Mumia Abu-Jamal

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Street art motif for the release of Mumia Abu-Jamal in Wellington , New Zealand , 2007

Mumia Abu-Jamal (* as Wesley Cook on April 24, 1954 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American journalist, author and civil rights activist . He was found guilty in 1982 in connection with the murder of police officer Daniel Faulkner and sentenced to death . The death penalty has now been lifted and commuted to life imprisonment with no appeal. He had previously worked occasionally as a taxi driver and as a spokesman for the WHYY-FM radio station in Philadelphia and, among other things, appeared as an activist for the Black Panther Party movement.

The circumstances of the crime and trial, articles written in custody, speeches and book publications and a worldwide network of supporters have attracted international attention. The case became a cause célèbre , Abu-Jamal or Mumia a controversial figure. He has been in custody since 1982. From 1995 to December 2011 he was in the maximum security prison SCI-Greene near Waynesburg (Pennsylvania) , since then in the regular prison system in the prison of Frackville .

Life Before Imprisonment

Abu-Jamal grew up with a twin brother and a younger brother. His father died when he was nine years old. The name Mumia comes from a Swahili course he took at the school in 1968; the teacher had given the students African names from the Kenyan Mau Mau uprising .

Serious race riots broke out in Abu-Jamal's hometown of Philadelphia as early as 1964. This gave the impetus to the civil rights movement and led to a considerable politicization of the black community in Philadelphia. Abu-Jamal became politically active through his participation in a counter-demonstration against George Wallace 's presidential candidacy in 1968 and the racist behavior of the police that he experienced. He began working as an assistant spokesman for the Philadelphia Black Panther Party in 1968, at the age of 14 . Abu-Jamal was involved as early as 1969 in connection with the surveillance of the BPP as part of the (then secret) COINTELPRO program of the US Federal Police. Amnesty International, among others, later suspected that Jamal's political involvement and racist reservations on the part of officials had an influence on the later murder trial. A quote from Mao Zedong (“Power grows from the barrel of a gun”) in an interview with Abu-Jamal was later used in court as evidence of militant sentiments against him. Because of the spread of militant leaflets of the "Panthers" he negotiated a school expulsion. He took the surname “Abu-Jamal” (“Father of Jamal”) after the birth of his first son in 1971. 1971/72 he resigned in a dispute with the Black Panthers.

In 1974, at the age of 19, he married Biba, his son's mother, shortly before their daughter was born. The marriage did not last long. With his second wife Marilyn, he had another son in 1978. After his second divorce, he began to live with his third wife Wadiya, who is still one of his supporters.

After leaving the "Panthers", Abu-Jamal began to support the militant green anarchist group MOVE and its leader, John Africa .

Abu-Jamal temporarily led the local chapter of the Association of Black Journalists in Philadelphia and worked for the local chapter of the Marijuana Users Association of America. Abu-Jamal's appearance with dreadlocks still caused a stir at the time. Because of his radio voice, a sonorous baritone , his eloquence and passion and well-prepared radio interviews (including with Bob Marley ), he became known in Philadelphia. Even if he worked closely with militant groups, he was personally considered a peaceful and courteous person. However, he lost his job at the radio station WHYY in Philadelphia because of "lack of objectivity" and worked primarily as a taxi driver.

1981 events and first trial

On December 9, 1981, the Irish-born police officer Daniel Faulkner stopped Abu-Jamal's brother William Cook after he drove wrongly through a one-way street with no lights. Faulkner had already called for reinforcements by radio and tried to handcuff the resistering driver. According to the prosecution, just as Faulkner was wrestling with his brother, Abu-Jamal appeared at the intersection and shot the policeman in the back. This turned around and fired back once before falling. Although he was hit, Abu-Jamal went up to Faulkner, who was now lying on the ground, stepped over him and emptied his weapon, a shot that hit Faulkner in the head at close range and killed him. Three eyewitnesses named by the prosecution confirmed Abu-Jamal's involvement and direct presence during the crime.

Abu-Jamal was arrested seconds later in the immediate vicinity of the crime scene by the police officers who had been summoned by Faulkner. A Charter Arms revolver with a short barrel and five cartridge chambers registered for him was seized from Abu-Jamal. The bullets found corresponded in terms of manufacturer, type and caliber with the quite rare cartridge cases in Abu-Jamal's empty-shot weapon as well as with the characteristics of the barrel of his weapon. It was rumored in the world press that the bullets were not of the same caliber as Abu-Jamal's ammunition. This theory goes back to a non-binding note from the forensic assistant who autopsied Faulkner and did not know that '+ P' projectiles expanded upon impact and thus appeared larger. The defense had its own report made, which came to the conclusion that the caliber of the projectiles that killed Faulkner matched Abu-Jamal's weapon. The bullet in Abu-Jamal's body came from the policeman's weapon. Two witnesses independently identified Abu-Jamal as the man who shot Daniel Faulkner, prostitute Cynthia White and taxi driver Robert Chobert.

After a tumultuous trial in which Abu-Jamal was evicted from the courtroom several times for insults and threats and in which his brother refused to testify despite having observed the crime at close range, Abu-Jamal was arrested on July 3, 1982 of the Unanimously found guilty of the murder of Daniel Faulkner and sentenced to death. During the trial, Abu-Jamal first insisted on defending himself, and later requested that MOVE leader and layman John Africa be admitted as defense attorney, which was legally ruled out. Critics consider this to be a central mistake of Abu-Jamal. Because of his behavior in the courtroom, he was hired by Anthony Jackson, an experienced attorney recommended by the Black Journalists Association, as public defender.

Judge Sabo's impartiality has subsequently been questioned by Mumia Abu-Jamal's defense lawyers. They justified this with the course of the trial, which in their opinion was at the expense of the defendant. 20 years after the first trial, Terri Maurer-Carters, a former court clerk and interim free mumia activist, also issued a statement . In 2001 she claimed to have heard from Sabo in an interview with three people the statement "I'm going to help them grill this nigger" (literally "Yeah, and I'm going to help them fry the nigger."). Sabo, who was already retired at the time, sharply rejected this. The responsible public prosecutor in Philadelphia , Lynne Abraham , criticized Abu-Jamal's role as a folk hero. Abraham also defended the process in the context of her later re-election efforts, such as when she left office in 2010. Jamal is nothing more than a murderer. He had never summoned his brother, although he was directly present at the scene, but tried in the various revision attempts to bring various other people who were suddenly discovered (literally fallen from the sky ) to the fore or to accuse them. Republican MP Charlie Dent quoted a statement by Abraham in a debate in the US House of Representatives that the case was the clearest murder case in her career.

Later statements about the course of events

The statements of the main witnesses were later called into question. A later cellmate of Cynthia White said she said she fabricated her statement out of fear of the police. The witness Robert Chobert also later relativized his testimony to the private detective George Newman.

In 1999, contract killer Arnold Beverly claimed to have committed the crime as a passenger of Jamal's brother on behalf of the Mafia. Abu-Jamal now had a team of lawyers to support him. However, they refrained from using Arnold Beverly's confession in their submissions. At the same time, Abu-Jamal's brother William Cook broke his silence. He claimed that Kenneth Freeman, a man later found dead in connection with the forcible eviction of a MOVE building, was his passenger at the time of the crime and was present during the murder. These statements also went through the world press, but are now considered contradicting even among some of Abu-Jamal's supporters and were not used in the further proceedings.

Mumia Abu-Jamal only made an affidavit after almost 20 years (on May 3, 2001) to comment on the events. He claims he walked across the street after the shooting started - in which he was not involved - and was shot by a police officer, and from then on he could not remember anything. Journalists who want to speak to Abu-Jamal must give an assurance beforehand that they will not question him about the incident.

Numerous authors contradict this representation in one way or another, since it could not agree in detail with any of the witness statements. Abu-Jamal, for example, claimed to have bought the gun after being mugged as a taxi driver, while an arms dealer testified that Abu-Jamal had bought the gun from him long before that in 1979. According to some lawyers, with a corresponding clarification of the course of events, he could have avoided an indictment of murder in particularly serious cases ( first degree murder ) in favor of voluntary manslaughter .

Legal progress

Abu-Jamal's appeal against the judgment was dismissed on March 6, 1989 by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The United States Supreme Court also dismissed Certiorari on October 1, 1990. Both courts subsequently rejected requests to be heard again. On June 1, 1995, Governor Tom Ridge signed the warrant, ordering the execution on August 17, 1995. On June 5, 1995, Abu-Jamal filed a series of motions through his new lawyer, including bias of the court. Abu-Jamal was granted a hearing from July 26 to August 15, 1995, during which the execution was suspended on August 17. The defense called the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania again, claiming that there was a testimony from a new witness and should be considered. The Supreme Court referred the case back to the court, which, after a hearing from October 1st to 3rd, 1995, denied the motion on the grounds that the witness was neither new nor credible.

The defense then asked the Supreme Court to question another witness, examine additional evidence, including police files, and reassign the case to another judge, and review the legal composition of the jury. The witness was interviewed from June 26 to July 1, 1997, the other applications were rejected. On July 24, 1997, the court ruled that the witness' testimony was not credible.

On October 29, 1998, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania upheld the judgment unanimously, on October 4, 1999, the Supreme Court of the United States rejected another application for Certiorari. On October 13, 1999, Governor Ridge signed a second writ of execution, ordering the execution on December 2, 1999. The execution was subsequently suspended to examine Abu-Jamal's applications.

In December 2001, a United States District Court in Philadelphia overturned Mumia Abu-Jamal's death sentence on the grounds that there was a possibility that mitigating circumstances had not been sufficiently taken into account in the sentencing. At the same time, he denied the retrial and the hearing of any new evidence of Jamal's innocence. The guilty verdict remained and the prosecution immediately applied for the death penalty to be reinstated.

An oral hearing was held in the 3rd Federal Court of Appeals in Philadelphia at 9:30 am local time on Thursday, May 17, 2007. The defense and the public prosecutor's office were asked to be questioned about their applications. The defense wanted the July 1982 guilty verdict of premeditated murder to be overturned for violating the US Constitution and international human rights guarantees because the judge and the district attorney at the time had conducted the negotiations in a racist manner. This was intended to address two further points which the court also allowed the defense to explain for this hearing at the end of 2006. The public prosecutor's office continued to demand the death penalty and had meanwhile requested that the 3rd Federal Court of Appeal declare itself biased. On March 10, 2007, the federal court issued a sharp reprimand to the public prosecutor's office for their improper approach and announced that it would not deal with the content of the application.

On March 27, 2008, a Philadelphia Court of Appeals upheld Abu-Jamal's death sentence. The 1981 conviction for the murder of a police officer was upheld. The convict's request for the trial to be reopened was rejected. Several times, for example on June 27, 2008, the retrial was requested and rejected. In 2011, the possible renewed imposition of the death penalty was rejected, further revisions were ruled out and thus the life sentence was confirmed. In December 2011 he was therefore transferred from death row to Frackville Prison.

On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Abu-Jamal had been transferred from prison to a hospital intensive care unit because of diabetic shock . His family and defense were not notified of the sudden and life-threatening deterioration in his health, which had been compromised for many years. He has diabetes and an extreme, often bleeding rash. Appropriate treatment is being denied, according to supporters.

On August 1, 2015, the medical staff told the prison that when Abu-Jamal's hepatitis C disease infection, which was found in 2012, an active viral load ( active viral load ) has been demonstrated. However, the prison administration refuses such treatment. It was not until January 2017 that the federal judge Robert Mariani issued an injunction following demands from the supporters. As a result, the authorities were instructed to have Abu-Jamal administered "immediate antiviral drugs" against his hepatitis C infection within 21 days. Six weeks after starting treatment, Abu-Jamal announced that he was now free of hepatitis C. However, because of the delay in treatment, he has cirrhosis of the liver .

On January 17, 2018, a hearing on Mumia Abu-Jamal's latest appeal was held in Philadelphia City Court under Judge Leon Tucker. After a brief negotiation, this was postponed to March 27 of the same year. Judge Leon Tucker gave the new District Attorney Larry Krasner the opportunity to disclose all files that his predecessor had illegally kept under lock and key. The reason is the bias of the now retired chairman of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, Ronald Castille, who had previously investigated Abu-Jamal as a prosecutor.

On December 27, 2018, after almost two years of legal hearings, Revision Control Judge Tucker came to a decision on Mumia Abu-Jamal's motion to repeat his appeal process. Abu-Jamal can now petition the Pennsylvania Supreme Court (PASC) for a substantive review of the circumstances that led to his original conviction. However, District Attorney Larry Krasner has announced that he will be examining an appeal against this decision. He has 30 days for this.

Influence on city politics in Philadelphia

A high crime and murder rate, especially among blacks, the violent clashes over MOVE , the long-standing trial of Abu-Jamal and a high -profile brutality and corruption scandal within the police in 1990 led to public debates in Philadelphia. It was about a one-sided view of the police forces towards African Americans as well as complaints about the unwillingness of the black community, especially men, to participate in public security.

On September 12, 2007, Sylvester Johnson, Chief of Police, called on 10,000 Afro-American Philadelphians to patrol the streets of the city to prevent crime. Johnson undertook this action called "Call to Action: 10,000 Men, It's a New Day" to reduce the disproportionately high proportion of black murder victims. Dennis Muhammad as local representative of the Nation of Islam and Philadelphia's Mayor John F. Street supported the project. The appeal was also related to the refusal of the black community to cooperate with the security authorities in Philadelphia or to work there in the Abu-Jamal case.

Political work from prison

Abu-Jamal intensified his political work during his detention. It was only the events that helped the formerly part-time journalist to be heard in the public. He wrote eight books on death row, including Live from Death Row, about life in prison and I Write to Live , a collection of essays and reflections on social life and individual purpose in life. In addition, he has so far provided more than 2000 comments for left-wing radio programs and a weekly column every Saturday in the left-wing daily newspaper “ Junge Welt ”, in which he comments on current events.

Supporters and opponents

Frey Gang , a band from the GDR - underground at a concert in front of the Embassy of the United States in Berlin against the death sentence of the civil rights leader , 2007

Saving Mumia Abu-Jamal from execution has become a matter of concern for various groups within the left in the black civil rights movement, the anti-globalization movement and among opponents of the death penalty . In 2005, American communist Angela Davis named Mumia Abu-Jamal one of the most influential intellectual leaders of the movement against the death penalty in the US and around the world and called for his immediate release. The political punk band Anti-Flag campaigns for its release in the song "Mumia's Song". Likewise, the British band Chumbawamba did the same in the middle of the performance of their song Tubthumping during their appearance in front of the millions of viewers on the Late Show with David Letterman . The American crossover band Rage Against the Machine dedicated the song Voice of the Voiceless to Mumia on their album The Battle of Los Angeles . It says u. a. True rebel my brother Mumia [...] we are at war until you're free . Especially in hip-hop music, many song titles allude to Mumia (e.g. Channel Live feat. KRS-One - Free Mumia). Likewise, a considerable number of texts contains "Free Mumia" calls ( e.g. Looptroop - Long Arm Of The Law).

In Germany, u. a. Barbara Lochbihler , Secretary General of Amnesty International , Volker Ratzmann , parliamentary group leader of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , Günter Wallraff (writer), Johano Strasser (President of the German PEN ), Klaus Staeck (President of the Academy of the Arts, Berlin ) and the actor Rolf Becker for the release of Mumia Abu-Jamal.

In Germany there were a number of resolutions and appeals at the municipal level to prevent Abu-Jamal's execution, for example in Munich, Kaiserslautern, Bremen and Fürth. Various appeals were addressed directly to President Obama, who had no pardon in the case.

