Roma Policy of the European Union

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The European Union's Roma -related policy aims to increase the social inclusion and participation of certain groups of people included under the umbrella term “ Roma ”, such as the Kalderash , Lovara , Sinti and Ashkali, within the European Union and to combat their exclusion and discrimination . In some cases, statements and measures of the European Union and other European institutions also expressly refer to “ travelers ”.

Neither nationally, nor for the EU, nor worldwide, the number and proportion of the population of Roma can be reliably quantified. The existing estimates illustrate the problem. Recognized sources for the global number of Roma range from two to twelve million. They are at home in all 28 EU member states.

The EU and its Member States have a particular responsibility to improve the situation of the Roma , given the values ​​set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights . They are jointly responsible for the integration of the Roma within their respective, complementary areas of responsibility. With regard to the situation and the integration of the Roma, the European Union does not have a uniform strategy or policy; rather, various efforts to improve the situation of the Roma are carried out and coordinated by several actors.

According to the European Commission, Roma issues should be systematically taken into account in all relevant European and national policy areas. Progress in the integration of the Roma should not go hand in hand with segregation , but rather contribute to better integration of all ethnic minorities . This does not rule out funding for concepts that take into account the special situation of the Roma communities in the Member States.

Terms

In EU strategy papers and discussions, the term “Roma” is taken broadly and is “in connection with a variety of groups of people [...] who identify themselves as Roma, Gypsies , Travelers, Manouches , Ashkali, Sinti and other titles” . In the political discourse about minorities, European organizations often use the term “Roma” as an umbrella term that is broader than the ethnic group of the Roma, sometimes also in the form of “Roma and Travelers”. This also applies to the European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). In its reports, the FRA explicitly uses the word “Roma” as an umbrella term, including in a report from 2009 “Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Yeniche, travelers etc. and their subgroups” ; in March 2010 this definition was used without the addition “etc.”, and the FRA fact sheet of August 2010 states: “The term“ Roma ”is used as an umbrella term for groups of people who are more or less similar in their cultural characteristics, like the Roma, Sinti, Traveler, Ashkali and Kalé . These groups also have a common history of permanent exclusion in European societies. ” While the EU and the institutions associated with it interpret the umbrella term vaguely but broadly, individual FRA surveys are limited to a smaller group of people for reasons of cost. The Council of Europe uses the expression “Roma and / or Travelers” as an umbrella term for Roma, Sinti, Kalé, Travelers and groups belonging to them.

“Roma” is also a political term, as it has been an umbrella term in the prevailing discourse of global Roma activists since the 1960s. The uncertainty in the estimate of the number of Roma is partly due to the fact that there is no consensus as to which population groups belong to the Roma. If only those groups were included in which Romany or a variant of it is spoken, the number of people would be estimated to be only a third of the number officially reported by EU institutions. Regardless of the type of estimate, it is assumed that the various population groups grouped under the umbrella term Roma form the largest ethnic minority in Europe.

In the EU context, goals of inclusion and participation are expressed variously as “ integration ”, “ inclusion ” and “ participation ”. In connection with minorities, “integration” was predominantly used in the older German language. In more recent linguistic usage and in political discourse, a distinction is often made between “integration” and “inclusion”. "Integration" is primarily the integration of people into an already existing society, while "inclusion" is a change in existing structures and perceptions in such a way that the differences between individual people become normal. In education , for example, “inclusion” means starting from the specifics and individual needs of people and adapting the framework accordingly. In EU parlance, however, no systematic distinction is made between “integration” and “inclusion”.

basis

The foundations of Roma policy include Article 13 of the Treaty of the European Community , Directive 2000/43 / EC on racial equality and Directive 2000/78 / EC on equal treatment in employment.

With reference to planning for the period from 2007 to 2013, the European Commission emphasizes that the integration of the Roma could make a significant contribution to supporting the Lisbon goals and cohesion . In this context, she noted that in 2006 the European Council recommended increasing the labor force participation rate, particularly among young people, women, older workers, people with disabilities, legal immigrants and minorities. The Commission also announced that Roma integration would be part of the Europe 2020 program .

Activities and opinions of the EU and its member states

European Parliament resolutions related to Roma
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Year and short title
1984 School education for children whose parents do not have a permanent place of residence
1984 Situation of the gypsies in the community
1994 Gypsies in the community
2005 Situation of the Roma in the European Union
2006 Situation of Roma women in the European Union
2007 Application of Directive 2004/38 / EC on the right of Union citizens to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States
2008 European strategy for the Roma
2008 Creation of a database of Roma fingerprints in Italy
2009 The social situation of the Roma and improving their access to the EU labor market
2010 Second summit
2010 Kosovo
2010 Social integration of women who belong to ethnic minorities
2010 Situation of the Roma in Europe
Council of the European Union Resolutions related to Roma
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Year and title
1989 Resolution of the Council and the Ministers for Education, meeting within the Council, of 22 May 1989 on school care for children of Sinti and Roma and Travelers (89 / C 153/02)
1995 Government meeting within the council on the education system's response to the problem of racism and xenophobia

The European Parliament has passed numerous resolutions since 1984, which in whole or in part affect the situation of the Roma, and the Council of the European Union has drawn up several resolutions since 1989 ( see infobox ).

A 1989 resolution of the Council of the European Union indicated the intention to take action to remove the main obstacles to the access of Roma and Traveler children to schooling. Community action in the field of schooling for the Roma was also considered in coordination with those of other non-sedentary populations, in particular with those for the children of inland boatmen, circus members and showmen.

The issue of discrimination against Roma in Europe in connection with the EU's eastward expansion took on particular urgency during the accession negotiations with the new member states on the basis of the Copenhagen criteria . The EU made concrete expectations with regard to the protection of minorities, especially the Roma, and the fight against discrimination. As signed and ratified all new Member States except Latvia , the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities , although this had not yet been signed or ratified by all the old Member States; They were also obliged to transpose Directive 2000/43 / EC into national law, although there are still large variations in this regard in the old Member States. Internally, among existing EU member states, there is less pressure to reduce discrimination, especially since the EU's competences in the area of minority protection are limited. Representatives of the rights of minorities criticize the fact that the EU applies two standards when it comes to protecting minorities .

Recommendations of the EU Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights

In 2004 the EU Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights , which was created by the European Commission at the request of the European Parliament, recommended that a directive be issued specifically for the integration of the Roma. She described this as the most important contribution to the protection of minorities that the European Community could make within the scope of its existing possibilities. This is also important for the reason that Directive 2000/43 / EC does not effectively prevent discrimination, for example in the issuing of documents by the administration. The EU network also pointed out that Roma are not recognized as a target group in some policy areas. In many Member States, for example, the Roma are not considered as a target group for either lifelong learning strategies or national employment plans. It also recommended that the European Commission set up a permanent coordination committee for Roma issues, appoint liaison officers in the European Commission, assign central responsibility for Roma to at least one member of the Commission and set up a pan-European steering group for Roma issues, which relevant organs of the EU, the OSCE, governments of the member states, representatives of Roma initiatives such as the Roma Decade or the European Roma Forum as well as representatives of relevant non-governmental organizations should include.

