Mice-like
| Mice-like | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wood mouse ( Apodemus sylvaticus ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Muroidea | ||||||||||||
| Illiger , 1815 |
The mouse species (Muroidea) are a group of rodents belonging to the mouse relatives . With around 1500 species, they comprise more than a quarter of the mammal species described .
They differ from the closely related jerboa in the myomorphic chewing apparatus with zygomatic arch plate and a mostly keyhole - shaped under-eye opening for the passage of the masseter muscles , nerves and blood vessels, the smaller zygomatic bone and the often outwardly curved, never-perforated angular process of the lower jaw .
Body features
Mice are more likely to be small rodents. However , they differ considerably in physique and function . The length including the tail ranges from less than 100 millimeters for the American dwarf mice to 800 millimeters and more for the giant bark rats and the giant hamster rats . The latter can reach a body weight of 1.5 kilograms and the muskrat up to 1.8 kilograms. The tail is usually thinly haired and has horn scales . Just like ears, eyes and fur, however, it is very variable in its appearance. Polymorphism or a sex dimorphism related to body size occur in some species . In addition to the different adaptations to extreme conditions, there are often parallel developments in the body structure of mice .
In the following sections, the known or assumed original expression of a characteristic and, if applicable, secondarily acquired characteristics of individual groups are listed.
skull
Upper skull: (as) wing of the posterior sphenoid bone, (bo) basioccipital, (bs) posterior sphenoid bone, (bt) tympanic bladder, (cl) lambdeal crest, (cnl) capsula nasolacrimalis , (co) articular cusp of the occiput, (ct) temporal ridge, ( f) Frontal bone, (fhg) foramen hypoglossi , (fi) incisor hole , (flm) foramen lacerum medium , (fm) large occipital hole, (fmp) fossa mesopterygoidea , (fo) foramen ovale , (foa) foramen ovale accessorium , (fpl) Palatine hole, (fpt) wing fossa of the sphenoid bone, (ip) parietal bone , (j) cheekbone, (l) lacrimal bone, (m) upper jaw, (ms) wart part, (n) nasal bone, (o) occiput, (os) wing of the anterior Sphenoid bone, (p) parietal bone, (ph) hooked process of the wing bone, (pl) palatine bone, (pm) intermaxillary bone, ( ppo) processus paroccipitalis , (pt) wing bone, (pzm) zygomatic process of the upper jaw, (pzs) zygomatic process of the scaly part, ( s) Scale part, (spv) sphenoid-palate hole, (zn) zygomatic arch notch , (zp) zygomatic arch plate, (zs) zygomatic arch spine
Lower jaw: (cm) lower jaw body, (pal) tooth socket process , (pan) angular process, (pcn) articular process, (pcr) muscle process
The skull of the mice is of the myomorphic type. The front attachment of the zygomatic arch is designed as a conspicuous, wide zygomatic arch plate and serves as the original surface of the lateral masseter muscle. The plate is steeply inclined upwards in most mice, but points downwards laterally in some. It does not expand forward or form a pronounced zygomatic mandrel and a zygomatic arch notch. The under-eye hole is mainly above the zygomatic arch plate and usually has a characteristic keyhole shape. The upper part is enlarged as the passage of the middle masseter muscle. The lower part for the passage of the nerves and blood vessels to the snout region, however, is usually narrowed like a slit, but can be missing. The snout side is originally ossified in the middle of the zygomatic plate, but in most mice it is windowed. The zygomatic bone is reduced in size, makes up only a small area of the zygomatic arch and does not touch the tear bone, which is also reduced in size .
The frontal bone is narrowed and has no postorbital process. An intermediate parietal bone is present and usually noticeable, but very small in some mice. The area between the eye sockets is smooth and rounded or narrowed and with sharp ridges. The skull is smooth or is crossed by a crest or temporal ridges. The Lambdale list is very pronounced in some mice, but usually inconspicuous. The shed part is with or without a post-orbital bar. It is closed over the bony inner ear capsule or has a foramen squamosomastoideum and a foramen postglenoideum . The tympanic and wart parts are tiny to very bloated. In some mice, the tympanic bladder is divided into chambers, which are usually unobstructed, but can be filled with fan-like or spongy bone. In addition to the eardrum, there may be a secondary eardrum . The hammer is parallel or perpendicular.
