Medium (person)

A medium for making contact (Thailand)

A medium (also called a channel ) is a person who claims to receive messages from supernatural beings such as angels , spirits or the deceased or to have other types of "non-physical" perceptions. In parapsychology , the term is used independently of culturally relative religious or occult worldviews. The best-known phenomena or techniques are hypnosis and telepathy . Mediumism is the alleged communication with these beings and the spoken or written transmission of visions and "messages". In the 1970s, the term channeling was established in the US New Age movement , and in the 1980s it also became known in German-speaking countries.

Medial transmission

The media claim to be able to connect with the otherworldly world, e.g. B. with "angels", "dead spirits" or spirit beings . You do this in so-called séances ( sittings or readings ), in individual sessions or in meditations. In doing so, they mostly convey personally addressed messages of consolation or help in life to listeners or clients. The claim that these messages come from the deceased, angels or spiritual beings is justified by the fact that they sometimes give very precise details of the appearance or way of life of deceased relatives.

Cultural and religious dissemination

Mediumism traditionally occurs in numerous cultures in Eurasia , Africa and on the Pacific Islands, primarily in shamanic- oriented agricultural and cattle breeding societies.

All over the world, many religions and ideological movements claim that their teaching was received through media through prophets and mystics ; Even speaking in tongues (predominantly in the Charismatic Movement ) is assigned a divine cause. For example, in Exodus, chapters 3 and 4, the Bible describes how God spoke to Moses out of a burning bush and gave him the order to go back to Egypt to free the Israelites from bondage. Joseph Smith claimed that an entity named Mormon conveyed the Book of Mormon to him, founder of the Church of the same name . The creation of the Koran is attributed to the archangel Gabriel , who is said to have dictated it to the founder and prophet of Islam Mohammed .

Representative of mediumism

The influence of the spiritualism founded by the French writer Allan Kardec (1804–1869) is attributed to the fact that mediumism also found widespread use in industrial societies. Carl Gustav Jung's life as a psychiatrist and founder of a school of thought was influenced by his spirit guides Philomen and Salome . In the “Red Book” he recorded the internal conversations with them. Jung received the "seven teachings of the dead" from the otherworldly being Basilides in Alexandria .

Mediumism in Tibet

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The work of the media is known from the Tibetan Bon religion and some schools of Tibetan Buddhism . The oracle of Bon is called Dakini . Currently this is Rosalyn Bruyere , the prophesied woman from the west . One of the most famous media in Tibet, the monastic medium of the deity Pekar , is also known as the Nechung Oracle . It has been advising the Tibetan government and the Dalai Lamas on important future issues for around four centuries and is still in service today as a medium for the Tibetan government- in- exile . The monk serving as a medium enjoys a high reputation within the Buddhist Gelug school; Buddhists ascribe his mostly short lifespan to the debilitating “oracle trances ”.

Mediumism in Brazil

In Brazil , media skills are recognized and used by the state. In Brazilian jurisprudence , written testimony from the media, produced under the supervision of a notary, is recognized in many cases. So were for example in the cases

• Murder in Goiânia , Goiás , 1975, committed of Henrique Emmanuel Gregoris,
• Murder in Goiânia de Campina, Goiás , May 1976, committed by José Divino Gomes of Maurício Garcez Henriques,
• Murder in Campo Grande , Mato Grosso do Sul , March 1980, committed by José Francisco Marcondes de Deus of his wife Cleide Maria,

Documents in court are recognized as statements by the deceased and thus as evidence .

Another case, which occurred in May 2006, is described in the Carta psicografada ajuda a inocentar ré por homicídio no RS in Portuguese .

In the constitution of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco , Article 174 assures the media of the special protection of the state:

" O Estado e os municipios, diretamente ou através do auxílio de entidades privadas de caráter Assistencial, regularmente constituídas, em funcionamento e sem fins lucrativos, prestarão Assistência aos necessitados, ao menor abandonado ou desvalido, ao superdotado, ao paranormal ea velhice desamparada. (The state and its communities serve the needy, orphans, street children, those with exceptional ability, people with paranormal abilities (Medium), and needy seniors directly or through registered, not-for-profit, private companies. "

- Art. 174 : Constitution of Pernambuco

The most famous medium of the 20th century was Chico Xavier , who wrote over 400 books, the contents of which were supposedly dictated to him by ghosts.

