asparagus
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Asparagus officinalis (vegetable asparagus ), illustration |
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Asparagus | ||||||||||||
L. |
Asparagus ( Asparagus ) is a genus of plants in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae). Asparagus is widespread in Eurasia and Africa. There are some species and cultivars that are used as ornamental plants . The economically most important species of this genus is the vegetable asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis ).
description
Asparagus species grow as perennial herbaceous plants or subshrubs . They usually form short rhizomes as persistence organs. The upright or often climbing stems are branched; In the axils of the stems and branches, leaf-like, green shoot axes, so-called phyllocladia, are formed. These are rarely single, but mostly in clusters and are flat and triangular to almost round. The leaves, which are pressed against the stalk, are not green, mostly relatively small, scale-shaped and fleshy to membranous; their base is transformed into hard thorns.
The flowers are seldom individually, usually in groups of several in the leaf axils or sometimes in racemose or gold-like inflorescences . An articulated flower stalk stands over each membranous wrapper . The relatively small, threefold flowers are mostly hermaphroditic, rarely unisexual. If the flowers are unisexual, then the species are dioecious separately sexed ( diocesan ). The six identical, bell-shaped to almost spherical bracts are free or sometimes fused at their base. There are two circles with three stamens each. The stamens are usually more or less long fused with the bloom cladding sheets. Three carpels are fused together to form an upper, three- chamber ovary. Each ovary chamber contains some ovules . The spherical berries contain some or often only one seed. The berries of some species are poisonous.
Commercial asparagus contains 93 to 94 percent water, 1.95 percent nitrogen substances, 0.14 percent fat, 0.37 percent sugar and 2.03 percent other digestible carbohydrates.
distribution
The genus Asparagus has a wide distribution area in Eurasia and Africa . Asparagus plants thrive in temperate to tropical areas. The center of biodiversity is on the southern tip of Africa in the flora of the Capensis . There are around 31 species in China, 15 of which are found only there, around 15 species are found in Europe.
ecology
Several species are classified as invasive neophytes in Australia . Also known are: Asparagus aethiopicus , Asparagus africanus , Asparagus asparagoides , Asparagus declinatus , Asparagus plumosus , Asparagus scandens .
Diseases and pests
Numerous diseases and pests are known that can occur in asparagus plants.
- As diseases in cultivation of asparagus, for example, gray mold and Botrytis ( Botrytis cinerea ), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (, crown and root rot Fusarium spp.), Asparagi Phomopsis , Pythium ( Pythium spp.), Phytophthora mega spermae , asparagus rust ( Puccinia asparagi ), Stängelbasisfäule ( Fusarium culmorum ), Stemphylium foliage disease ( Stemphylium botryosum ), purple root killer ( Helicobasidium purpureum also Rhizoctonia violacea ), and white stalk ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ).
- A number of species that can attack asparagus plants are known to be pests. Examples: scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae), beans fly ( Delia platura ), wireworm ( Agriotes . Spp ( larvae )), gall midge ( Prodiplosis longifila ), Lygus pratensis ( Lygus pratensis ), Getüpfelter centipede ( Blaniulus guttulatus ), slugs ( Deroceras r. Arion h.), asparagus OHRER ( Parahypopta caestrum ), asparagus fly ( Platyparea poeciloptera ), asparagus chicken ( Crioceris asparagi ), Spargellaus ( Brachycorynella asparagi ), Spargelminierfliege ( Ophiomyia simplex ), thrips ( Thrips tabaci ), crioceris duodecimpunctata ( Crioceris duodecimpunctata ).
A special group are known as the asparagus beetles ( Crioceris ). It comprises nine species , seven of which can be found in Europe. The pests that are significant from this group are shown in the list above.
- Common asparagus chicken ( Crioceris asparagi )
- Crioceris bicruciata
- Crioceris macilenta way
- Crioceris nigropunctata
- Crioceris paracenthesis
- Great-spotted asparagus beetle ( Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata )
- Twelve-point asparagus beetle ( Crioceris duodecimpunctata )
- Five-spotted asparagus beetle ( Crioceris quinquepunctata )
- Crioceris nigropicta (rare species on Gran Canaria, not known to eat away at)
Systematics
The genus Asparagus belongs to the subfamily Asparagoideae within the family Asparagaceae .