The bony palate is broad and smooth or narrow with ridges, furrows and thorns. The incisor holes are short and mainly located in the intermaxillary bone or they are relatively long and span the intermaxillary bone and the upper jaw . In most mice, the posterior palatal holes consist of a single pair of holes. Others have multiple openings or elongated slots. Posterolateral palatal pits are absent or present. The walls of the mesopterygoid fossa are ossified or perforated by sphenoid-palate holes. The wing pits of the sphenoid bone are flat and plate-like to deeply deepened and compressed. Your walls are ossified or full of holes. A stapediale foramen is formed or absent. Sometimes it continues as a bony tube through the stapes . The sphenofrontal foramen and the associated squamoso-alisphenoid furrow are present or absent. The alisphenoid canal is present but short. Foramen masticatorium and foramen buccinatorium are independently or secondarily fused together. In the latter case, they are separated from the foramen ovale accessorium by a strut of the posterior wing of the sphenoid , or united with it if the strut is absent. The foramen ovale is independent or connected to the foramen lacerum medium . The hooked process of the wing bone is freely hanging or fused with the tympanic bladder.
The lower jaw of the mice is of the sciurognathic type. The angular process is straight or curved outwards and never broken. The attachment point of the middle and lateral masseter muscles is connected to the converging upper and lower masseter bars. The tooth socket of the lower incisor can form a capsule-shaped protruding tooth socket extension at its end. The muscle process is usually large and tall, but it can be reduced or absent.
denture
| 1 | · | 0 | · | 0 | · | 3 | = 16 |
| 1 | · | 0 | · | 0 | · | 3 |
Originally, the teeth of mice-like in each half of the jaw as an incisor tooth trained incisor and three commonly called molars on prestigious molars, making a total of 16 teeth. The number of molars can be reduced to three above and two below, two above and below or one above and below. Canines are absent and the incisors are followed by a large, toothless gap . The incisors are wide to narrow, directed backwards, perpendicular to the jaw or directed forward, and are not furrowed or furrowed.
The structure of the molars varies greatly in terms of shape, size, crown pattern and number of roots. They are originally low-crowned , each with three tooth roots above and two tooth roots below. Many mice have additional roots, while the high-crowned , sometimes permanently growing teeth can be fused to form an open root. The crown pattern can be secondary lamellar or prismatic. It is often made up of complex melt strips and loops. Originally, four tooth cusps were formed and connected to one another by longitudinal strips. Secondary, however, these ridges can be absent or mesoloph (id) and other transverse ridges as well as side humps can be formed. The first molars have an anterocon (id) that is simple or forked. The inner humps are arranged opposite one another or alternately offset in two longitudinal rows, and secondarily in three longitudinal rows. The first molar is usually the longest, while the last one has a smaller back lobe.
Body skeleton
The spine of the mice has seven cervical vertebrae, 12 to 15 thoracic vertebrae, six to seven lumbar vertebrae and usually four sacral vertebrae, with originally 13 thoracic vertebrae and seven lumbar vertebrae being formed. The spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra, enlarged by hypertrophy , is present in most mice, but absent in some. The first rib is originally only articulated with the transverse process of the first thoracic vertebra, but can also be connected secondarily to the seventh cervical vertebra. A collarbone is present and originally well developed, but reduced in size in the mane rat. The entepicondylar foramen of the humerus may be missing secondarily. The fibula is reduced in size and merges with the shin at the bottom . The trochlear process of the calcaneus is originally facing the body, but can be turned away from it secondarily.
