die Runde, Berlin 1934. (Lectures from the series of midnight programs of the Südwestdeutscher Rundfunk)
  • Alfred Schuler . Three approaches. Co-editor: Marita Keilson Lauritz u. Karl Heinz Schuler. Castrum Peregrini, Amsterdam 1985, ISBN 90-6034-057-4 .
translator
  • Pierre Gamarra : King Flute Sound and Co. A piece for children. Thienemanns Theaterverlag, Stuttgart 1971.

literature

  • Donald O. White: Castrum Peregrini and the Heritage of Stefan George. Diss. Yale University 1963
  • Günter Baumann: Poetry as a way of life. Wolfgang Frommel between George-Kreis and Castrum Peregrini. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-8260-1112-0 .
  • Claus Victor Bock (Ed.): Wolfgang Frommel in his letters to parents 1920–1959. Castrum Peregrini, Amsterdam 1997.
  • Claus Victor Bock: In hiding among friends. A report. Amsterdam 1942-1945. Castrum Peregrini 166-167, Amsterdam 1985.
  • Manuel R. Goldschmidt, Michael Philipp (Ed.): Argonaut in the 20th century. Wolfgang Frommel. A life of poetry and friendship. Documentation for the exhibition as part of the 12th European Culture Days Karlsruhe 1994. Edition expanded to include a speech and the bibliography of Wolfgang Frommel. Castrum Peregrini, Amsterdam 1996.
  • Michael Philipp: Wolfgang Frommel's opposition radio work in the years 1933–1935. Castrum Peregrini CCIX / CCX, Amsterdam 1993, pp. 124-140.
  • Michael Philipp: "On the fate of the German spirit". Wolfgang Frommel's radio work at the broadcasters in Frankfurt and Berlin 1933–1935 and their opposition tendencies. Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam 1995, ISBN 3-930850-06-0 .
  • Thomas Karlauf: Master with his own circle. Wolfgang Frommel's successor to George. In: Sinn und Form , 2/2011, pp. 211–219.
  • Ulrich Raulff: Circle without a master. Stefan George's afterlife. CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59225-6 .
  • Marita Keilson-Lauritz : Centaurs love: sideways of love for men in the 20th century. Männerschwarm Verlag, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 3-86300-143-5 . As a Google Book: Kentaurenliebe: Wolfgang Frommel and Billy Hildesheimer . In particular, the chapter The Love of the Centaurs: German Resistance in the Occupied Netherlands around the Castrum Peregrini , pp. 134-164.
  • Friedrich W. Buri : I gave you the torch in leaps and bounds. WF a reminder report. Edited and with an afterword by Stephan C. Bischoff. Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86650-068-6 . (The title is borrowed from the poem Die Fackel by Wolfgang Frommel.)
  • Wolfgang Cordan: The mat. Autobiographical records. In the appendix: Days with Antonio. MännerschwarmSkript Verlag, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-935596-33-2 .
  • Michael Angele: Schirrmacher: A portrait. Structure, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-84121509-3 .
  • Joke Haverkorn van Rijswijk: Distant memories of W. Daniel Osthoff Verlag, Würzburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-935998-11-6 -
  • Corrado Hoorweg: * "In de schaduw van Pan Saturnius" - Het verhaal van een Duits-Nederlandse vriendschap uit de jaren 1944 - 1986. Uitgeverij Prominent, Baarn 2018, ISBN 978-94-92395-22-1 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ For example Claus Victor Bock: In hiding among friends. A report from Amsterdam 1942–1945. Castrum Peregrini Presse, 5th ed. Amsterdam 2004, p. 55; also Petra Weber : Carlo Schmid. 1896-1979. A biography. CH Beck, Munich 1996, pp. 84-98, here p. 84.
  2. ↑ Günter Baumann thus doubts: Poetry as a way of life (see literature below) pp. 97-99, Frommel's presentation in his opening speech given on March 25, 1977 for the 25th anniversary of Castrum Peregrini in Darmstadt, in which he claimed, “ he founded the first socialist student group in Heidelberg on behalf of Theo Haubach. "It is more likely that" Frommel simply joined his friend Haubach. "
  3. ↑ See Christoph supplement: ".. a level of spiritual community life ...". Wilhelm Fraenger and the Gotheins.
  4. ↑ Thomas Karlauf: Master with his own circle. Wolfgang Frommes George's successor. In: Sinn und Form, 2/2011, here after digitization
  5. ↑ Eduard Spranger: The current state of the humanities and the school . 1922.
  6. ^ Weber: Carlo Schmid. Pp. 84-87.
  7. ↑ Baumann: Poetry as a way of life. P. 209, notes 353, and 241; Philipp: About the fate of the German spirit. P. 57 f.
  8. ↑ Cf. Günter Baumann: Poetry as a way of life. (see literature), p. 241 with note 454; Philipp: About the fate of the German spirit. (see literature), p. 36.