Roma Decade

In 2005, twelve of the EU countries signed the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005–2015 (“Roma Decade”), which emerged from an initiative of the Soros Foundation . These states committed themselves to step up their efforts to eradicate discrimination against the Roma. The Roma Decade is funded by the World Bank and the EU. In connection with the Roma Decade, the Roma Education Fund (REF) was founded in 2005 , with the aim of closing the gap between the educational success of Roma and non-Roma. The REF supports programs for high quality education for Roma, in particular for reducing the segregation of existing school systems. Funding for the REF comes from the World Bank , the Open Society Institute and other sponsors.

On April 28, 2005, the European Parliament passed a resolution on the situation of the Roma. In it she pointed out that “the Holocaust against the Roma must be fully recognized according to the gravity of the Nazi crimes aimed at physically exterminating the Roma in Europe” and “that a large number of Roma are victims of the war and ethnic cleansing in various parts of the former Yugoslavia and continue to be victims of persecution ”. She also condemned discrimination against the Roma and called on the Council, the Commission, the Member States and the candidate countries to consider recognizing the Roma as a European minority. The Commission should deal with Roma concerns on a pan-European basis.

On June 1, 2006, a resolution on the situation of Roma women in the European Union followed. Parliament pointed out that Roma women are among the "most vulnerable groups and individuals in the Member States and the acceding and candidate countries" and that they face "extreme discrimination". The resolution highlighted multiple discrimination and human rights violations against these women and recommended a range of countermeasures.

Foundation of the EURoma network

In June 2007, representatives of 12 EU member states agreed to create a European, transnational network to enable better use of structural funds for the Roma. The EURoma network, which was then founded and a management committee of which a representative of the European Commission is a member, comprises three working groups on the topics of social inclusion, employment and education .

Demand from the European Parliament for a European framework strategy

On January 31, 2008, the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the Commission to develop a European framework strategy for the inclusion of the Roma. Further demands related, among other things, to the rectification of certain grievances; it called on the Commission to “ combat the exploitation, forced begging and absenteeism of Roma children and the mistreatment of Roma women”, called on the Member States to “combat the severe past or ongoing complaints Immediately put an end to human rights violations in the health sector, including ethnic segregation in health facilities and the forced sterilization of Roma women, and appropriately counteract them ”, recalling that“ in the course of the accession negotiations and process, all accession countries have committed themselves to the integration of the Advancing Roma communities and enforcing their rights to education, employment, health care and housing ”.

Italy's 2008 Biometric Database and Policy Responses

The Italian government under Silvio Berlusconi decided in 2008 to set up a database with fingerprints of all Roma and to record biometric data, including those of minors . The European Parliament then called on the Italian government to withdraw the measure, as discrimination on grounds of race and ethnic origin is prohibited under Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Direct discrimination against EU citizens of Roma descent against other citizens who do not have to undergo such procedures is also inadmissible.

First summit on the situation of the Roma

In the run-up to the first EU summit on the Roma in September 2008, the EU Commission presented the report “Community instruments and measures for the integration of the Roma”.

Following the first Roma Summit, in December 2008 the European Council called for the creation of an integrated European forum to promote the exchange of best practices and experience and cooperation between all stakeholders, including Roma representatives, with a view to Roma inclusion. to stimulate. As a result, the Forum for Roma Inclusion , also known as the European Platform for Roma Inclusion , was set up, which aims to coordinate national measures to combat the exclusion of Roma. It met for the first time on April 24, 2009 to review progress since the first EU summit on Roma in September 2008 in Brussels.

The European Parliament adopted a resolution on 11 March 2009 on the social situation of the Roma and improving their access to the EU labor market; Parliament noted that “the image of the Roma in the European Union's cultural sphere is marked by a strong family tradition; Points out that the Roma family is perceived by the public as a large family with traditional roles , where several generations live together, relatives live in close proximity and relationships are extensively nurtured ", and the EU programs should" draw on the strengths of this build a natural social network ”and“ take a more active role in promoting the culture of the Roma minority ”; at the same time, it agreed "with the view of the European Economic and Social Committee that Roma women have a low status in the family hierarchy, marry early, often suffer from domestic violence and are often victims of prostitution and human trafficking" and programs should "open aim at individual detachment from traditional hierarchies and at the socio-economic independence of members of Roma communities, especially women ”. It “believes that the preservation of the Roma language and culture is a community concern; cannot, however, endorse the idea of ​​the Roma as citizens of a “European nation ” without a state , because this would relieve the Member States of their responsibility and call into question the possibility of integration ”. It called for the Commission to develop a coherent policy strategy and a high degree of coordination, and "encourage Member States to adopt coherent employment policies for disadvantaged groups, including working-age Roma, as soon as possible, with accompanying measures to facilitate gradual inclusion of this group into the labor market to counteract the dependency created by the welfare system ”.

It called for a scientific network of Roma experts to be set up and criticized the fact that the Framework Convention of the Council of Europe for the Protection of National Minorities of 1995 had not been ratified by all member states without restriction. Parliament called for extensive measures coordinated with Roma representatives, which should improve the labor market integration of Roma and at the same time take the housing situation into account. For example, she called on the Commission to “call on national authorities to end the discriminatory displacement of Roma living in slums and instead develop concrete housing projects,” urged Member States to “take a more proactive approach by reducing job relocation there where the Roma communities are and also encourage Roma to move to where there are jobs ”.

The trio of EU presidencies (Spain, Belgium and Hungary) in office for the period from January 2010 to June 2011 declared the economic and social integration of the Roma to be one of its priorities in November 2009.

Second summit on the situation of the Roma

Following the second European Roma Summit, on March 25, 2010, the European Parliament published a resolution on the situation of the Roma.

In its resolution of March 2010, the European Parliament expressed its "deep concern" at the fact that its request of 31 January 2008 for the development of a European Roma strategy in cooperation with the Member States, with which efforts to improve the situation of the Roma should be better coordinated and taken forward, had so far gone unanswered, and called on the European Commission to develop a comprehensive European strategy for Roma integration as the instrument to combat social exclusion and discrimination against Roma. It expected the next communication of the Commission on the integration of the Roma , which was expected after the following European summit on the situation of the Roma, to include "clear goals and procedures for the future development of Roma policy".

The second Roma summit raised criticism of the EU's activities in relation to the Roma; According to the critics, the situation of the Roma has deteriorated and there is a lack of political will to change.

The European Commission said on April 7, 2010 in the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions The social and economic integration of Roma-related notification that measures against the exclusion of the Roma in the larger context of the European gender equality , integration and growth policy. She named as one of the future challenges the "integration of Roma integration issues into the broad policy areas of education, employment, public health, infrastructure and urban planning, and economic and territorial development instead of being dealt with separately". Using the potential of the Roma communities to support “inclusive growth” is part of the Europe 2020 strategy .

With EU regulation 437/2010 of May 19, 2010, the EU created the basis for the European Regional Development Fund to support housing construction measures for marginalized population groups, especially in the new member states of the EU . These actions are to be implemented through an integrated approach that includes actions in the fields of education, health, social affairs, employment and security, and actions to remove segregation.