The genus Asparagus was established by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum in 1753 . The vegetable asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis ) was introduced in 1978 as a lectotype by Marais & Coode in Liliacees, in Fl. Mascareignes , 183, p. 8. Synonyms for Asparagus L. are: Asparagopsis (Kunth) Kunth , Elachanthera F. Muell. Whether the species of the genera Myrsiphyllum Willd. and Protasparagus Oberm. are incorporated into the genus Asparagus is discussed, this also leads to the large fluctuation in the number of species in the literature.
Including the genera Myrsiphyllum Willd. and Protasparagus Oberm. the genus Asparagus L. includes about 220 species:
- Asparagus acicularis F.T.Wang & SCChen
- Asparagus acocksii Jessop
- Pointed-leaved asparagus ( Asparagus acutifolius L. )
- Asparagus adscendens Roxb.
- Asparagus aethiopicus L.
-
Asparagus africanus Lam. : With the varieties:
- Asparagus africanus var. Africanus
- Asparagus africanus var. Puberulus (Baker) Sebsebe
- Asparagus aggregatus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus albus L.
- Asparagus alopecurus (Oberm.) Malcomber & Sebsebe
- Asparagus altiscandens Engl. & Gilg
- Asparagus altissimus Munby
- Asparagus angulofractus Ilyin
- Asparagus angusticladus (Jessop) J.-P. Lebrun & Stork
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Asparagus aphyllus L .: With the subspecies:
- Asparagus aphyllus subsp. aphyllus
- Asparagus aphyllus subsp. orientalis (Baker) PHDavis
- Asparagus arborescens Willd. ex Schult. & School f.
- Asparagus aridicola Sebsebe
- Asparagus asiaticus L.
- Asparagus ( Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce )
- Asparagus aspergillus Jessop
- Asparagus baumii Engl. & Gilg.
- Asparagus bayeri (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus benguellensis Baker
- Asparagus bequaertii De Wild.
- Asparagus biflorus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus botschantzevii Vlassova
- Asparagus botswanicus Sebsebe
- Asparagus brachiatus Thulin
- Asparagus brachyphyllus Turcz.
- Asparagus breslerianus Schult. & School f.
- Asparagus buchananii Baker
- Asparagus bucharicus Ilyin
- Asparagus burchellii Baker
- Asparagus burjaticus Peschkova
- Asparagus calcicola H.Perrier
-
Asparagus capensis L .: With the varieties:
- Asparagus capensis var. Capensis
- Asparagus capensis var. Litoralis Suess. & Karling
-
Asparagus capitatus Baker : With the subspecies:
- Asparagus capitatus subsp. capitatus
- Asparagus capitatus subsp. gracilis Browicz
- Asparagus chimanimanensis Sebsebe
- Asparagus clareae (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Chinese asparagus ( Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. )
- Asparagus coddii (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus concinnus (Baker) gravel
- Asparagus confertus K. Krause
- Asparagus coodei P.H. Davis
- Asparagus crassicladus Jessop
- Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.
- Asparagus dauricus fish. ex link
- Krauser Spüargel ( Asparagus declinatus L. )
- Asparagus deflexus Baker
- Ornamental asparagus ( Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop )
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Asparagus denudatus (Kunth) Baker : With the subspecies:
- Asparagus denudatus subsp. denudatus
- Asparagus denudatus subsp. nudicaulis (Baker) Sebsebe
- Asparagus devenishii (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus divaricatus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus drepanophyllus Welw. ex Baker
- Asparagus duchesnei L. Linden
- Asparagus dumosus Baker
- Asparagus edulis (Oberm.) J.-P. Lebrun & Stork
- Asparagus elephantinus S.M.Burrows
- Asparagus equisetoides Welw. ex Baker
- Asparagus exsertus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus exuvialis Burch.
- Sickle thorn asparagus ( Asparagus falcatus L. )
- Asparagus fallax Svent.
- Asparagus fasciculatus Thunb.
- Asparagus faulkneri Sebsebe
- Asparagus ferganensis Vved.
- Fern asparagus ( Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don )
- Asparagus filicladus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus filifolius Bertol.
- Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth) Baker
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Asparagus flavicaulis (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey. : With the subspecies:
- Asparagus flavicaulis subsp. flavicaulis
- Asparagus flavicaulis subsp. setulosus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus fouriei (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus fractiflexus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus fysonii J.F. Macbr .
- Asparagus gharoensis leaf.
- Asparagus glaucus gravel
- Asparagus gobicus N.A. Ivanova ex Grubov
- Asparagus gonoclados Baker
- Asparagus graniticus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus greveanus H.Perrier
- Asparagus griffithii Baker
- Asparagus gypsaceus Vved.
- Asparagus hajrae Kamble
- Asparagus hirsutus S.M.Burrows
- Asparagus homblei De Wild.
