Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic
| Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ (Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească) |
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| Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic | |||||
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| Official language | none, de facto Moldovan and Russian | ||||
| Capital | Chișinău ( Chişinău ) | ||||
| surface | 33,843 km² | ||||
| population | 4,337,600 (1989) | ||||
| Population density | 128.2 inhabitants per km² | ||||
| founding | 2nd August 1940 | ||||
| resolution | August 27, 1991 | ||||
| National anthem | Молдова Советикэ (Moldova Sovietică) | ||||
| Time zone | UTC + 3 | ||||
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The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Moldavian - Cyrillic Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ, Romanian Republica SOVIETICA Socialistă Moldovenească , Russian Молдавская Советская Социалистическая Республика, abbreviation MSSR ) was from 1940 to 1991, a Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . The national territory essentially comprised the historical landscape of Bessarabia between the middle Prut and the Dniester .
The Moldovan SSR was formed in 1924 as the Moldovan ASSR in the Ukrainian SSR . On June 26, 1940, the Soviet Union forced Romania, Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to surrender . At the beginning of August 1940 these areas were united with the Moldavian ASSR and raised to the SSR.
In 1991 the name of the Moldovan SSR was first changed to the Republic of Moldova . Shortly after the August coup in Moscow , which accelerated the collapse of the Soviet Union , it declared itself independent on August 27, 1991.
history
Established in 1940
After the end of the German campaign in the west with the signing of the Armistice at Compiègne on June 22, 1940, the Soviet Union saw the time had come to return Bessarabia after 22 years (from their point of view illegal) belonging to Romania. With the defeated France, Romania had lost its closest ally. On June 28, 1940, the Soviet Red Army occupied the territory of Bessarabia. Romania had previously received a 48-hour ultimatum for assignment, which it complied with without a fight. As agreed in the secret additional protocol of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact of 1939, the German Reich tolerated the occupation. Towards the Soviet Union it expressed its disinterest in the Bessarabian question , but not in the fate of the 93,000 or so Bessarabian Germans living there . Their relocation to the German Reich in autumn 1940 was made possible by the resettlement agreement signed on September 5, 1940.
On August 2, 1940, the Soviet Union divided Bessarabia and founded the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) for most of the north and center of Bessarabia. The MSSR also added half of the Moldovan ASSR , which had previously formed an autonomous region of the Ukrainian SSR . The south of Bessarabia and the area in the north around the city of Chotyn ( Chernivtsi Oblast ) went to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR).
Immediately after the founding MSSR which began collectivization of agriculture in the context of the large estates expropriated, distributed land to landless farmers and state farms and collective farms were established. At the same time, a wave of repression began with arrests of the Romanian (Moldovan) population, deportations of around 250,000 people and the settlement of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The deportation of parts of the ethnic Romanian population began on July 12 and 13, 1940, with 29,839 "counter-revolutionary and nationalist" families from the MSSR (18,392) and the Ismajil and Chernivtsi regions (then in the Ukrainian SSR ) to the Kazakh SSR , the Komi Republic , Krasnoyarsk Territory , Omsk Oblast and Novosibirsk Oblast . Those affected traveled in cattle wagons for days or sometimes weeks . 1315 wagons were provided in Bessarabia and 340 in the Chernivtsi region. Some of the deportees were shot without conviction for “anti-Soviet propaganda”. The ethnic composition of the population of the Moldovan SSR was changed significantly by the settlement of Ukrainians (approx. 600,000) and Russians (approx. 562,000). The Russification was carried out in a total of two waves, first in 1940 with establishment of the MSSR, and then in 1945 shortly after the end of World War II . This policy was directed against the supposedly reactionary and counterrevolutionary opposition such as landowners, kulaks (big farmers), large merchants, members of non-communist parties and former White Guards . Only the Bessarabian Germans , who were under the protection of the German Reich and were resettled by November 1940, were exempt from political persecution and collective repressive measures.
German and Romanian occupation (1941 to 1944)
The German attack on the Soviet Union began on June 22, 1941 with Operation Barbarossa , in which around one million Romanian soldiers of the Armata Română participated in the southern area of the front . During the war-related retreat, the Soviets also left scorched earth on the territory of the Moldovan SSR and transported all movable goods to the RSFSR by rail . At the end of July 1941 the country was again under Romanian administration.
Even during the military reconquest, Romanian soldiers with the participation of parts of the ethnic Romanian population committed pogroms against Bessarabian Jews, killing thousands. The hatred was partly based on the fact that the Jews were accused of making a pact with the USSR, which they viewed as liberators in 1940 because of Hitler's anti-Semitic extermination policy. At the same time, there were killings of SS - Einsatzgruppen (the task force here D) to Jews under the pretext that they were spies, saboteurs or Communists . The Romanian dictator Marshal Ion Antonescu wanted the political solution to the Jewish question through expulsion rather than extermination. The Jewish population (approx. 200,000 people) initially came to ghettos or reception camps in order to deport them on death marches in 1941/42 to camps such as Bogdanowka in Romanian-occupied Transnistria, which, unlike the Romanian motherland, is partly controlled by the SS has been. The Roma were another population group in Bessarabia who fell victim to persecution and extermination ( Porajmos ) during the Nazi era .
After three years of belonging to Romania, in 1944 the German-Soviet front had again reached the eastern border on the Dniester . On August 20, 1944, the Red Army began a large-scale summer offensive called Operation Jassy-Kishinev with around 900,000 soldiers . With a forceps operation, the Red Army managed to capture the territory of the Moldovan SSR in five days. The 6th German Army, newly formed after the Battle of Stalingrad, with around 650,000 soldiers, was wiped out in kettle battles near Kishinew and Sarata . At the same time as the successful Russian advance, Romania terminated the arms alliance with Hitler and switched fronts. On August 23, 1944, Marshal Ion Antonescu was deposed in Romania and King Michael I reinstated.
Deportations in 1949
The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ordered the deportation of 11,280 families (= 40,850 people) from the MSSR, who were considered to be possible political opponents, by resolution No. 1290-467cc of April 6, 1949. The two-day campaign began on July 6, 1949 at 2 a.m. and ended on July 7, 1949 at 8 p.m. 11,293 families (= 35,796 people) were arrested and dispossessed. The transport took place in 1573 cattle wagons.
Relationship with Romania
During the Soviet era, the Romanian language , which was spoken by most of the population as their mother tongue, was renamed " Moldavian " in the Moldovan SSR for political reasons in order to cut ties with Romania and the Romanians . Moldovan Soviet citizens were not allowed to travel to Romania. Romanian citizens were not allowed to enter the Soviet Republic; in rare cases (and only from the 1980s) they were allowed to visit relatives. The correspondence was censored. Only after the Romanian Revolution in 1989 , after 45 years of interruption, could relations with Romania be normalized.
See also
literature
- Nicholas Dima: From Moldavia to Moldova: The Soviet-Romanian Territorial Dispute. (East European Monographs) Columbia University Press, New York 1991.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Paul Goma: Daily Book 2009. p. 351
- ↑ Victor Bârsan, Masacrul inocenților, Bucharest , 1993, p. 18 f.
- ^ Roland Götz / Uwe Halbach - Political Lexicon GUS.
- ^ Paul Goma: Daily Book 2009. p. 352
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