Mediumism in the west

Well-known media in the West are, for example, Rhea Powers (USA), Alexa Kriele (Germany), Andrea Kleinert (Germany), Sylvia Browne (USA), Paul Meek (GB, D), James van Praagh (USA, among others author of the television series Ghost Whisperer ), Pascal Voggenhuber (Switzerland), Tyler Henry (USA, "TV Star"), Vassula Ryden (Switzerland), Jana Haas (D), Sam Hess (Switzerland), Gabriele Wittek (D, "Prophet"), Kim -Anne Jannes (Switzerland), Dolly Röschli (Switzerland), Marion Baumeister (D), Andy Schwab (Switzerland, teacher of Pascal Voggenhuber), Andreas Meile (Switzerland) medium and founder of the Psi Center Seeland, Alex Hurschler (Switzerland, student of Pascal Voggenhuber), Judith Fasler (Switzerland, very rare physical medium, founder of deinmedium.ch), Friederike Rath (D, "Spirit Healer"), Bahar Yilmaz (D, Switzerland), Sue Dhaibi (Switzerland), Anouk Claes (Switzerland) and Varda Hasselmann (D). They are very well received by their readers or listeners, etc., who are convinced of their abilities. The following people have claimed similar abilities:

• Edgar Cayce †, was known as the Sleeping Prophet known
• Aleister Crowley †, he said, “channeled” an entity called Aiwaz
• Jane Roberts †, she said "channeled" an entity called Seth
• Neale Donald Walsch , "channeled" his testimony to God
• Helen Schucman †, “channeled” her testimony to Jesus Christ
• Lee Carroll , he said, “channeled” an entity called Kryon
• Judith Z. Knight , according to her statement, “channeled” an entity called Ramtha
• Rudolf Steiner †, “channeled” the German Colonel General Helmuth von Moltke

Mediumism in Great Britain

Traditionally, especially in England and Wales of spiritualism widespread. In London alone there are several hundred spiritualistic churches in which the media regularly hold lectures ( sittings ) and convey messages for those present from the beyond. These “church services” are freely accessible to everyone and free of charge.

Rosemary Brown became known as a music medium outside the UK. Born and raised in Wales, Paul Meek is now one of the best known media outlets in Europe . Meek lives in Munich today .

Spiritualist media in Great Britain have their own union, the Spiritualists' National Union , which was founded in 1890 by Emma Hardinge Britten .

Media training is provided at Arthur Findlay College at Stansted Mountfitchet .

In Great Britain, conventional medicine and the media or spiritual healers work together. For every 22,000 resident doctors there are 14,000 registered healers. The UK Health Service will pay for energetic healing if a doctor prescribes it.

Mediumism in Switzerland

In Europe, along with England and Wales, mediumism is most widespread in Switzerland. There are many media out there that have their own practices where they receive their numerous clients. There are media like Pascal Voggenhuber who appear like pop stars and fill large halls in order to then establish contacts with the afterlife in front of an audience. The work of the media is often reported on Swiss television and the media appear as guests on talk shows . There are schools and educational centers where media are trained. Many of these media and schools can be found on the deinmedium.ch internet platform. In individual cases, the Swiss police take for clarification z. B. enlist the help of the media in murder cases. In individual cases, schools also invite the media to e.g. B. in physics class to talk about their work and these topics with the students. In individual cases, orthodox doctors work with media such as B. in psychiatry together, as an example Anouk Claes and Jakob Bösch . In the TV crime thriller Tatort: ​​Between Two Worlds , which was produced in Switzerland, there is the character Pablo Guggisberg, who is a medium that helps the police with their investigations. This figure is said to be based on Pascal Voggenhuber. In Germany, where such cooperation is not known to the general public, this crime scene episode met with incomprehension. The topic of mediality is also dealt with in the Swiss documentary Window to the Beyond from 2012. The famous Swiss researcher Elisabeth Kübler-Ross was already engaged in her research work in the 1960s and 1970s a. a. with near-death experiences .

Writing media

Writing media are people who claim to receive messages from the hereafter in a paranormal way and to A) dictate them or B) record them themselves.