Parliament resolution on the process of European integration in Kosovo

In its resolution of 8 July 2010, the European Parliament gave its opinion on the process of European integration in Kosovo. The European Parliament, according to the resolution,

27. Stresses that the fragile political situation, the occurrence of inter-ethnic incidents in some regions and poor economic conditions are still hindering the permanent return of refugees and calls for greater efforts to improve their situation;
28. Draws attention to the difficult situation and discrimination faced by minorities, especially the Roma, in access to education, housing, social services and employment; welcomes the initiative of the Commission to close the lead contaminated camps in the north of Mitrovica and to relocate the families living there and calls for their swift implementation; Shares the concern of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe that Kosovo is not yet in a position to create adequate conditions for the reintegration of forcibly returned Roma and urges the Member States to abandon this practice; takes note, in this connection, of the agreement between the German and Kosovar authorities to gradually return 14,000 refugees, including 10,000 Roma, to Kosovo and urges the Commission to step up ad hoc aid programs; calls on the countries participating in the Roma Decade to facilitate the involvement of Kosovo in the programs;
29. Stresses that education is crucial, both in terms of equipping young people with the skills they need to enter the labor market and in helping to promote reconciliation between ethnic groups; calls therefore for the gradual introduction of common classes and the teaching of minority languages, in particular Serbian for pupils of the Albanian ethnic group, as well as Albanian for all minorities; welcomes the recent establishment of the International Business School in Mitrovica, which is a major international investment in the local economy, attracting students from all communities and aiming to provide young people with prospects by encouraging entrepreneurship and bringing them European professional standards in the fields To bring the economy, environment and public administration closer;
30. Stresses that respect for cultural diversity is always at the heart of the European project [...]

European reactions to Roma deportations in France in summer 2010

In July 2010, the French government under Nicolas Sarkozy announced tightened measures to deport Roma from France in the summer of 2010 . From July onwards, numerous illegal Roma dwellings - barracks - and wagon settlements - were cleared and EU citizens living there were expelled and collectively returned to their countries of origin. These measures were immediately criticized by representatives of churches and non-governmental organizations, and later also by institutions of the European Union.

However, the first political response at European level came from the Council of Europe , not the EU institutions. On August 24, 2010, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) of the Council of Europe expressed "deeply concerned" about the treatment of Roma migrants in France in the summer of 2010. The French government had stigmatized Roma migrants through its actions . Roma would be collectively held responsible for crime and abuse of the free movement of persons in the EU. Antigypsyism is a special form of racism and should be fought effectively in all European countries. In order to counteract the marginalization of the Roma and the inevitably associated negative image of this group, programs that are sufficiently financially supported and aimed at the actual target groups are required.

In a letter to the President of the European Commission , France's Prime Minister François Fillon stated that the European Commission must ensure that the four billion euros in European aid granted to Romania every year are also used there for the integration of the Roma. When representatives of the interior ministries of seven EU countries met in Paris on September 6th to discuss integration and asylum, the EU interior commissioner took part as an observer.

In its plenary session on September 7, 2010, the European Parliament dealt with the deportation of Roma by the French government in summer 2010. At this meeting, representatives of the GUE and the ALDE in the European Parliament criticized the French measure, while a representative of the ECR spoke out against prejudging France. The Greens / EFA and the S&D , on the other hand, mainly expressed criticism of the EU Commission, which did not take a clear enough position against this French measure. On September 9, 2010, the European Parliament passed a resolution on France's deportation policy by 337 votes to 245, calling on France to immediately suspend the deportation of Roma to their home countries and criticizing the “late and limited response of the European Commission”. It called for a comprehensive common EU strategy and encouraged EU institutions to involve Roma communities from the lowest level to the level of international non-governmental organizations in the process of shaping a comprehensive EU policy for the Roma.

On September 14, 2010, EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding announced the initiation of infringement proceedings against France. A few days earlier, the French media reported an instruction from the French Ministry of the Interior dated August 5, according to which "systematically inadmissible camps should be destroyed", "first those of the Roma", which in stark contradiction to earlier statements made by France to the EU Commission was standing. France is alleged to have violated the principle of free movement of persons and procedural guarantees in the proceedings. The deportations by France, the wording of Reding's criticism and the statements of individual politicians were the subject of harsh arguments at the EU summit on September 16.

At the end of September, just a few days before the EU Commission's planned discussion of possible proceedings against France for discriminatory violation of the provisions on the free movement of persons, the French immigration minister Éric Besson presented a draft law to tighten the immigration laws applicable to EU citizens. Originally it was planned that the draft for a new immigration law should only transpose some European regulations into French law; However, numerous provisions have also been included in the draft, which are intended to lay the foundation for the tougher course of action announced by President Sarkozy in July 2010 against criminals and foreigners living illegally in the country.

On September 29, the Commission adopted a milder approach to France. For the time being, she refrained from the discrimination allegation and threatened to initiate preliminary proceedings for infringement proceedings for failure to implement the Free Movement of Persons Directive in the event that France does not submit a draft of the measures to implement the Free Movement of Persons Directive and an implementation schedule by October 15, 2010. Observers saw the failure of the Commission to immediately initiate infringement proceedings as a threat to the European Union's credibility. However, on October 14, France announced that it would adapt its legislation to comply with European law.

In early October, the French government reaffirmed its intention to take fingerprints on anyone receiving financial aid for repatriation.

Social debate about the Roma deportations

In connection with the expulsions of the Roma from France, the President of the European Roma and Travelers Forum, Rudko Kawczynski, criticized the fact that there is widespread antiziganism in Europe and that the European Commission persistently refuses to deal with it. The Commission is called upon to “draw massive attention to human rights and the responsibility of individual states towards their nationals” in order to tackle the problems of the Roma in the European Union effectively - for example the situation “that schools are not ready, these children, these To let Roma children into schools, that there are massive stereotypes of discrimination, that 75 percent of the European population simply rejects the so-called Gypsies, does not tolerate them next to them ”.

The French philosopher André Glucksmann described France's dealings with the Roma as a European matter: if the hatred of the “Gypsies” is widespread in the Eastern European countries and where it showed its worst excesses, it is also not unknown in the West: literature and the opera of the 19th century - from Victor Hugo to Verdi - is full of testimonies to the fears that settled people felt in the face of a non-territorial collectivity. […] By the European Union - finally! - introduced free travel for everyone, it has revived the age-old fears, the repressed returns. […] Postmodern Europe […] is terrified of the “Roma”, those who wander around by free will and tradition. Against the background of the abolition of borders, the Europeanization of nations and the globalization of the continent, the fear of the Roma is actually the fear of "ourselves", of being uprooted. It falls to the wealthy states to carry out an "intellectual revolution" which recognizes the legitimacy of a centuries-old trans-European nomadism. According to Glucksmann, the right to roam is indelibly inscribed in democracy. In this context, he criticized the EU's lack of steps: the Brussels bureaucrats, these aediles of modern Europe, have not taken a single step to ensure that the Roma’s right to freedom of movement is preserved.

In a press release in September 2010, UN Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay emphasized the strong aversion to the Roma that she said prevail in Europe, despite the efforts of some EU states and international and regional organizations. She warned: “These tensions can escalate because many Roma have left their homes to find work elsewhere because of the economic crisis. As a result, violence and discrimination have increased. ”She criticized the treatment of Roma in several European countries, including Germany .