- Asparagus horridus L.
- Asparagus humilis Engl.
- Asparagus inderiensis flower ex Ledeb.
- Asparagus intricatus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus juniperoides Engl.
- Asparagus kaessneri De Wild.
- Asparagus kansuensis F.T.Wang & Tang ex SCChen
- Asparagus karthikeyanii (Camble) MRAlmeida
- Asparagus katangensis De Wild. & T.Durand
- Asparagus khorasanensis Hamdi & Assadi
- Asparagus kiusianus Makino
- Asparagus kraussianus (Kunth) JFMacbr.
- Asparagus krebsianus (Kunth) Jessop
- Asparagus laevissimus Steud. ex Baker
- Asparagus laricinus Burch.
- Asparagus lecardii De Wild.
- Asparagus ledebourii Miscz.
- Asparagus leptocladodius Chiov.
- Asparagus lignosus Burm.f.
- Asparagus longicladus N.E.Br.
- Asparagus longiflorus Franch.
- Asparagus longipes Baker
- Asparagus lycaonicus P.H. Davis
- Asparagus lycicus P.H.Davis
- Asparagus lycopodineus (Baker) FTWang & Tang
- Asparagus lynetteae (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus macowanii Baker
- Asparagus macrorrhizus Pedrol, JJRegalado & López Encina
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Asparagus madecassus H.Perrier : With the varieties:
- Asparagus madecassus var. Madecassus
- Asparagus madecassus var. Montanus H.Perrier
- Asparagus mahafalensis H.Perrier
- Asparagus mairei H.Lév.
- Asparagus mariae (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus maritimus (L.) Mill.
- Asparagus meioclados H.Lév.
- Asparagus merkeri K. Krause
- Asparagus microraphis (Kunth) Baker
- Asparagus migeodii Sebsebe
- Asparagus minutiflorus (Kunth) Baker
- Asparagus mollis (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus monophyllus Baker
- Asparagus mozambicus Kunth
- Asparagus mucronatus Jessop
- Asparagus multituberosus R.A. Dyer
- Asparagus munitus F.T.Wang & SCChen
- Asparagus myriacanthus F.T.Wang & SCChen
- Asparagus natalensis (Baker) J-P Lebrun & Stork
- Asparagus neglectus Kar. & Kir.
- Asparagus nelsii Schinz
-
Asparagus nesiotes Svent. : With the subspecies:
- Asparagus nesiotes subsp. nesiotes
- Asparagus nesiotes subsp. purpureiensis Marrero Rodr. & A.Ramos
- Asparagus nodulosus (Oberm.) J.-P. Lebrun & Stork
- Vegetable asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L. )
- Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim.
- Asparagus oliveri (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus ovatus T.M. Alter
- Asparagus oxyacanthus Baker
- Asparagus pachyrrhizus N.A. Ivanova ex NVVlassova
- Asparagus palaestinus Baker
- Asparagus pallasii Miscz.
- Asparagus pastorianus Webb & Berthel.
- Asparagus pearsonii gravel
- Asparagus pendulus (Oberm.) J.-P. Lebrun & Stork
- Asparagus penicillatus H. Hara
- Asparagus persicus Baker
- Asparagus petersianus Kunth
- Asparagus plocamoides Webb ex Svent.
- Asparagus poissonii H.Perrier
- Asparagus prostratus Dumort.
- Asparagus przewalskyi N.A. Ivanova ex Grubov & TVEgorova
- Rough asparagus ( Asparagus pseudoscaber Grecescu )
- Asparagus psilurus Welw. ex Baker
- Asparagus punjabensis J.L. Stewart
- Asparagus pygmaeus Makino
- Asparagus racemosus Willd.
- Asparagus radiatus Sebsebe
- Asparagus ramosissimus Baker
- Asparagus recurvispinus (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus retrofractus L.
- Asparagus richardsiae Sebsebe
- Asparagus rigidus Jessop
- Asparagus ritschardii De Wild.
- Asparagus rogersii R.E.Fr.
- Asparagus rubicundus P.J. Bergius
- Asparagus rubricaulis (Kunth) Baker
- Asparagus sapinii De Wild.
- Asparagus sarmentosus L.
- Asparagus saundersiae Baker
- Asparagus scaberulus A.Rich.
- Climbing Asparagus ( Asparagus scandens Thunb. )
- Asparagus schoberioides Kunth
- Asparagus schroederi Engl.
