Razdrto (pass)

Razdrto (Preval, saddle of Präwald)
View from the west, the Razdrto to the right of the Nanos massif
Compass direction	west	east
Pass height	599  m. i. J.
Valley / region	Vipavatal / Goriška , Slovenia	Postojnska kotlina / Notranjsko-kraška , Slovenia
Watershed	Močilnik → Vipava / Vipacco → Isonzo → Adriatic / Mediterranean ( Isonzo )	Nanoščica → Pivka (→) Unec (→) Ljubljanica → Sava → Danube → Black Sea ( Save )
Valley locations	Vipava	Postojna
expansion	H4 , R444
Built	Altstrasse
Mountains	Nanos / Vrhe ( Alps / Dinarides )
particularities	Valley pass
Map (Slovenia)
Coordinates	45 ° 45 '23 "  N , 14 ° 3' 2"  E Coordinates: 45 ° 45 '23 "  N , 14 ° 3' 2"  E

The Razdrto ( Slovenian Preval na Razdrtem or just Preval , German  old saddle from Präwald ) is about 600  m. i. J. high pass crossing at Razdrto in Slovenia . It lies between Vipava in the west and Postojna in the east and connects the Vipavatal (Vipavska dolina) in the Goriška with the Postojna basin ( Postojnska kotlina , Pivka basin) in Notranjsko-kraška . The pass separates the Nanos north from the hills of the Vrhe west and forms the traditional border between the Alps and the Dinarides .

Location and landscape

The saddle landscape, behind the Pleša ( 1262  m ) of the Nanos

The pass is located about 50 kilometers southwest of Ljubljana , 30 kilometers northeast of Trieste , and 40 kilometers southeast of Gorica (Gorizia, Gorizia).

The valley of the Vipava (Vipacco), a tributary of the Isonzo (Slovene Soča), stretches north of the Kras (Karst, Carso) eastwards, and then south-eastwards south of the Nanos massif. From there, the Pivka basin continues, which suddenly plunges into the caves of Postojnska jama (Adelsberg Grotto) under the Hrušica (Birnbaumer forest) - Javorniki train . The valley pass of the same name is located between Vipava (Wippach) and Postojna (Adelsberg) not far west of the town of Razdrto .

The saddle also forms the valley watershed : the Močilnik goes west to the Vipava and is quickly deepened ( Bežajev below  369  m. I. Year , Vipava  101  m. I. Y. ). The Nanoščica goes east to the Pivka, with a much less gradient (Razdrto  572  m. I. Year , mouth at Postojna at  515  m. I. Y. ). The Isonzo goes to the Adriatic Sea , the Pivka belongs to the catchment area of ​​the Ljubljanica (Laibach) and the Sava (Save) . The pass thus forms the Mediterranean – Black Sea watershed . It also represents the border between the Primorje , the Mediterranean coastal country of Slovenia, and the Dinaric Karst in the interior (Dinarski kras celinske Slovenije) as large landscapes.

Immediately to the south, at Goli vrh , is the pass (around  630  m. I. J. ), which leads into the valley near Senožeče , and then to Divača and on to Koper or Trieste .

Since the border between the Alps and the Dinaric Mountains is traditionally seen to the east at the gate of Postojna (Adelsberger gate, Postojnska vrata) , the pass of Razdrto also forms the border of the southeastern Alps. Today, however, it is also customary to count the mountains to the north as karst (in the broader sense) and to add the border of the Alps to the north. The orographically most concise delimitation of the Alps is here. In addition, there used to be borders much further south, for example at Delnice on the heights of Rijeka, after which the pass was entirely alpine.

History and traffic

Today's place names refer to the location of the pass: Razdrto is too old Slavic razdrъtъ , “scattered”, but German  Präwald comes from Slovenian preval “pass”. This is the field name of the highest point on the saddle.

Prehistoric settlement is attested by the ramparts on Goli vrh as well as by the Dolge ravni and Dolgi grič sites on the Nanos slope.