Group A

• The stigmatized nun Anna Katharina Emmerick , whose inspirations and visions were recorded by Clemens Brentano from September 1818 in Dülmen .
• Friederike Hauffe , recorded by Justinus Kerner
• Well-known dictating media from the USA are: Edgar Cayce † and Jane Roberts †.

Group B

• Jakob Lorber † Austrian, who, as God's clerk, wrote an extensive work.
• Helena Petrovna Blavatsky † German-Russian, co-founder of the Theosophical Society
• Annie Besant † GB
• Helen Schucman † USA
• Emanuel Swedenborg † Sweden

Evidence and Skeptics

Skeptics are unimpressed by the evidence offered and instead ask for real evidence such as B. Solutions for so far unsolved problems of mankind, like the Goldbach hypothesis .

Reception in literature and film

literature

• The haunted house

Movie

Films in which the topic plays a central role include: a.

• Ghost message from Sam
• Ghost Whisperer - Voices from Beyond
• Hereafter by Clint Eastwood (2010)
• Stay by Marc Forster (2008)
• The Haunted House (1993)

literature

• Albert von Schrenck-Notzing : Materialization phenomena. A contribution to the research of mediumistic teleplasty, Verlag E. Reinhardt, Munich 1923, DNB_Link
• Michael Krajewski: Mediumistic Beings as Artists . In: Kunstforum International, Vol. 163, January – February 2003, pp. 54–69.
• Peter Gorsen : The Entry of Mediumism into Art History . In: The Message. Art and Occultism , ed. v. Claudia Dichter, Hans Günter Golinski, Michael Krajewski, Susanne Zander. Walther König: Cologne 2007, pp. 33–55 ISBN 978-3-86560-342-5 . (with illustrations)
• Veit Loers and Pia Witzmann: Munich's occult network. In: Henderson, Linda and Loers, Veit: Avantgarde and Occultism: from Munch to Mondrian 1900–1915, Ostfildern 1995
• Ehler Voss: Medial Healing in Germany. An ethnography . Berlin: Reimer, 2011.

swell

1. ↑ Carta psicografada ajuda a inocentar ré por homicídio no RS [1]
2. ↑ Constituição do Estado de Pernambuco Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 14, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
3. ↑ Andrea Kleinert. Retrieved on February 10, 2020 (German). 
4. ↑ Dolly Röschli
5. ↑ SRF Kultur: Sternstunde Religion: Contact with the deceased - humbug or reality ?, 2015
6. ^ Marion Baumeister
7. ↑ Marion Baumeister in an interview
8. ↑ Andy Schwab
9. ↑ Andy Schwab in an interview
10. ↑ Andreas Meile
11. ↑ Andreas Meile is portrayed in the documentary Window to the Beyond
12. ↑ Alex Hurschler
13. ↑ Alex Hurschler in an interview
14. ↑ Judith Fasler
15. ↑ Judith Fasler in an interview
16. ↑ Friederike Rath
17. ↑ Sky (TV): Interview with Friederike Rath
18. ↑ Sue Dhaibi
19. ↑ Sue Dhaibi in an interview
20. ↑ Biography of Eliza Countess von Moltke-Huitfeldt from the biographies documentation of the Kulturimpuls research center.
21. ^ Spiritualists' National Union
22. ^ A Long Night on Illness, Healing and Health Findings and Mood , deutschlandfunk.de, April 22, 2017
23. ↑ Interview with Judith Fasler, founder of deinmedium.ch, minute 30:20
24. ↑ Sat1: Kerner: Pascal Voggenhuber, minute 13:53
25. ↑ Pascal Voggenhuber, minute 20:50
26. ↑ Pascal Voggenhuber, minute 31:28
27. ^ A Long Night on Illness, Healing and Health Findings and Mood , deutschlandfunk.de, April 22, 2017
28. ↑ luzernerzeitung.ch: How was the sixth crime scene from Lucerne?
29. ↑ Bertram Quadt: Test of nerves for Tatort fans, film review at swr3.de, accessed on November 5, 2017.
30. ^ The spirit world is unruly , Der Bund, December 15, 2012
31. ^ ARD interview with Elisabeth Kübler Ross by Günter Rolling, 1981