Funding from the EU

Ten common principles for Roma inclusion
1. Constructive, pragmatic and non-discriminatory measures
2. Targeted strategies without an exclusive character
3. Intercultural approach
4th Mainstream orientation
5. Awareness of gender equality
6th Adoption of proven concepts
7th Use of community instruments
8th. Involvement of regional and local authorities
9. Involvement of civil society
10. Active participation of the Roma

The EU supports numerous local initiatives and supraregional projects that aim to strengthen the Roma’s opportunities to participate. Funding is provided, among other things, by the European Social Fund . Estimates by the EU Commission (as of 2010) have spent around 300 million euros from the EU structural funds directly on projects for the benefit of the Roma since 2000, and another billion euros have been used more generally for disadvantaged groups.

As an example of successful measures ( best practices ), the European Commission cited a project to integrate the Roma in Avilés . Roma are included in individual EU funding programs . For example, Sinti, Roma and travelers (including showmen, circus performers and inland waterwaymen) were given priority as a target group within the Comenius program .

At the first EU Summit on Roma in September 2008, ten common principles for Roma inclusion were presented; these were confirmed and published in June 2009 as part of the conclusions of the European Union Labor and Social Affairs Ministers' meeting ( see box ). Although these principles are not legally binding, it is agreed that future initiatives should be based on them.

In a flyer of the European Union, the following principles are highlighted as innovative: Roma should not be singled out as a separate group, but rather the standard of living of all who live under similar conditions should be improved (principle 2). The intercultural approach (Principle 3) underlines the mutual learning process and the fight against prejudices and clichés . The full participation of Roma in all aspects of society should be encouraged, not the creation of separate settlements or labor markets for Roma (Principle 4).

On September 7, 2010, the EU Justice Commissioner stated that existing funds from the EU Social Fund had not been called and, in particular, had not been used to integrate the Roma. She announced that in light of the massive expulsions of Roma from France, a special committee would now examine why the funds were not called.

Council of Europe activities

The Council of Europe, to which other states belong in addition to the EU member states, has been intensively concerned with the protection of minorities in Europe since the 1990s . After the end of the Cold War , various minority organizations had put pressure on the Council of Europe to protect minorities more extensively through an additional protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). This project was not politically implemented. Instead, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ​​was adopted in 1992 and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 1995 .

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe recommended the appointment of a European Ombudsman for Roma / Sinti in Recommendation No. 1203 of 1993. The recommendation also highlighted the importance of education for Roma women.

In 1994 a coordinator was appointed for all Roma-related activities of the Council of Europe. Since the situation of the Roma affects many different aspects, in particular education, health, housing, social affairs, discrimination, and since several international organizations deal with the situation of the Roma, the OSCE , the European Commission, UNHCR , UNHCHR , UNDP , UNMIK , As well as those responsible for the Roma Decade , the coordinator has an important role to play. In September 1995 it was decided that the Committee of Ministers should set up a committee of experts on Roma and Travelers to regularly review the situation of Roma and Travelers in Europe.

The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities , adopted on February 1, 1995, does not contain a definition of national minorities. In individual European states it is expressly applied to the Roma, for example to Sinti and Roma of German nationality in Germany and to Roma in Macedonia and Slovenia .

On March 6, 1998, the Council of Europe's European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) issued a recommendation on combating racism and intolerance against Roma / Sinti. In it, she recommended that the member states sign and ratify the relevant international legal instruments, in particular the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , to ensure that it is used for the various Roma / Sinti communities official name "is the name by which the respective community would like to be identified." She recommended that action against racism and intolerance be given high priority to the effective implementation of the provisions contained in ECRI's General Policy Recommendation No. 1. She called for the fight against discrimination, suggested measures to safeguard the rights of Roma / Sinti and recommended ensuring that issues of “traveling” within a country, including urban planning, are “solved in a way that does not affect the way of life of the people concerned is affected ". Other recommendations included tackling double discrimination against Roma / Sinti women, abolishing school segregation and encouraging Roma / Sinti organizations to play an active role in society.

The “Education of Roma children in Europe” project serves to implement Recommendation No. R (2000) 4 of the Committee of Ministers on the education of Roma children in Europe. The recommendations of the Council of Europe also include a recommendation from 2004 on freedom of movement and two from 2005 and 2009 on the housing situation.

The Council of Europe supported the creation of the European Forum for Roma and Travelers (EFRT). Together with the European Commission, the Council of Europe is running the Dosta campaign to overcome stereotypes and prejudices.

The Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights , Thomas Hammarberg, dealt with Roma camps in Kosovo and repeatedly criticized the deportation of Roma to Kosovo . In a statement published on February 22, 2010, he denounced the discrimination against the Roma by European migration policy . In particular, he referred to the living conditions of hundreds of Roma refugees in the lead-contaminated camps “Cesmin Lug” and “Osterode” in North Mitrovica in Kosovo. At the same time, he stated that European governments apparently did not generally recognize that Roma could be in need of protection. This is also shown by the fact that Roma from Hungary or the Czech Republic have been recognized as refugees in Canada , while this is fundamentally not possible within the EU. European governments tied the granting of visa facilitations and other privileges to the fact that repatriation agreements are reached on the basis of which deportations can take place. This pushed the refugees' individual fates into the background. At the same time, he pointed to the "ongoing antiziganism in large parts of Europe". Roma are the most discriminated group in Europe. Roma EU citizens are often denied the right to free movement , Roma refugees from third countries have a far lower chance of recognition than comparable non-Roma. He described the current practice of pushing Roma back and forth between states as inhuman. Many Roma children affected were born and raised in the countries from which they are now being deported. He stressed that European countries should better use the considerable sums of money that are currently being spent on the return of Roma to integrate the Roma into their own societies.

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution on the situation of Roma in Europe and relevant activities of the Council of Europe on 22 June of 2010. It says:

2. The Parliamentary Assembly is shocked by the recent riots against Roma in several member states of the Council of Europe, which reflect a growing trend in Europe towards anti-Gypsyism of the worst kind.
3. Taking advantage of the financial crisis, extremist groups are profiting from the fears of equating Roma with criminals by scapegoating an easy-to-hit target as Roma are among the most vulnerable.
4. This situation is reminiscent of the darkest hours in European history. [...]

In the resolution, the Parliamentary Assembly further stated that the initiatives taken by the member states of the Council of Europe to improve the situation of the Roma were not sufficient because there was no overall coordination and they were not coordinated with one another. According to the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), data surveys broken down by ethnic group and gender are a useful instrument that enables the success of measures to be evaluated. The assembly called on the Roma community to seize every opportunity for political participation. At the same time, she criticized the trend among member states to shift the situation of the Roma into the responsibility of international organizations and reminded them that education, employment, social integration, health and housing are almost entirely a national responsibility. She detailed what steps she expected Member States to take to effectively counter discrimination against Roma; At the same time, she called on domestic violence against women and children, in particular, as well as forced and child marriages to be countered, and called on the Roma communities to combat discrimination and violence against women and children in their own communities.

In September 2010, the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, Thorbjørn Jagland , presented the Committee of Ministers with an initiative to improve the situation of the Roma, in which the Council of Europe, the European Union and national governments are planned to participate. First of all, it should be clarified which standards of the Council of Europe and the EU are applicable in the case of Roma migration. In a resolution adopted on October 7, the Council of Europe condemned mass expulsions and hate speech against Roma. He called for the collective deportation of Roma to Kosovo to be stopped. Before they can be returned, the security and decent living conditions of the Roma must be ensured.