The US police union, the Fraternal Order of Police (FOP), is convinced of Abu-Jamal's guilt. In August 1999, at its biennial meeting, the FOP called for a boycott of all individuals and organizations demanding the release of Abu-Jamal. To achieve this, a list of the names of these people and organizations was published on a website. The widow of the shot policeman, Maureen Faulkner, protests regularly at events organized by supporters of Abu-Jamal, ran a campaign for Abu-Jamal's execution and in 2007, together with journalist Michael Smerconish, wrote a book about the case entitled "Murdered by Mumia" . The Partisan Defense Committee (PDC) has published a statement on this book.

Human Rights Watch raised serious concerns about the trial itself , particularly its heavy reference to Abu-Jamal's political work during the sentencing phase ( Human Rights Watch did not address the question of guilt, however). Similarly , without making a statement about Abu-Jamal's guilt , Amnesty International USA criticized its failure to comply with minimum international standards of fair trial, as well as the death penalty.

According to Time author Steve Lopez, given the many racist incidents in Philadelphia, a misjudgment could not have been ruled out on the surface. It is precisely for this reason that he assumes that the many supporters of Abu-Jamal are fundamentally prejudiced and ignorant. Leonard Weinglass , Abu-Jamal's star lawyer on the left, managed to gain worldwide attention and support from celebrities such as Paul Newman , Susan Sarandon , Ed Asner and Ossie Davis . In view of the state of affairs, the existing evidence, Abu-Jamal's behavior in court and the decades-long refusal of Abu-Jamal and his brother to clarify the matter, the exposure of the Abu-Jamal case is more beneficial to the supporters of the death penalty and is completely unsuitable for the address existing injustices in the American judiciary. Marc Cooper described the role of "Mumias" in Mother Jones magazine as "rather obstructive" to the campaign against the death penalty in the United States . Other critics have considered the “maximum demand” for an acquittal of Abu-Jamal to be neither enforceable nor appropriate. Abu Jamal would probably have avoided the death penalty if he had admitted conditional guilt.

A petition to President Barack Obama Mumia Abu-Jamal and the global abolition of the death penalty calling on Obama to speak out against the death penalty was signed by over 23,000 people by the end of July 2010, including three Nobel Prize winners ( Desmond Tutu , Günter Grass and Elfriede Jelinek ) and among others the European Association of Lawyers for Democracy & World Human Rights as well as Reporters Without Borders . Danielle Mitterrand was the first to sign . Obama is considered a supporter of the death penalty and had already refused to mention Abu-Jamal in the 2008 presidential election campaign.

On October 7, 2010, the European Parliament passed a resolution against the death penalty by a large majority. This explicitly calls on the EU to a. also to be used for the life of Mumia Abu-Jamal. On December 15, 2010, a written declaration initiated by MEPs Sabine Lösing ( GUE / NGL ) and Barbara Lochbihler ( Greens / EFA ) “On the abolition of the death penalty and the Mumia Abu-Jamal case” with 171 signatures from Brussels parliamentarians was sent to representatives handed over to the US embassy in Brussels.

The NAACP has officially supported the defense of Mumia Abu-Jamal since April 2011 .

At the annual meeting of the writers' association PEN Center Germany on May 12, 2012, it was decided to put Mumia Abu-Jamal on the list of persecuted authors and journalists of the PEN International because of his literary work , although he is no longer threatened with the death penalty to suffer even more from the new prison conditions than before.

At its 80th World Congress in 2014, the PEN International Assembly of Delegates included the following key sentence in its resolution: “PEN International is [...] concerned that Mumia Abu-Jamal has been sentenced under conditions that violate his right to a fair trial. We also believe that life imprisonment without parole and without the possibility of revision amounts to torture or other ill-treatment, and we call on the relevant authorities [...] to take the necessary legal steps to ensure that Mumia Abu-Jamal immediately abides by the Ability to review both his murder conviction and life imprisonment without parole. "

Awards

  • In 2001 Abu-Jamal received the Erich-Mühsam-Prize of the Erich-Mühsam Society for "people and groups who campaign for social justice and persecuted minorities with moral courage and idealism" .
  • In October 2002 Mumia Abu-Jamal was awarded honorary membership of the " Association of those persecuted by the Nazi regime - Association of Antifascists " (VVN-BdA).
  • In October 2003, Mumia Abu-Jamal was made an honorary citizen of Paris . The Mayor Bertrand Delanoe said in a press release that the award was meant as a reminder of the fight against the death penalty, which in France was abolished 1,981th On April 29, 2006, Abu-Jamal was also made an honorary citizen of Saint Denis , a suburb of Paris. Furthermore, a newly built road that rue Mumia Abu-Jamal in the district Cristino Garcia , named after him. Resolutions by representatives of Philadelphia ( Mike Fitzpatrick and Senator Rick Santorum ) were introduced and passed in both houses of the American Congress against the renaming of the street . On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the crime in 2006, criminal charges were brought against the municipalities of St. Denis and Paris by a local branch of the Republicans of Philadelphia. The honors for Abu-Jamal put a strain on American-French relations.
  • The city of Bobigny inaugurated Rue Mumia Abu-Jamal in October 2012 ; Mayor Catherine Peyge said it was another step in advocating respect and justice for himself and others. In 1999 he was made an honorary citizen of the city. Delegates from the "Free Mumia" movement from the USA, Martinique and Chile attended the ceremony. Myriam Malsa, an activist from the island of Martinique , said that the local city of Sainte-Anne made him an honorary citizen in 2000.
  • In 2008 he was accepted as a member of the international writers' association PEN .
  • On July 4, 2010 he received the “Prize for Solidarity and Human Dignity” from the Alliance for Social Justice and Human Dignity eV (BüSGM).

Fonts

literature

Movie

  • Behind these walls , German documentary by Jule Buerjes and Heike Kleffner from 1996 (70 minutes).
  • British filmmaker Will Francome , directed by Marc Evans and Colin Firth as executive producer, directed a documentary about Mumia Abu-Jamal and the solidarity movement for his release entitled “In prison my whole life”, which was also shown at the 2008 Berlinale .
  • MUMIA - Long Distance Revolutionary by Stephen Vittoria