The Roman road ensures that the pass is an old road. Here the road ran from Aquileia via Nauportus (Vrhnika) to Emona (Ljubljana), which went further north as the Roman Amber Road and was also the main route to the inner Balkans . The Strait of Tergeste (Trieste) joined it from the south . The Greek geographer Strabo calls the mountain range of the Nanos and the surrounding regions the Okra Mountains ( Latin Ocra ). According to him, the Illyrian - Celtic tribe of the Iapods settled here .

Claustra Alpium Iuliarum , the Ocra (unlabeled) on the regional border west of the Postojna gate .

The pass of Razdrto and the trading post that existed there at that time also bore the name Ocra . Strabon reports that cargo from Aquileia was transported on trucks over the pass to Nauportus . From there they were transported by ship across the Ljubljana and Sava rivers to the east. The trading post was established in 1996 in rescue excavations due to the motorway construction befundet . Walls and numerous ceramic remains, in particular amphorae, were discovered from pre-Augustan times, but mainly from Augustan times and the first half of the 1st century AD. A settlement investigated at the same time ( Mandrga site ) a few hundred meters east in the direction of today's location Razdrto seems older and was perhaps the predecessor of this station. It should have been a matter of individual buildings, a further settlement in the area is unknown. In the 1st century AD, the shorter route via Gemina over the Hrušica pass (in the Birnbaumer forest ) was laid out. However, traffic over the Razdrto Pass and the Postojna Gate did not come to a complete standstill, as is evident from recent individual finds.

From the 3rd century AD, the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum was built around it , a fortification that ran from the foothills of the main Julian massif not far from the Vogel to Rijeka , with three lines in the final stage, via Nauportus, from Idrija to Cernica, and the Birnbaumer forest and the gate of Postojna. The garrisons of that time may not have been located here, but closer to the wall, as no fort was found here.

The passport never lost its importance. After Awarenfeldzug of Charlemagne in the year 796 the border was between the brands Krain and Istria . Both areas belonged to the Duchy of Carinthia until 1040 and then became independent. Later the Vipava area came to the county of Gorizia , where the border to Carniola was temporarily located here, and in 1500 to the Habsburg Empire (the Habsburgs had been in the Duino rule since 1266 ). The later Kronland Krain emerged from this, with the main traffic axis running here into the Austrian coastal regions (littoral).

The Razdrto pass was not expanded militarily until the 19th century. Napoleon had conquered Italy in 1805 in the Third Napoleonic War and created the Kingdom of Italy . In 1808 the Austrian Genie Corps fortified the southern borders of Carinthia ( Predilpass , Malborgeth ) and also the Carniola ( Tarvisio , Präwald). Here was a fort with an increase made wooden log cabin ( Reduit ), a Vorwerk and branching therefrom communications down with a moat to the pass. When Archduke Johann attacked Viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais in the Fourth Napoleonic War in 1809, 2500 men were standing here. However, there was only fighting in the Canal Valley; the Austrian occupation gave up when the funds ran out. This gave the passport to the short-lived Illyrian provinces of France, until the pre-war status was restored at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 .

The pass is of central importance for traffic in Slovenia and the Trieste hinterland to this day. The Avtocesta (motorway) A1 Spielfeld - Ljubljana - Koper runs here , but turns south over the neighboring Goli vrh . The Postojna – Razdrto section was built in 1972–74, the Razdrto– Čebulovica section in 1989, and opened in 1995 together with the Čebulovica– Divača section . The Hitra cesta (expressway) H4 , which was opened in 2009, branches off from here to Vipava - Ajdovščina - Šempeter pri Gorici , the toll station of this road is right at the Razdrto pass. The old regional road R444 between Razdrto and Gorica, which runs parallel to the expressway, only plays a subordinate role.