- Asparagus schumanianus Schltr. ex H.Perrier
- Asparagus scoparius Lowe
- Asparagus sekukuniensis (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Spring asparagus ( Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop )
- Asparagus sichuanicus S.C. Chen & DQLiu
- Asparagus simulans Baker
- Asparagus spinescens Steud. ex Schult. & School f.
- Asparagus squarrosus J.A. Schmidt
- Asparagus stachyphyllus H.Lév. & Vaniot
- Asparagus stellatus Baker
- Asparagus stipulaceus Lam.
- Asparagus striatus (Lf) Thunb.
- Asparagus suaveolens Burch.
- Asparagus subfalcatus De Wild.
- Asparagus subscandens F.T.Wang & SCChen
- Asparagus subulatus Thunb.
- Asparagus sylvicola S.M. Burrows
- Asparagus taliensis F.T.Wang & Tang ex SCChen
- Asparagus tamariscinus N.A. Ivanova ex Grubov
- Tender-leaved asparagus ( Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. )
- Asparagus tibeticus F.T.Wang & SCChen
- Asparagus touranensis Hamdi & Assadi
- Asparagus transvaalensis (Oberm.) Fellingham & NLMey.
- Asparagus trichoclados (FTWang & Tang) FTWang & SCChen
- Asparagus trichophyllus Bunge
- Asparagus turkestanicus Popov
- Asparagus uhligii K. Krause
-
Asparagus umbellatus Link : With the subspecies:
- Asparagus umbellatus subsp. umbellatus
- Asparagus umbellatus subsp. lowei (Kunth) Valdés
- Asparagus umbellatus var. Flavescens Svent.
- Asparagus umbellulatus Bresler
- Asparagus undulatus (Lf) Thunb.
- Asparagus usambarensis Sebsebe
- Asparagus vaginellatus Bojer ex Baker
- Whorled asparagus ( Asparagus verticillatus L. )
- Asparagus virgatus Baker
- Asparagus volubilis (Lf) Thunb.
- Asparagus vvedenskyi botsch.
- Asparagus warneckei (Engl.) Hutch.
- Asparagus yanbianensis S.C.Chen
- Asparagus yanyuanensis S.C.Chen
Usage and properties
The freshly sprouting stems of the vegetable asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L. ) are valued vegetables . Some species and cultivars are used as ornamental plants in gardens, on balconies and in rooms .
supporting documents
literature
- Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
- AC Fellingham, NL Meyer: New combinations and a complete list of Asparagus species in southern Africa (Asparagaceae). In: Bothalia. Volume 25, 1995, pp. 205-209. ( PDF )
- Gerald B. Straley, Frederick H. Utech: Asparagus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 213 (English). , online (section description and distribution).
- Benito Valdés : Asparagus L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, ISBN 0-521-20108-X , pp. 71–73 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- Chen Xinqi (陈心启), Kamilla G. Tamanian: Asparagus . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 , pp. 208 (English). , online (section description and distribution).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 , p. 118 .
- ↑ Australia , Department of the Environment and Energy: Weeds of National Significance ( Memento of July 25, 2019 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b Limgroup: Diseases and pests in asparagus cultivation ( Memento from July 26, 2019 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Crioceris at BioLib
- ↑ Crioceris at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved November 26, 2013
- ↑ Crioceris at coleonet.de ( accessed on July 26, 2019)
- ^ Asparagus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 313 digitized
- ^ Asparagus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Species list at Kew Checklists (last accessed on September 14, 2016)
Further literature
- Tatsuya Fukuda, Hiroki Ashizawa, Ryoko Suzuki, Toshinori Ochiai, Toru Nakamura, Akira Kanno, Toshiaki Kameya, Jun Yokoyama: Molecular phylogeny of the genus Asparagus (Asparagaceae) inferred from plastid petB intron and petD – rpoA intergenic sequences . In: Plant Species Biology . Volume 20, Number 2, 2005, pp. 121-132 ( doi: 10.1111 / j.1442-1984.2005.00131.x ).
- Tatsuya Fukuda, In-ja Song, Takuro Ito, Hiroshi Hayakawa, Yukio Minamiya, Ryo Arakawa, Akira Ryo, Jun Yokoyama: Comparing with Phylogenetic Trees Inferred from cpDNA, ITS Sequences and RAPD Analysis in the Genus Asparagus (Asparagaceae) . In: Environment Control in Biology , Volume 50, Number 1, 2012, pp. 13-18 ( doi: 10.2525 / ecb.50.13 ).
Web links
- Asparagus in the Red List of South African Plants
- Damage images to asparagus at hortipendium.de