Soft tissues
The eyes are originally able to see and are comparatively large. In some burrowing mice, however, they are smaller and in the blind mice they lie under the skin. The structure of the nasal mirror originally corresponds to that of rodents. The median sulcus extends into the bare or slightly hairy pars supranarica . The narrow cushions are approached, protruding and two-legged. The crus superius has a circular areola with a rhinoglyphic pattern consisting of fine ridges. There are almost hairless, sunken areas of skin below the narial pillows.
The masticatory muscles are of the myomorphic type. The superficial masseter muscle is to be distinguished from the lateral masseter muscle. Its origin is not on the zygomatic arch, but below the under eye hole. The front part of the lateral masseter muscle arises on the zygomatic arch plate, that of the middle masseter muscle passes through the under eye opening and arises on the side of the snout. An internal carotid artery is present. The eye is originally supplied with blood by the stapes artery, but in some mice it is supplied with blood by cross-connections between the inner and outer carotid arteries .
Cheek pockets can be secondary and large. The tongue originally has three papillae which may be reduced to two or one on. The stomach is originally single-cavity and half a horny stomach and half a glandular stomach. In some species of mice, the area of the gastric gland may be reduced and the stomach segmented. The gallbladder may be absent secondarily. The appendix is present and originally moderately developed. In some species of mice it is large and complex, in others it is simply built. The large intestine usually has a paracoecal loop following the appendix and can be folded or twisted secondarily.
The penis of the mice is complex or simply built. Originally there were five types of accessory sex glands : foreskin gland , seminal bladder gland , spermatic duct ampoule , bulbourethral gland and prostate with an anterior, an upper and a lower lobe. Secondarily, some of the glands may be absent or specially designed. The number of teats ranges from two to twelve pairs. Further skin gland fields can be present as a secondary issue.
The front feet have four toes with claws and a stubby thumb with nail on. Functionally, a fore- thumb can be used instead of the thumb . The five toes of the hind paws are originally clawed, but a nail can be formed on the first toe. The soles of the front and rear paws are bare or hairy to varying degrees. There are usually six pads on the hind paws . These can be reduced or missing.
genetics
The number of chromosomes and their structure is very different. In the double set of chromosomes , the number of chromosomes is 14 to 92. The most common value is 48 chromosomes. This number is also assumed for the original karyotype .
distribution and habitat
Mice are common worldwide, originally they were only missing in Antarctica and on remote oceanic islands. They are among the few groups of higher mammals that were found in Australia before humans arrived . In the wake of humans, some genera, including mice and rats , have also been able to spread to areas that were not previously inhabited by mice, so that the animals can be found virtually everywhere where there are humans.
The habitat covers a wide range, from the tundra to the tropical rainforest and from mountain regions to deserts.
Way of life
There is also great diversity in terms of lifestyle. In addition to ground dwellers, there are also subterranean species that live entirely on trees, as well as diurnal and nocturnal species and, in addition to solitary species, species that live in large groups.
Diet also varies, but many species are predominantly herbivores that feed on grasses, seeds, tubers, and other vegetable matter. However, there are also omnivores and some species that specialize in insects or other invertebrates, for example.
The reproduction of the mice is generally characterized by high fertility, a short gestation period and a short life expectancy.
Systematics
The mouse-like species are usually assigned to the mouse relatives as the superfamily Muroidea and within them compared to the jerboa as a sister group . The following illustration of the relationships is based on molecular genetic studies of the nuclear IRBP and GHR genes by Jansa and coworkers (2009). These largely agree with studies of the GHR, BRCA1 , RAG1 and Myc genes by Steppan and co-workers (2004). The assignment of the groups marked with a question mark follows Musser and Carleton (2005). The groups marked with an asterisk may not be related groups .