  9. ↑ The latter's role in the young people's escape from Eerde does not play a role in Bock's portrayal, which refers to a dilemma that Manfred Herzer addresses in his afterword to Cordan's book Die Matte : “The friendship between Cordan, which was warm at first, but soon became more complicated and Frommel is represented in the mat ( Die Matte , p. 183 ff.) - of course from Cordan's point of view. And this view is, so to speak, incompatible with the Frommels and his Castrum Peregrini Association. That shouldn't really be a problem; on the contrary, it seems appealing and actually normal when historical events are reconstructed retrospectively by those involved from their subjective memories and perspective. When historians, based on the sources and contradicting contemporary witnesses, come to the conclusion that it cannot be fully explained 'how it really was', then such a result is more the rule and not a rare exception. The desire for clarity is, however, obvious, and especially with those who were still alive at the time, this can lead to attempts to help the historical truth a little. In extreme cases it is even possible to enforce a monopoly on the representation and interpretation of historical events. The Castrum-Peregrini group has succumbed to this understandable but morally questionable tendency towards apologetics to a remarkable extent. The two cases Baumann and Renders are known to me from the research literature. ”(Manfred Herzer: Epilogue to: Wolfgang Cordan: Die Matte , p. 366) Cordan (p. 186)
  10. ↑ See also the website Gays and Lesbians in war and resistance: Castrum Peregrini. The pilgrim's castle ' ( Memento from June 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ↑ On the person and work of the wife of the psychoanalyst and writer Hans Keilson, who belonged to the Frommel group, cf. [1] .
  12. ^ Marita Keilson-Lauritz: Kentaurenliebe. P. 159.
  13. ↑ Baumann: Poetry as a way of life. Pp. 232, 316.
  14. ↑ Donation from the Frommel family to the Beckmann Archive (2008). ( Memento from January 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ↑ Wolfgang Frommel on the website of Yad Vashem (English)
  16. ^ Claus Victor Bock: Submerged among friends. Pp. 14-15.
  17. ↑ Frank Ligtvoet: In de schaduw van de meester: seksueel misbruik in de kring van Wolfgang Frommel.
  18. ^ Joke Haverkorn van Rijswijk: Removed memories of W. P. 70.
  19. ↑ a b c Joke Haverkorn van Rijsewijk: "It was an incessant drama".
  20. ^ Joke Haverkorn van Rijswijk: Removed memories of W. S. 58.
  21. ↑ Joke Haverkorn van Rijswijk: Distant memories of W. P. 65.
  22. ↑ See the conversation that Mara Delius had with Melchior Frommel in the world on May 19, 2018 : Abuse in the secret society "Then he disappeared with people on the second floor".
  23. ↑ Joke Haverkorn van Rijswijk: Distant memories of W. P. 47.
  24. ^ Frank Ligtvoet: In de schaduw van de meester . “Frommel, toen in de zeventig, what an indrukwekkende, erudiete en geestige man, a meeslepend seller en an amusante roddelaar. Ik raakte snel in zijn ban, zo zeer zelfs dat ik de hoogst onaangename, old erotic afscheidskussen met valse tanden en met oudemannen-erecties tegen mijn been voor ran nam.
    In de kring van Frommel the most men were heteroseksueel. In hun jonge jaren zij door Frommel, of door vrienden van Frommel, of door vrienden van vrienden van Frommel 'ontdekt', vervolgens erotically opgevoed - of zouden wij nu zeggen groomed - met Der Stern des Bundes en tenslotte geïnitieerd. What the initiative inhield hung van de seksuele geaardheid of seksuele voorkeur van de oudere vriend af. Het kon bij een kus blijven. Frommel pousseerde de seksuele variant en had die - voor zover dat is na te gaan - ook steeds zelf gepraktiseerd. Frommel - blijkt uit verschillende bronnen - pousseerde trouwens elke vorm van seksualiteit: met de meeste mensen in zijn directe omgeving - mannen en vrouwen van elke leeftijd - had hij wel verhoudingen had of had er tenminste gevraagd of ongevraagd mee ges. "
  25. ↑ Kerstin Kohlenberg: "I'm sorry."
  26. ^ Frank Ligtvoet: In de schaduw van de meester . "Hilsley was een veelpleger: hij had as leraar op kostscholen gemakkelijk toegang tot jongens en had veel jongere vrienden who are opgenomen in de Frommel kring. Daarnaast had hij ook pedofiele contacten en verhoudingen daarbuiten. "
  27. ^ Harm Ede Botje, Sander Donkers: Kindermisbruik within the kringen van kunstgenootschap Castrum Peregrini. In: Vrij Nederland , February 24, 2018.
  28. ^ A b c Julia Encke: Abuse in the name of Stefan Georges.
  29. ^ Marita Keilson-Lauritz: Kentaurenliebe. P. 159.
  30. ↑ a b Bernhard Pörksen: Reform pedagogy and abuse: After the silence. Die Zeit , No. 18/2016, May 5, 2016.
  31. ↑ On this also a review by Herbert Potthoff in Invertito , 6, 2004.
personal data
SURNAME Frommel, Wolfgang
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Helbing, Lothar (pseudonym); Fournière, CP de (pseudonym); L'Ormeau, FW (pseudonym); Wyser, Karl (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German writer
DATE OF BIRTH July 8, 1902
PLACE OF BIRTH Karlsruhe
DATE OF DEATH December 13, 1986
Place of death Amsterdam