Web links

Commons : Mumia Abu-Jamal  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Political activist Abu-Jamal threatens to face the death penalty again Spiegel Online from January 19, 2010
  2. ^ Death sentence against civil rights activist Abu-Jamal overturned Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 27, 2008
  3. ^ DA drops death penalty against Mumia Abu-Jamal , abc Action News, Dec. 7, 2011
  4. ↑ Laura Smith: "I spend my days preparing for life, not for death" . In: The Guardian , October 25, 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2013. 
  5. ↑ a b Question for Mumia: Tell Me About Your Name ( Memento from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (Question to Mumia - Tell me something about your name), transcription of a radio broadcast. In Prison Radio, Feb. 7, 2003, archive link
  6. ↑ Excerpts from the file at whatreallyhappened.com
  7. ↑ Amnesty International press release of February 17, 2000, and a. P. 24 ff (PDF; 102 kB) ( Memento from November 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ Epilogue: The Barrel of a Gun Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party (Epilog. The gun barrel. Ready for the party / party, Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther party) Todd Steven Burroughs, The College of New Jersey, 2004
  9. ↑ a b c d "The Suspect - One Who Raised His Voice" ( Memento from May 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), (The suspect - one who raised his voice). By Terry E. Johnson and Michael A. Hobbs. In The Philadelphia Inquirer, December 10, 1981, archive link
  10. ↑ Part Four: LEAVING THE PARTY and epilogue "THE BARREL OF A GUN:" THE PARTY'S IMPACT ON MUMIA ABU-JAMAL'S TRIAL (An Oral History) By Todd Steven Burroughs
  11. ↑ On a move - the life story of Mumia Abu-Jamal, by Terry Bisson, Atlantik Verlag Bremen, ISBN 3-926529-64-4
  12. ↑ The fight to save Mumia Abd-Jamal: Wadiya Jamal at NYC Rally (The fight to save MAJs: Wadiya Jamal at the NYC meeting). By Craig Hill. In The Michigan Citizen, November 6, 1993
  13. ↑ a b c d e What's Mumia Got to Do With It? , Marc Cooper in Mother Jones magazine , February 9, 2000, Marc Cooper is a good leftist who thinks Mumia Abu-Jamal is a bad choice for poster-boy of the anti-death penalty movement. (What does Mumia have to do with it? Marc Cooper is an upright leftist who thinks Mumia Abu-Jamal is a bad choice as a figurehead (ADE literally "poster boy") of the movement against the death penalty.
  14. ^ Jeff Schmidt: Disciplined Minds . A Critical Look at Salaried Professionals and the Soul-Battering System That Shapes Their Lives. Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, ISBN 978-0-7425-1685-4 , pp. 206 ( online - English).
  15. ↑ Andrea Peyser: celebutards . 2009, ISBN 978-0-8065-3109-0 , pp. 155 ( online - English).
  16. ↑ a b c Cordula Meyer: The fires of hell . The mirror . August 24, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  17. ↑ In Police and Fire Depts., A Bit o 'Brogue Survives (For police officers and firefighters - a little Irish accent remains), NYT, THOMAS J. LUECK March 17, 2008
  18. ↑ The Irish minority also traditionally made up the majority of the police and fire services in Philadelphia. As early as the 19th century, there had been various street battles between Irish and black people as well as anti-Catholic riots in general, which did not contribute to mutual understanding. See Clark, Dennis. (1982). The Irish in Philadelphia: Ten Generations of Urban Experience (2nd Ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-227-4
  19. ↑ a b Burkhard Müller-Ullrich: Holy Mumia - How the culture industry pays homage to a murderer In: Ders .: Medienmärchen, p.93; Munich 1998
  20. ↑ Documentation of the Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook, Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division June 19, 1982
  21. ^ A b Frailty of the Ballistics Evidence in the Case Against Mumia Abu-Jamal By Lori Allen
  22. ↑ Testimony of weapons expert Anthony L. Paul, 169 of the court records, Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division, date = 23. June 1982
  23. ↑ a b c d Steve Lopez, Wrong Guy, Good Cause, (The wrong guy for a real cause) , Time Magazine July 23, 2000
  24. ↑ a b c The Holes in Mumia's story Activists don't seem to care that death-row radical hasn't really explained what happened that night ( Memento from October 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (The holes in Mumia's legend, his supporters don't seem to care that the death row radical didn't really explain what was happening) Enzo di Matteo, in NOW , November 1999
  25. ↑ a b She's 'scared' by impact of her allegation - Says Mumia judge made a racist remark. In: www.mumia.de. Retrieved June 14, 2015 .
  26. ↑ Maurer-Carter, Terri (August 21, 2001): Statement by Terri Maurer-Carter . Free Mumia Coalition
  27. ^ A b High court dismisses ruling on Abu-Jamal death sentence , Bill Mears, CNN 2010
  28. ↑ Debra J. Saunders: Mumia finds safety in numbers . Jewish World Review . December 21, 2001. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  29. ^ Congressional Record, v. 152, PT. November 17, 2006 to December 6, 2006 . Government Printing Office, 2010, ISBN 978-0-16-086782-8 ( google.de [accessed June 13, 2015]).