International organizations extending beyond Europe

OSCE

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and its predecessor, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), deserve special mention as a further actor in the field of Roma policy . The OSCE comprises all European states, the successor states of the Soviet Union as well as the USA and Canada. It was one of the first international organizations to point out the problematic situation of the Roma in terms of ethnically motivated violence and discrimination after the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc.

Within the OSCE, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ( ODIHR ) deals with the Roma.

The High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM), the main body of the OSCE for the protection of minorities, is generally not concerned with minorities without a mother state, including the Roma, due to mandate restrictions. In 1993 the High Commissioner was given the task of examining the social, economic and humanitarian problems affecting the Roma population in some Member States and reporting on the relevance these problems have to his mandate. In his report, presented in the same year, he confirmed his commitment to his mandate, but at the same time made recommendations for the further commitment of the CSCE, in particular for strengthening the work of the ODIHR in this area. The High Commissioner will take action on issues affecting the Roma, provided they fall within the scope of his mandate.

The contact point for Roma and Sinti was set up within the Warsaw ODIHR in 1994 . The priorities it deals with are political participation, discrimination and racist violence, education and the housing situation. On December 3, 1998, the Ministerial Council of the OSCE adopted a resolution on strengthening the OSCE's capabilities with regard to Roma and Sinti issues. In 2003 the OSCE published a comprehensive “Action Plan to Improve the Situation of Roma and Sinti in the OSCE Area”.

United Nations

Within the United Nations , the UNHCR deals with the situation of Roma as refugees or displaced persons, including the need for protection of displaced minorities in Kosovo and has, for example, set up refugee camps in Trepča ; however, these were later criticized many times for their high levels of lead contamination .

The organization UNICEF reports on the situation of Roma children. She mainly deals with her situation in Southeastern Europe and denounces that Roma children have to grow up there without their rights as children being protected. She criticized the deportation of Roma refugee children, who were already largely integrated linguistically, socially and at school in Germany, to Kosovo.

International political participation of Roma

Official flag of the Roma

In 1965 the Comité International Tsigane was set up in Paris, bringing together independent organizations and associations of the Roma. The CIT organized the first World Roma Congress , held in London in 1971. About fifty representatives from fourteen countries attended the congress, including non-Roma. Slobodan Berberski was appointed President of the Roma and five commissions - for society, education, defense, language and culture - were set up. The congress spoke out in favor of the designation “Roma”, members of the UN were asked for a symbolic recognition of the Roma as a stand-alone national group, the project of a Roma flag was approved, the official Roma anthem was the first at the congress Sung once and the slogan “Opre Roma!” - “Stand up, Roma!” Was accepted. Further world congresses of the Roma took place in 1978 in Geneva, 1981 in Göttingen, 1990 in Serock and 2000 in Prague. Official delegates for the UN, the Human Rights Commission and UNESCO were elected in Geneva and the International Romani Union (IRU) was founded, which advocates the recognition of the Roma as an independent nation. A Roma parliament consisting of representatives from 32 countries was created in Prague and the International Romani Union Charter (IRU Charter) was adopted. In the early 1990s, the Roma National Congress was created in competition with the IRU , with the demand for a special status as a trans-European minority with freedom of travel and residence.

The European Roma Rights Center (ERRC), which was founded in 1996 and is active within the framework of the United Nations, deserves a special mention .

With the two Hungarians Lívia Járóka and Viktória Mohácsi , two members of the Roma became members of the European Parliament for the first time in 2004. Járóka was a member of the Fidesz delegation in the conservative EPP group and was re-elected in 2009. In the 2014 European elections, the Swedish Romni Soraya Post and the Romanian Damian Drăghici entered the European Parliament.

Jurisprudence by the European Court of Human Rights

The European Court of Human Rights passed several judgments in connection with the situation of the Roma on the basis of the European Convention on Human Rights . Based on Article 2 - Right to life as a basis for decision-making, these include :

  • Nachova et al. av Bulgaria, July 6, 2005 - Military police shot dead two Roma and failed to conduct an effective investigation,

and based on Article 14 - Prohibition of Discrimination :

  • Šečić v. Croatia, May 31, 2007 - Failure to conduct an effective investigation into a racist attack on a Rome,
  • DH u. av Czech Republic, November 13, 2007 - Placement of Roma children in special schools.

Several collective actions have also been brought by the European Roma Rights Center (ERRC).

Studies and research reports

In 2006 the European Commission carried out an opinion poll that included questions about Europeans' attitudes towards ethnic groups. In 2008, a survey with interviews on the attitude of Europeans towards the Roma was added.

In 2008, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), which emerged from the European Monitoring Center for Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), initiated the first and so far most comprehensive survey EU-MIDIS on experiences of discrimination and violence by individual immigrant and minority groups in the EU. The EU-MIDIS survey was based on individual interviews with 23,500 people from selected immigrant and minority groups from all 27 EU member states and, as a comparison basis, with 5,000 other people. According to the results of this survey, the Roma are the group with the second highest rate of experience of violence and the highest rate of experience of discrimination. The vast majority of Roma could not identify an organization that could provide support or advice in the event of discrimination.

In addition, the FRA initiated studies on the housing situation of Roma and travelers in individual EU countries and summarized the results as a comparison.

In November 2008 the European Commission published a study on women belonging to an ethnic minority in Europe. This study analyzed the special situation of Roma women, which is characterized by multiple discrimination.

The Commission commissioned another study on measures to increase the impact of strategies, programs and projects on social inclusion and equal treatment of Roma in the European Union.

The ethnologist Ute Koch received the Augsburg Science Prize for Intercultural Studies in 2005 for her dissertation The Production and Reproduction of Social Boundaries: Roma in a West German City . She examined the way in which social and cultural boundaries between Roma and non-Roma are established and reproduced. According to her presentation, the establishment of a social and cultural boundary between the internal and external world is a central component of the social structure of the Roma community studied. In the aid program for the Roma group under investigation, this limit is maintained through the interaction of all those involved: the Roma families, the responsible local administration, social work, political supporters and research on Sinti and Roma. The member states of the European Union would therefore, even if they aimed at helping Roma communities as a collective, have no other options for action than individualizing patterns of help.

Situation of the Roma in EU countries and neighboring countries

Roma are among the groups in Europe most affected by poverty , unemployment and illiteracy . In addition, there is comparatively poor access to health care and social exclusion . Roma are often victims of discrimination and racial violence.

The European Commission judges the situation of the Roma in Europe: “However, their situation is characterized by persistent discrimination and social exclusion. Roma are exposed to poverty, unemployment, stereotypes and prejudice. ”The school situation of Roma children is seen as more problematic than that of other immigrant students in Europe. There are no clear explanations for this school situation, especially since Roma children often have no or only few language barriers. In the context of a cultural-ecological approach, it is emphasized in this context that "involuntary minorities", in response to the treatment by the dominant population group, sometimes develop behaviors that are contrary to the cultural identity of the culture of the dominant group, and those of members of the minority as The basis of one's own identity and solidarity are perceived in the group . The resulting recourse to such behavior is considered, for example, in Spain as a possible explanation and cause of school difficulties for Roma children and young people.