| Mice relatives |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Considering extinct groups, McKenna and Bell (1997) distinguish two families with several subfamilies:
- † Simimyidae A. E. Wood, 1980 - mid to late Eocene in North America
- Muridae Illiger, 1811 - Middle Eocene to Holocene in Asia, North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and South America
- † Cricetopinae Matthew & Granger, 1923 - Oligocene to Early Miocene in Asia
- † Eumyinae Simpson, 1945 - late Eocene to early Oligocene in North America
- † Paracricetodontinae Mein & Freudenthal, 1971 - late Eocene to late Miocene in Asia, Europe and North America
- † Melissodontinae Schaub, 1925 - early Oligocene to early Miocene in Europe
- † Tachyoryctoidinae Schaub, 1958 - late Oligocene to early Miocene in Asia
- † Microtoscoptinae Kretzoi, 1955 - late Miocene in Asia, Europe and North America
- † Baranomyinae Kretzoi, 1955 - late Miocene to early Pleistocene in Asia and Europe
- † Trilophomyinae Kretzoi, 1969 - Early Pliocene to Pleistocene in Europe
- † Gobicricetodontinae Qiu, 1996 - Middle to Late Miocene in Asia
- † Cricetodontinae Schaub, 1925 - Early Miocene to Early Pliocene in Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America
- Sigmodontinae Wagner, 1843 - late Miocene to Holocene in North America and South America
- Calomyscinae Vorontsov, Kartavtseva & Potapova, 1978 - Late Miocene to Holocene in Europe and Asia
- Cricetinae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 - Middle Miocene to Holocene in North Africa, Europe and Asia
- Arvicolinae Gray, 1821 - Late Miocene to Holocene in Asia, Europe, and North America
- † Afrocricetodontinae Lavocat, 1973 - early to late Miocene in Africa
- Lophiomyinae Milne-Edwards, 1867 - Late Miocene to Holocene in Europe, Africa, and Southwest Asia
- Nesomyinae Forsyth Major, 1897 - Miocene to Holocene in Africa and Madagascar
- Cricetomyinae Roberts, 1951 - Early Pliocene to Holocene in Africa
- Delanymyinae Denys, Michaux, Catzeflis, Ducrocq & Chevret, 1995 - Late Miocene to Holocene in Africa
- Mystromyinae Vorontsov, 1966 - Miocene to Holocene in South Africa
- Petromyscinae Roberts, 1951 - Middle Miocene to Holocene in South Africa
- Gerbillinae Gray, 1825 - Early Miocene to Holocene in Asia, Africa and Europe
- Dendromurinae G. M. Allen, 1939 - Middle Miocene to Holocene in Africa, Southwest Asia and Europe
- Murinae Illiger, 1811 - Middle Miocene to Holocene in Africa, Asia, Europe and Australia
- Platacanthomyinae Alston, 1876 - Early Miocene to Holocene in Europe and Asia
- Myospalacinae Lilljeborg, 1866 - Late Miocene to Holocene in Asia
- Spalacinae Gray, 1821 - Early Miocene to Holocene in Europe, Asia, and North Africa
- † Anomalomyinae Schaub, 1925 - early Miocene to early Pleistocene in Europe
- Rhizomyinae Winge, 1887 - Early Miocene to Holocene in Asia and Africa
They also list † Pappocricetodon , † Selenomys , † Potwarmus , † Leakeymys , † Blancomys and † Epimeriones as genera of uncertain classification .
Differentiation between "mouse" and "rat"
The demarcation between “mouse” and “rat” is artificial and has no zoological significance. In the narrowest sense, “mouse” means the house mouse and “rat” means the brown rat or the house rat . In common parlance, however, other mice with a head-torso length of up to 130 or 140 millimeters are referred to as "mice" and larger mice as "rats".
literature
- Manfred Ade: Macroscopic examinations on the Rhinarium of the Glires (Rodentia and Lagomorpha) . Science and technology, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-89685-463-1 .
- Fritz Dieterlen : Order rodents (Rodentia) . In: Monika Braun, Fritz Dieterlen (Hrsg.): Die Säugetiere Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2 . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4246-5 , pp. 143-355 .
- Sharon A. Jansa, Thomas C. Giarla, Burton K. Lim: The Phylogenetic Position of the Rodent Genus Typhlomys and the Geographic Origin of Muroidea . In: Journal of Mammalogy . tape 90 , no. 5 , 2009, ISSN 0022-2372 , p. 1083-1094 , doi : 10.1644 / 08-MAMM-A-318.1 .
- David Klingener: Gliroid and Dipodoid Rodents . In: Sydney Anderson, J. Knox Jones jr. (Ed.): Order and Families of Recent Mammals of the World . John Wiley & Sons, New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / Singapore 1984, ISBN 0-471-08493-X , p. 382-388 .
- Wolfgang Maier: Rodentia, rodents . In: Wilfried Westheide, Reinhard Rieger (Ed.): Special Zoology. Part 2: vertebrates or skulls . Spectrum Academic Publishing House (Elsevier), Heidelberg / Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3 , p. 531-547 .
- Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level . Columbia University Press, New York 1997, ISBN 0-231-11012-X .
- Arno Hermann Müller: Textbook of paleozoology. Volume III: Vertebrates. Part 3: Mammalia . 2nd Edition. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1989, ISBN 3-334-00223-3 .
- Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Muroid Rodents . In: Sydney Anderson, J. Knox Jones jr. (Ed.): Order and Families of Recent Mammals of the World . John Wiley & Sons, New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / Singapore 1984, ISBN 0-471-08493-X , p. 289-379 .
- Guy G. Musser, Michael D. Carleton: Superfamily Muroidea . In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . 3. Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 , pp. 894-1531 .
- Phil Myers, Allison Poor: Superfamily Muroidea . In: Animal Diversity Web . 2005.
- Jochen Niethammer: Mouse relatives . In: Grzimek's Encyclopedia Mammals. Volume 5 . S. 130 (undated [1988], eleven-volume licensed edition of the original edition from 1988).
- Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore / London 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
- Svetlana Anatoljewna Romanenko u. a .: Karyotype Evolution and Phylogenetic Relationships of Hamsters (Cricetidae, Muroidea, Rodentia) Inferred from Chromosomal Painting and Banding Comparison . In: Chromosome Research . tape 15 , no. 3 , 2007, ISSN 0967-3849 , p. 283-297 , doi : 10.1007 / s10577-007-1124-3 .
- Dietrich Starck: Textbook of Special Zoology. Volume II: Vertebrates. Part 5: Mammals . Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena / Stuttgart / New York 1995, ISBN 3-334-60453-5 .
- Scott J. Steppan, Ronald M. Adkins, Joel Anderson: Phylogeny and Divergence-date Estimates of Rapid Radiation in Muroid Rodents Based on Multiple Nuclear Genes . In: Systematic Biology . tape 53 , no. 4 , 2004, ISSN 1063-5157 , p. 533-553 , doi : 10.1080 / 10635150490468701 .
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ Klingener, 1984 (pp. 384-385).
- ↑ a b c d e Müller, 1989 (p. 689).
- ↑ a b Nowak, 1999 (p. 1346).
- ↑ a b c Maier, 2004 (p. 540).
- ↑ a b c Myers and Poor, 2005 .
- ↑ a b Starck, 1995 (pp. 637-638).
- ↑ a b c Musser and Carleton, 1984 (p. 290).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Musser and Carleton, 1984 (p. 292).
- ^ Niethammer, 1988 (p. 130).
- ^ Ade, 1998 (pp. 103-104).
- ↑ a b c d Musser and Carleton, 1984 (p. 294).
- ^ Romanenko et al., 2007 (p. 290).
- ↑ Musser and Carleton, 2005 ( Muroidea , p. 894).
- ↑ a b Jansa and coworkers, 2009 (fig. 1, 2 & 3).
- ↑ Steppan and co-workers, 2004 (Fig. 1 & 2).
- ↑ a b Musser and Carleton, 2005 ( Muroidea ).
- ↑ a b McKenna and Bell, 1997 (pp. 135-174).
- ↑ Dieterlen, 2005 (p. 147).