  30. ^ Williams, Yvette (January 28, 2002), Free Mumia Coalition
  31. ↑ Statement by George Newman ( Memento of July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (September 25, 2001), Free Mumia Coalition, archive link
  32. ^ Declaration of William Cook ( Memento of July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Free Mumia Coalition, April 29, 2001, archive link
  33. ↑ Affidavit Mumia Abu-Jamal z. B. mindfully.org or Revolutionary Worker ( Memento from December 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) ( German translation )
  34. ↑ Killing Time , D. Lindorff; Race against death , M. Schiffmann
  35. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Judge Yohn: Memorandum and Order ( English , PDF; 2.3 MB) United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. December 2001. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  36. ^ "Breaking News": Oral hearing in the Mumia Abu-Jamal case on May 17, 2007, Freedom Now Online Bulletin of the IVK, March 25, 2007
  37. ↑ Rolf Becker : Let Mumia finally go free!
  38. ^ Mumia Abu-Jamal in Danger: Treatment Now!
  39. ^ VICTORY: Judge Orders Treatment for Mumia Abu-Jamal January 4, 2017
  40. ↑ Mumia Abu-Jamal healed of hepatitis C - liver cirrhosis remains
  41. ↑ Mumia Abu-Jamal has to wait on , young world, January 19, 2018
  42. ↑ New hearing in Mumia's case scheduled for March 27, 2018 by Noelle Hanrahan, Prison Radio
  43. ↑ Mumia Abu-Jamal is granted the right to a new review process
  44. ↑ September 14, 2007 nydailynews.com, Black men urged to help Philadelphia police to reduce crime, Call for Black Men to Reduce Crime in Philadelphia, archive link ( June 15, 2010 memento in the Internet Archive )
  45. ↑ Noelle Hanrahan: Unique view: Column for Mumia Abu-Jamal , young world from July 13, 2015
  46. ↑ Angela Davis on »real democracy«, January 8, 2005, German rendition of a speech by Angela Y. Davis at the Rosa Luxemburg Conference in Berlin organized by the magazine Junge Welt
  47. ↑ Video of the Chumbawamba performance with David Letterman
  48. ↑ Jamal "If the public prosecutor wins, Mumia will be dead within a year" Neues Deutschland from November 5, 2008
  49. ↑ Berlin Academy of the Arts: "Justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal"
  50. ^ Announcement and resolution text of the Munich city council
  51. ^ Wording of the application to the Bremen citizenship
  52. ^ Campaign by Maureen Faulkner ( Memento from October 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  53. ^ "Murdered by Mumia: A Life Sentence of Pain, Loss, and Injustice", website for the book by Maureen Faulkner ( Memento from June 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  54. ^ "Fact sheet" of the Partisan Defense Committee on the book by Faulkner / Smerconish Murdered by Mumia: A Life Sentence of Pain, Loss, and Injustice ("Murdered by Mumia")
  55. ↑ USA: Mumia Abu-Jamal - Amnesty International calls for retrial (AI calls for resumption); AI index: AMR 51/020/2000; February 17, 2000 ( Memento from June 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  56. ↑ (PDF; 248 kB) A Life in the Balance - The case of Mumia Abu-Jamal (Life in suspension, The case of Mumia Abu-Jamal); Amnesty International report
  57. ^ Text of the petition
  58. ^ Text of the motion for a resolution
  59. ↑ New defense for Mumia Abu-Jamal
  60. ^ Press release from PEN Germany
  61. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: Life imprisonment without parole, torture comes straight to jw of October 28, 2014@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.jungewelt.de
  62. ↑ Lübeck city newspaper of May 29, 2001
  63. Jump forward with united strength , young world , October 7, 2002
  64. ↑ Resolutions and votes against renaming the street, May 19, 2006: Example 1 , Example 2 and Example 3
  65. ↑ Republican Ward Executive Committee files criminal charges against cities of Paris and suburb for 'glorifying' infamous Philadelphia Cop-Killer ( Memento of October 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (OV Board of Republicans brings criminal charges against Paris and a suburb, reason the Glorification of a Police Officer Killer). From Republican Ward Executive Committee - City of Philadelphia. December 11, 2006
  66. ^ Stefan Simons: Fernes Echo . In: Der Spiegel . No. 26 , 2006 ( online - 26 June 2006 ).
  67. ↑ Al Jazeera: Justice on trial: The case of Mumia Abu-Jamal , November 8, 2012
  68. ↑ Mumia Abu-Jamal receives the »Prize for Solidarity and Human Dignity« in Berlin
  69. ↑ http://freitag.onlinefilm.org/index.php?page=detail&id=26929&language=de_DE ; accessed on December 30, 2019
  70. ^ Website of the film ( Memento of October 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  71. ^ Website for the film .
personal data
SURNAME Abu-Jamal, Mumia
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American journalist and civil rights activist
DATE OF BIRTH April 24, 1954
PLACE OF BIRTH Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, USA