In some Eastern European countries, such as Slovakia and the Czech Republic , Roma children are referred to schools for mentally handicapped children; The European Court of Human Rights condemned the Czech Republic in 2007 for this practice ( see also section “Jurisprudence” ). In Slovakia, a large part of the Roma population lives in extreme poverty and Roma are among those at the highest risk of long-term social exclusion. In Hungary, where the Roma population is estimated at around 600,000 people, unemployment among Roma is much higher than in the rest of the population, their housing conditions are comparatively unfavorable and, like the school situation, partly characterized by segregation. In the Czech Republic, the number of Roma is estimated at 160,000 to 200,000 and, unlike in other countries, the Roma population mostly lives in cities. Coexistence with the majority population is fraught with conflict, and school segregation in particular has been the subject of international criticism.

The number of Roma EU citizens also increased due to the EU enlargements of 2004 and 2007 . Due to their geographical and linguistic proximity, the destination countries for migration are mainly Spain and Italy . In view of the lack of prospects and social exclusion in several new Eastern European states, the number of Roma who have migrated to other EU states as part of the free movement of people in the EU has since increased . As an EU citizen, you generally have a valid residence status there , but in several EU states access to the labor market for citizens of the new accession states is additionally restricted from 2004 and 2007.

Since the 1990s there have been waves of deportations of Roma to other countries. In Germany, for example, after the return agreement was reached with Kosovo in April 2010, 12,000 Roma, including 5,000 children, are threatened with deportation. Critics point to the average length of stay of families in Germany of 14 years and emphasize that the integration perspective and the roots of the children in Germany hardly played a role in the decision on deportation. According to a Unicef ​​study, these children in Kosovo have little prospect of schooling, medical care and social integration. The Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Thomas Hammarberg , had repeatedly pointed out the catastrophic situation of the Roma in Kosovo and called on the German government not to undertake any further deportations, as the personal safety and lives of those deported were at risk. UN Human Rights Commissioner Navi Pillay said that the ongoing repatriation of Roma from Germany to Kosovo violated fundamental children's rights, in particular their right to education. The Kosovar Interior Minister Bajram Rexhepi then made it clear that between January and July 2010 622 people had been repatriated to Kosovo, 361 of them voluntarily, and 70% ethnic Albanians. He appealed to the German Ministry of the Interior that Germany should “take into account the most sensitive category of returnees: pupils in elementary and secondary schools”, who should stay in Germany at least until they are of legal age.

In an article in Business Week from 2008, in which it was Roma Decade continuing difficult situation of the Roma in Europe as a tacit apartheid ( tacit apartheid ) and at the same time as a missed opportunity ( missed opportunity ), respectively.

The integration of the Roma, and in particular an improvement in the situation and educational prospects of Roma children, is considered to be one of the main challenges facing Europe today.

Movie

  • Marion Lièvre, Olivia Barlier, Samuel Lajus: Roma: Second-class citizens in Europe? Germany, France; 2017, 91 min. (At arte, media library)

literature

  • Jean-Pierre Liégeois: Roma in Europe. 2008, ISBN 978-92-871-6051-5 (in Engl.)
  • Education of Roma children in Europe. Texts and activities of the Council of Europe concerning education. 2006, ISBN 92-871-5978-5 . (in Engl.)
  • Olaf Beuchling: Between Payos and Gitanos. A study of ethnic educational inequality in Spain. Waxmann, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8309-2354-1 .
  • Jessica Heun: Protection of Roma minorities in the European Union. With special consideration of the definition of the Roma as a national minority as well as the possibility of positive action within the framework of Art. 19 TFEU . Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8305-1956-0 .
  • Gerd Niewerth ( WAZ ): Tactical own goal. The Roma deportation in France sparked protests. In: Documents-Documents. H. 4, Bonn 2010, ISSN  0012-5172 , pp. 78-90. I.a. via Viviane Reding versus Sarkozy

Web links

European institutions closely linked to the EU and dealing with Roma
Other European institutions dealing with Roma

Individual evidence

Footnotes on the use of the term “Roma” as an umbrella term
  1. ↑ “For this website and in accordance with the practice in EU strategy papers and discussions, the term“ Roma ”is used in connection with a variety of groups of people who identify themselves as Roma, Gypsies, Travelers, Manouches, Ashkali, Sinti and other titles. The use of the term Roma is therefore in no way intended to deny the great diversity of the various Roma groups and their communities or to promote clichés. ” The EU and the Roma. In: Migration and Population. Newsletter issue 8. European Commission, October 2008, accessed on August 25, 2010 .
  2. ↑ “The term Roma in an endonym and refers to persons describing themselves as Roma, Gypsies, Manouches, Kalderash, Machavaya, Lovari, Churari, Romanichal, Gitanoes, Kalo, Sinti, Rudari, Boyash, Travelers, Ungaritza, Luri, Bashalde, Romungro , Yenish, Xoraxai, and other groups perceived as Gypsies. The term Traveler refers specifically to Irish Travelers who are not Roma and are native to Ireland. In France the term “Travelers” -gens du voyage- is also used. The terms 'Roma and Travelers' is used in this report as shorthand only and is not intended to minimize the diversity within these communities or to promote negative stereotypes. " Roma and Travelers in Public Education. An overview of the situation in the EU Member States , European Monitoring Center for Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), May 2006, p. 16. ( Memento of January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).
  3. ↑ “The terms“ Roma ”and“ Traveler ”are used as generic terms and encompass the entire range of different groups, such as Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Yeniche, travelers, etc., including their subgroups, regardless of the form in which they are Represent groups themselves ". Housing conditions of Roma and travelers in the European Union. Comparative report , the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights ( Fundamental Rights Agency FRA), October 2009, ISBN 978-92-9192-535-3 , p.13 .
  4. ↑ "'Roma' and 'Travelers' are used as umbrella terms, inclusive of the variety of groups such as Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Jenische, and Travelers and their subdivisions without prejudice to the manner in which any of these groups present themselves. “ The State of Roma and Traveler Housing in the European Union - Steps towards Equality. Summary report , the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights ( Fundamental Rights Agency FRA), in March 2010, footnote 2, p 4 .
  5. ↑ "The term" Roma "is used as an umbrella term including groups of people who share more or less similar cultural characteristics, such as the Roma, Sinti, Travelers, Ashkali, and Kalé. These groups also share a history of persistent marginalization in European societies. " The Fundamental Rights Position of Roma and Travelers in the European Union , Agency of the European Union for Fundamental Rights ( Fundamental Rights Agency FRA), August 31, 2010 ( HTM ( Memento vom 6 September 2010 in the Internet Archive ) and PDF, p. 1. )
  6. ↑ "Since surveying all minority groups across the EU would be too costly, only the largest ethnic minority or immigrant groups in each country were surveyed, as well as groups that are classified as at risk for discriminatory treatment and criminal victimization. “ First report in the“ Data in focus ”series. Die Roma , EU-MIDIS 01, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), 2009, p. 13.
  7. ↑ "The term 'Roma and / or Travelers' used in the present text refers to Roma, Sinti, Kale, Travelers, and related groups in Europe, and aims to cover the wide diversity of groups concerned, including groups which identify themselves as Gypsies ". Definition based on the glossary of Roma-related terminology used in the Council of Europe. Recommendation CM / Rec (2008) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on policies for Roma and / or Travelers in Europe. Council of Europe, February 20, 2008, accessed September 12, 2010 .
European Commission
  1. ↑ a b c The EU and the Roma. In: Migration and Population. Newsletter issue 8. European Commission, October 2008, accessed on August 25, 2010 .
  2. ↑ a b c COM / 2010/0133 final , Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions for Social and Economic Integration of the Roma in Europe, 7 April 2010.
  3. ↑ Roma in the European Social Fund 2007–2013. (PDF; 116 kB) European Commission, accessed on August 29, 2010 . , P. 1.
  4. ↑ "The most important contribution which the European Community could make to the protection of minorities, within the framework of its existing powers, would be the adoption of a Directive specifically aimed at encouraging the integration of Roma." Https: //op.europa .eu / en / publication-detail / - / publication / b628783f-622a-4e33-9133-141329672d6e} ISBN 92-894-8186-2 , https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/ publication / b628783f-622a-4e33-9133-141329672d6e p. 44.
  5. ^ The Situation of Roma in an Enlarged European Union. (PDF) Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, archived from the original on November 2, 2014 ; Retrieved September 25, 2010 . ISBN 92-894-8186-2 , p. 44. ( Memento of November 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ^ The Situation of Roma in an Enlarged European Union. (PDF) Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, accessed on October 16, 2010 . ISBN 92-894-8186-2 , https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b628783f-622a-4e33-9133-141329672d6e p. 20.
  7. ^ The Situation of Roma in an Enlarged European Union. (PDF) Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, accessed on October 16, 2010 . ISBN 92-894-8186-2 , https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b628783f-622a-4e33-9133-141329672d6e p. 23.
  8. ^ The Situation of Roma in an Enlarged European Union. (PDF) Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, archived from the original on November 2, 2014 ; Retrieved September 25, 2010 . ISBN 92-894-8186-2 , p. 46. ( Memento of November 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ EURoma Report 2010. Roma and the Structural Funds. (PDF; 8.6 MB) EURoma, accessed on August 29, 2010 (English). 26. .
  10. ↑ EURoma Report 2010. Roma and the Structural Funds. (PDF; 8.6 MB) EURoma, accessed on August 29, 2010 (English). P. 32 ff.
  11. ↑ Integration helps Roma become full members of European society. (PDF) European Commission, June 25, 2007, accessed on September 8, 2010 .
  12. ↑ Promotion of the full integration of the Roma into European society. In: Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities: Contributions. European Commission, October 5, 2009, accessed September 8, 2010 .
  13. ↑ Link “EU measures for the Roma” under The EU and the Roma. In: Migration and Population. Newsletter issue 8. European Commission, October 2008, accessed on August 25, 2010 .
  14. ↑ Research and Studies. European Commission, accessed September 11, 2010 .
  15. ↑ a b Marcella Corsi, Chiara Crepaldi, Manuela Samek Lodovici, Paolo Boccagni, Cristina Vasilescu: Ethnic Minority and Roma Women in Europe: A Case for Gender Equality? (Report in English with a German summary), European Commission, November 2008
European Parliament
  1. ↑ Resolution of the European Parliament of March 16, 1984 on the education of children whose parents do not have a permanent place of residence , OJ. C 104 of April 16, 1984, p. 144.
  2. ↑ Resolution of the European Parliament of May 24, 1984 on the situation of the Gypsies in the Community, OJ. No. C 172 of July 2, 1984, p. 153.
  3. ↑ Resolution A3-0124 / 94 of the European Parliament of April 21, 1994 on Gypsies in the Community, OJ. C 128 of 9 May 1994, p. 372. For the English text, see Marielle Danbakli: Roma, gypsies: texts issued by international institutions , Collections Interface, University of Herfordshire Press, Jean-Pierre Liégeois, Astrid Thorn Hillig (eds.), 2001 , ISBN 1-902806-15-8 , p. 35.
  4. ↑ a b c European Parliament (ed.): Situation of the Roma in the European Union: Resolution of the European Parliament on the situation of the Roma in the European Union
  5. ↑ a b Situation of Roma women in the European Union: European Parliament resolution on the situation of Roma in the European Union (2005/2164 (INI)). European Parliament, June 1, 2006, accessed September 19, 2010 .
  6. ↑ Application of Directive 2004/38 / EC on the right of Union citizens to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States: Resolution of the European Parliament of November 15, 2007 on the application of Directive 2004/38 / EC on the rights of Union citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. European Parliament, April 28, 2005, accessed September 19, 2010 .
  7. ↑ a b European strategy for the Roma: Resolution of the European Parliament of January 31, 2008 on a European strategy for the Roma. European Parliament, January 31, 2008, accessed September 9, 2010 .
  8. ↑ a b Creation of a database of Roma fingerprints in Italy: resolution of 10 July 2008 on the census of Roma in Italy on the basis of their ethnicity. European Parliament, accessed on 19 September 2010 .
  9. ↑ a b The social situation of the Roma and improving their access to the EU labor market: resolution of the European Parliament of 11 March 2009 on the social situation of the Roma and improving their access to the EU labor market (2008/2137 (INI)) (PDF), accessed on September 12, 2010
  10. ↑ a b c Second European Roma Summit: Resolution of the European Parliament of 25 March 2010 on the second European Summit on the situation of the Roma. Retrieved August 25, 2010 .
  11. ↑ a b Resolution of the European Parliament of July 8, 2010 on the process of European integration in Kosovo. European Parliament, accessed September 12, 2010 .
  12. ↑ Social integration of women who belong to ethnic minorities: Resolution of the European Parliament of 7 September 2010 on the social integration of women who belong to ethnic minorities (2010/2041 (INI)). European Parliament, accessed on 19 September 2010 .
  13. ↑ a b Situation of the Roma in Europe: Resolution of the European Parliament of 9 September 2010 on the situation of the Roma and freedom of movement in the European Union (preliminary edition). European Parliament, accessed October 16, 2010 .
  14. ↑ Regulation (EU) No. 437/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 amending Regulation (EC) No. 1080/2006 on the European Regional Development Fund with regard to housing construction projects for marginalized population groups
  15. ↑ Joint motion for a resolution on the situation of the Roma and freedom of movement in the European Union (7 September 2010). European Parliament, accessed 9 September 2010 .
  16. ^ Plenary session in Strasbourg from 6-9 September September: France and other Member States must immediately suspend the expulsion of Roma. Retrieved September 10, 2010 .
European Council
  1. ↑ Council document 16771/09 (PDF file; 442 kB), also quoted from: COM / 2010/0133 final , Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Social and Regions economic integration of the Roma in Europe, 7 April 2010.
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
  1. ^ European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey EU-MIDIS, cited by Housing conditions of Roma and Travelers in the EU. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), archived from the original on August 5, 2010 ; accessed on September 1, 2010 .
  2. ↑ EU-MIDIS 2009: European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), accessed September 1, 2010 .
  3. ↑ EU-MIDIS 2009. Victims of crime. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), accessed September 1, 2010 .
  4. ↑ EU-MIDIS 2009. Victims of discrimination. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), accessed September 1, 2010 .
  5. ↑ EU-MIDIS 2009. Data in Focus Report 1: The Roma. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), accessed September 1, 2010 .
  6. ↑ Country reports - Housing Conditions of Roma and Travelers. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), accessed September 1, 2010 .
  7. ^ Housing conditions of Roma and Travelers in the EU. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), archived from the original on August 5, 2010 ; accessed on September 1, 2010 .
Council of Europe
  1. ↑ Declaration of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance on the situation of Roma migrants in France. Council of Europe, accessed August 26, 2010 .
  2. ↑ Report of the Coordinator for the period March 2003 - December 2005. (PDF; 82 kB) Retrieved on September 11, 2010 .
  3. ^ Committee of Experts on Roma and Travelers (MG-S-ROM). Retrieved September 11, 2011 .
  4. ↑ Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities , Official Translation of Germany
  5. ↑ General Policy Recommendation No. 3 from ECRI: Combating Racism and Intolerance against Roma / Sinti , CRI (98) 29, March 6, 1998. In: Compilation of general policy recommendations from ECRI. CRI (2007) 38 (German version), European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, June 2007, p. 21 ff.
  6. ↑ Translated by: Resolution 1740 (2010): The situation of the Roma in Europe and related activities of the Council of Europe ( Memento of August 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Council of Europe (English)
  7. ↑ Resolution 1740 (2010): The situation of the Roma in Europe and related activities of the Council of Europe ( Memento of August 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Council of Europe
  8. ↑ 50 Years of Activity: The European Court of Human Rights. Some facts and figures. (PDF; 575 kB) Council of Europe, archived from the original on May 16, 2011 ; Retrieved September 12, 2010 .
  9. ↑ List of complaints and state of procedure. Council of Europe, accessed 9 October 2010 .
Book publications
  1. ^ Ian Hancock: The Pariah Syndrome: An Account of Romani Slavery and Persecution. Karoma Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1987, ISBN 0-89720-079-9 , also online ( Memento of September 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) -published ( full text ( Memento of October 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive )) in Patrin Web Journal
  2. ^ Ilona Klímová-Alexander: The Romani voice in world politics: The United Nations and non-state actors. Non-state actors in International Law, Politics and Governance Series, Ashgate, 2005, ISBN 0-7546-4173-2 , (English), p. 13 f.
  3. ↑ Olaf Beuchling: Between Payos and Gitanos. A study of ethnic educational inequality in Spain. Waxmann Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8309-2354-1 , p. 36.
  4. ↑ Peter Vermeersch, Melanie H. Ram: The Roma. In: Bernd Rechel (Ed.): Minority rights in Central and Eastern Europe , BASEES / Routledge serties on Russian and East European Studies, 2009, (first published 2008), ISBN 978-0-203-88365-5 , pp. 61– 74, p. 63 f.
  5. ↑ a b Reetta Toivanen, Michi Knecht: European Roma - Roma in Europe p. 147.
  6. ^ A b Education of Roma children in Europe - Texts and activities of the Council of Europe concerning education , 2006, ISBN 92-871-5978-5 , abstract
  7. ↑ Olaf Beuchling: Between Payos and Gitanos. A study of ethnic educational inequality in Spain. Waxmann Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8309-2354-1 , p. 42 f.
  8. ^ Ilona Klímová-Alexander: The Romani voice in world politics: The United Nations and non-state actors. Non-state actors in International Law, Politics and Governance Series, Ashgate, 2005, ISBN 0-7546-4173-2 , (English), p. 17.
  9. ↑ Olaf Beuchling: Between Payos and Gitanos. A study of ethnic educational inequality in Spain. Waxmann Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8309-2354-1 , p. 17.
  10. ↑ Olaf Beuchling: Between Payos and Gitanos. A study of ethnic educational inequality in Spain. Waxmann Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8309-2354-1 , p. 24 ff.
  11. ↑ Olaf Beuchling: Between Payos and Gitanos. A study of ethnic educational inequality in Spain. Waxmann Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8309-2354-1 , p. 35.
  12. ^ Jean-Pierre Liégeois: Roma in Europe. 2008, ISBN 978-92-871-6051-5 .
Further individual evidence
  1. ↑ See e.g. E.g. Encyclopaedia Britannica, article “Rom” and (very different from this, but also in the network edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica :) Erika Schlager: The Roma — Europe's Largest Minority
  2. ↑ Nomadic and Sesshaft ( Memento from May 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Rombase, University of Graz.
  3. ↑ On the differences between “integration” and “inclusion” see, for example, the Lexicon Facts worth knowing about adult education 1999, quoted from Wolf Bloemers, Vanda Hajkova: Direction Inklusion in Europa , Frank & Timme GmbH, 2006, ISBN 3-86596-029-4 , p 125. (there with reference to disabilities and accessibility).
  4. ↑ Brigitte Schumann: Inclusion instead of integration - an obligation to change the system. German school conditions put to the test of international law. (PDF; 360 kB) In: Special Edition Pedagogy , Issue 2/2009. Archived from the original on December 14, 2010 ; Retrieved August 30, 2010 (pp. 51–53).
  5. ^ Simon Ellis: Integration in relation to inclusion. Teacher Training Resource Bank, archived from the original on October 7, 2010 ; accessed on August 30, 2010 . .
  6. ↑ In EU documents that are available in multiple languages, wherever integration and inclusion are spoken of in English , the term “integration” is used in German and at the same time the term inclusion is translated partly as “integration” and partly as “inclusion”; see, for example, Articles 18 and 21 to 23 of the resolution of the European Parliament of March 25, 2010 in the German and English versions.
  7. ↑ Funds for Roma integration remain unused. Deutsche Welle, October 12, 2010, accessed on October 12, 2010 .
  8. ↑ a b Resolution of the Council and the Ministers for Education, meeting within the Council, of 22 May 1989 on school care for children of Sinti and Roma and Travelers (89 / C 153/02) , OJ. C 153 of 21 June 1989, p. 3.
  9. ↑ Valeriu Nicolae, Hannah Slavik (eds.): Roma Diplomacy , IDEBATE PRESS, DiploFoundation, 2007, ISBN 978-1-932716-33-7 . Introduction , p. 1. (Eng.)
  10. ↑ "The Commission will [...] coordinate these actions with Community action in the field of schooling for other non-sedentary populations, such as gypsies and travelers." Resolution of the Council and the Ministers for Education meeting within the Council of May 22, 1989 on school care for the children of inland waterway operators, circus members and showmen , OJ. C 153 of 21 June 1989, p. 1.
  11. ↑ a b c Between antiziganism and new beginnings - Roma in the EU using the example of Hungary. Call for tenders n-ost research trip to Hungary October 21 to 24, 2010. Network for Eastern Europe Reporting (n-ost), 2010, accessed on December 18, 2015 ( yield ).
  12. ↑ REF in one page. Roma Education Fund, accessed August 30, 2010 .
  13. ↑ https://www.romaeducationfund.org/project-implementation/
  14. ^ A b Foundation of a European forum for more efficient action against the exclusion of the Roma. In: IP / 09/635. europa.eu, April 24, 2009, accessed on August 26, 2010 .
  15. ↑ European Roma summit highlights "year of failure" ( Memento from February 18, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  16. ↑ European Commission urges social integration of the Roma, IP / 10/407. April 7, 2010, accessed September 19, 2010 .
  17. ↑ EU should stop Roma emigration from Romania. Welt Online, August 25, 2010, accessed September 12, 2010 .
  18. ↑ Stefanie Bolzen: Sarkozy wants to take even tougher action against delinquent migrants. Hamburger Abendblatt, September 7, 2010, accessed on September 7, 2010 .
  19. ↑ Roma deportations are only permitted to a very limited extent. DiePresse.com, September 6, 2010, accessed on September 7, 2010 .
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