The Ljubljana – Sežana  (50) railway does not cross the pass here, but bypasses the Javorniki from Postojna to the south.

literature

• Jana Horvat, Alma Bavdek: Okra. Vrata med Sredozemljem in Srednjo Evropo (Ocra. The gateway between the Mediterranean and Central Europe) . = Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae , Ljubljana 2009 ( online , website Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, iza.zrc-sazu.si, Slovenian).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Alma Bavdek: Locations from the late Republican and early Roman times in Razdrto at the foot of the Nanos. In: Arheološki vestnik , Volume 47 (1996), pp. 297-306; Location Preval especially p. 300 ff. ( Article pdf , dlib.si; Weblink , ibid.)
2. ↑ razdrъtъ. dirutus. Entry in Franz Miklosich: The Slavic place names from appellatives. Part II. Kaiserl. Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Philosophical-Historical Class: Memoranda , Volume 23, Verlag aus der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof- und Staats-Druckerei, 1874, No. 530, p. 225 (full article 141–272; Google eBook, full view ).
3. ↑ Bavdek: 1996, p. 298, col. 1 (pdf p. 2); the official Slovenian map shows Ograda there .
4. ^ J. Horvat: Notranjska na začetku rimske dobe: Parti pri Stari Sušici, Ambroževo gradišče in Baba pri Slavini. In: Arh. vest. 46, 1995, p. 177 ff; Information according to Bavdek: 1996, p. 297, footnote 1 (pdf p. 1).
5. ^ Finds also in the Natural History Museum Vienna, collected by KL Moser, Triest; According to Franz Ritter von Hauer: Notes. Annual report for 1887. In: Annalen des kk Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Volume III, 1888, New Acquisitions Prehistoric Collection. No. 35, p. 57 ( online at ZOBODAT ).
6. ↑ Bavdek: 1996, p. 297, column 2 (pdf p. 1).
7. ^ Strabo: Geographica 4, 6, 1.
8. ^ Strabo: Geographica 4, 6, 10.
9. ↑ Reconstructkcija poti, ki jih omenja strabon (po Šašel 1977, 159), pomembnejše sočasne naselbine in območja plemen. Map of the Roman road network in lit. Horvat, Bavdek: Okra. 2009 (online iza.zrc-sazu.si).
10. ^ Strabo: Geographica 7, 5, 2.
11. ↑ ^{a b c} Bavdek: 1996, p. 304 (pdf p. 8).
12. ↑ Bavdek: 1996; see also: Okra (Uradna oznaka: Razdrto - Arheološko najdišče Šušec; Sinonimi: Ocra, Razdrto, Preval). Entry in Digitalno enciklopedijo naravne in kulturne dediščine , DEDI.si (accessed October 19, 2015).
13. ↑ Bavdek: 1996, Mandrga , p. 298 ff (pdf p. 2 ff).
14. ↑ ^{a b} Bavdek: 1996, p. 302 (pdf p. 6).
15. ^ ^{A b} Manfred Scheuch : Austria - Province, Empire, Republic. A historical atlas . Verlag Das Beste, 1994, ISBN 3-87070-588-4 , detachment from Baiern , p. 28 f.
16. ↑ Scheuch: 1994, Der Weg zur Adria , p. 42 f.
17. ↑ Martin Klöffler: field fortifications in the campaign of 1809. merits and demerits defending sitive positions. (Long version). Festungsjournal , 2009 ( article pdf , napoleon-online.de).
18. ↑ Klöffler: 2009, The scenes of the minor wars - Inner Austria p. 13.
19. ↑ Klöffler: 2009, Predilpass p. 17 - deals with the structurally identical fort there.
20. ↑ Klöffler: 2009, footnote 58, p. 18.
21. ↑ A1 Šentilj - SRmin. ( Memento of the original from November 8, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. DARS: O avtocestah> Nacionalni program izgradnje avtocest, esp. Postojna - Razdrto ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and Razdrto - Čebulovica ( Memento of the original from June 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .