World Chess Championship 1993

This article is about the classic world chess championship hosted by the PCA. For the title fight organized by the World Chess Federation FIDE see FIDE World Championship 1993 .

Opponent of the 1993 World Chess Championship

Portraits
	Garry Kasparov	Nigel Short
nation
status	Defending champion world champion since 1985	challenger
Age	30 years	28 years
Elo rating	2805	2655

Savoy Theater (1881)

The 1993 World Chess Championship was a duel organized by the PCA Chess Association to determine the world chess champion . It took place from September 7, 1993 to October 21, 1993 in London between Garry Kasparow and Nigel Short . It was the first world championship that was organized by the PCA and thus the first since the 1937 World Chess Championship that was not organized by the World Chess Federation FIDE . FIDE hosted its own world championship .

After 20 of the 24 scheduled games, Kasparov took an unassailable lead and defended his title.

qualification

64 players took part in the 1990 13-round interzonal tournament in Manila . It was the first interzonal tournament based on the Swiss system . The players in the first eleven places qualified for the Candidates Tournament. The semi-finalists of the candidates' tournament for the 1990 World Chess Championship were automatically qualified : Artur Jussupow , Anatoli Karpow , Jonathan Speelman and Jan Timman . As a challenger at the 1990 World Chess Championship, Karpov received a bye in the round of 16 and only had to intervene in the quarter-finals.

In the eighth and quarter-finals, the duels were scheduled for eight games, in the semifinals for ten games and in the final for 14 games. In the event of a tie, rapid games were played as a playoff. In the event of an early decision, missing games were no longer played.

Nigel Short won the Candidates Tournament and became a challenger to Kasparov. Before the start of the competition, he made a condescending comment about his opponent: My opponent is short and the match will be short.

Round of 16

Quarter finals

Semifinals

final

Vasyl Ivanchuk

4½

Leonid Judassin

½

Vasyl Ivanchuk

4th

Artur Yusupov

4th

Sergei Dolmatov

4th

Artur Yusupov

4th

Artur Yusupov

4th

Jan Timman

6th

Jan Timman

4½

Robert Huebner

2½

Jan Timman

4½

Viktor Korchnoi

2½

Viktor Korchnoi

4th

Gyula Sax

4th

Jan Timman

5½

Nigel Short

7½

Alexej Drejew

1½

Viswanathan Anand

4½

Viswanathan Anand

3½

Anatoly Karpov

4½

Anatoly Karpov

Anatoly Karpov

4th

Nigel Short

6th

Jonathan Speelman

4th

Nigel Short

4th

Nigel Short

5

Boris Gelfand

3

Boris Gelfand

4th

Predrag Nikolić

4th

Course of the candidate matches

Preliminary round Dolmatow - Jussupow, January / February 1991 in Wijk aan Zee

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	11	12	Points
Sergei Dolmatov	½	½	½	½	1	½	½	0	0	1	0	½	5½
Artur Yusupov	½	½	½	½	0	½	½	1	1	0	1	½	6½

Preliminary round Ivanchuk - Judassin, January / February 1991 in Riga

	1	2	3	4th	5	Points
Vasyl Ivanchuk	1	1	1	1	½	4½
Leonid Judassin	0	0	0	0	½	½

Preliminary round Speelman - Short, January / February 1991 in London

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	Points
Jonathan Speelman	0	½	1	½	1	0	½	½	½	0	4½
Nigel Short	1	½	0	½	0	1	½	½	½	1	5½

Preliminary round Kortschnoi - Sax, January / February 1991 in Wijk aan Zee

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	Points
Viktor Korchnoi	½	½	½	½	1	0	½	½	1	½	5½
Gyula Sax	½	½	½	½	0	1	½	½	0	½	4½

Preliminary round Gelfand - Nikolić, January / February 1991 in Sarajevo

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	Points
Boris Gelfand	½	0	1	½	½	1	½	0	½	1	5½
Predrag Nikolić	½	1	0	½	½	0	½	1	½	0	4½

Preliminary round Timman - Hübner, January / February 1991 in Sarajevo

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	Points
Jan Timman	½	½	1	½	1	½	½	4½
Robert Huebner	½	½	0	½	0	½	½	2½

Preliminary round Drejew - Anand, January / February 1991 in Madras

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	Points
Alexej Drejew	0	½	1	0	0	0	1½
Viswanathan Anand	1	½	0	1	1	1	4½

Quarter-finals Anand - Karpov, August 1991 in Brussels

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	Points
Viswanathan Anand	½	½	½	0	½	1	½	0	3½
Anatoly Karpov	½	½	½	1	½	0	½	1	4½

Quarter-finals short - Gelfand, August 1991 in Brussels

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	Points
Nigel Short	0	1	1	½	1	0	½	1	5
Boris Gelfand	1	0	0	½	0	1	½	0	3

Quarter-finals Ivanchuk - Yusupov, August 1991 in Brussels

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	Points
Vasyl Ivanchuk	½	0	1	½	1	½	½	0	0	½	4½
Artur Yusupov	½	1	0	½	0	½	½	1	1	½	5½

Quarter-finals Timman - Korchnoi, August 1991 in Brussels

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	Points
Jan Timman	½	1	1	½	½	½	½	4½
Viktor Korchnoi	½	0	0	½	½	½	½	2½

Semifinals Karpov - Short, April 1992 in Linares

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	Points
Anatoly Karpov	1	½	½	0	½	0	1	0	½	0	4th
Nigel Short	0	½	½	1	½	1	0	1	½	1	6th

Semifinals Yusupov - Timman, April 1992 in Linares

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	Points
Artur Yusupov	1	½	½	0	1	0	½	0	½	0	4th
Jan Timman	0	½	½	1	0	1	½	1	½	1	6th

Candidate finals Timman - Short, January 1993 in San Lorenzo de El Escorial

	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	11	12	13	Points
Jan Timman	½	1	0	0	½	½	1	½	0	0	1	0	½	5½
Nigel Short	½	0	1	1	½	½	0	½	1	1	0	1	½	7½

Separation from FIDE

There were disagreements with the world chess federation FIDE over the prize money, in particular FIDE's claim to 20 percent of the prize fund. Kasparov and Short responded by founding the PCA and hosting their own world championship duel. FIDE then revoked Kasparov's official world championship title in March 1993 and held its own world chess championships without Kasparov. However, the majority of the chess world continued to accept Kasparov as the only real world chess champion. The English daily The Times sponsored the duel between Kasparov and Short and referred to it as The Times World Chess Championship .

mode

The duel was scheduled for 24 games. In contrast to other world championships, all games should be played even if an early decision is made. The cooling-off time was 2 hours for the first 40 moves, then 1 hour for each additional 20 moves. Suspended games were scheduled after six hours of play.

The colors for the first game were drawn in a ceremony on September 3, 1993. After that the colors changed in each game.

The Savoy Theater in London was chosen as the venue . The game was played three days a week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The Russian Yuri Averbach acted as the main referee .

The prize fund was £ 1.7 million , of which the winner of the duel received five eighths. The Times newspaper was won as a sponsor .

Alexander Beliavsky and Zurab Asmaiparaschwili acted as seconds for the world champion, Robert Huebner and Jonathan Speelman for the challenger. Short had just ended the collaboration with his previous second Lubomir Kavalek .

course

The first game was symbolically opened by chess grandmaster Raymond Keene . After 25 moves the time emergency phase was reached, in which Kasparov made a mistake on move 36. A draw offer by Kasparov was rejected by Short. Shortly thereafter, Awerbach stopped the clock: In winning position, Short had exceeded the time limit on his 39th move.

The second game ended in a draw after another time emergency. In the third game Short started an attack on the king, which Kasparov fended off and won himself. Kasparov also won the fourth game. In the fifth game, Kasparov changed the opening , but went into a prepared draw variant Shorts. The sixth game also ended in a draw after a figure sacrifice Shorts. In the seventh game, Kasparov managed another victory by attacking the king. The eighth game turned into a tactical battle. After several tactical operations and a dangerous attack Shorts Kasparov was a draw-bringing perpetual check . In the ninth game, Kasparov managed a final that he could win, but instead missed by a mistake. Short missed the draw, however, which Kasparov won. In the tenth game, Kasparov initially missed a win. Short strategically sacrificed his queen , but later forgave the win, which his strong passed pawn was able to ensure, whereby Kasparov escaped into a draw. Short's pawn structure was broken up by a pawn sacrifice in the eleventh game , but the material advantage was enough for a draw. After a runner sacrifice by Kasparov in the twelfth game, Short secured another draw through counterplay. Two more draw games followed, until Kasparov won the fifteenth game with a family chess threat . Shorts only win came in game sixteen. After a pawn win in the seventeenth game, Short's advantage was not enough to win, and after three more draws, in which Kasparov had twice the better position, Kasparov was unassailable in the lead.

The remaining four game days were filled with show games. It was a 20-minute game and a game with an opening by drawing. On the last day, Kasparov and Short played against five organizing committee members.

Observers later criticized that the duel did not reach the tension of the world championship fights between Kasparov and Karpov.

Game table

Since the world championship was decided prematurely, a duel in rapid chess with four games was played on the remaining days, which Kasparov won 4-0. In addition, a themed battle was played with three games, in which the first four moves were drawn before each game. Short won it 2-1.

Lot	date	Player (white)	Player (black)	Result	ECO	opening	Trains	Total stand (from Kasparov's point of view)
1	7th of September	Kasparov	Short	1-0	C88	Spanish	39 moves	1-0
2	the 9th of September	Short	Kasparov	½: ½	B67	Sicilian	51 moves	1½: ½
3	September 11	Kasparov	Short	1-0	C88	Spanish	59 moves	2½: ½
4th	September 14th	Short	Kasparov	0: 1	B97	Sicilian	40 moves	3½: ½
5	16th September	Kasparov	Short	½: ½	E35	Nimzo Indian	18 moves	4: 1
6th	September 18	Short	Kasparov	½: ½	B86	Sicilian	31 moves	4½: 1½
7th	21st September	Kasparov	Short	1-0	C88	Spanish	36 moves	5½: 1½
8th	September 23rd	Short	Kasparov	½: ½	B86	Sicilian	41 moves	6: 2
9	25th of September	Kasparov	Short	1-0	E35	Nimzo Indian	52 moves	7: 2
10	September 28th	Short	Kasparov	½: ½	B86	Sicilian	43 trains	7½: 2½
11	30. September	Kasparov	Short	½: ½	C45	Scottish	50 moves	8: 3
12	October 2nd	Short	Kasparov	½: ½	B88	Sicilian	40 moves	8½: 3½
13	5th October	Kasparov	Short	½: ½	D19	Slavic	34 moves	9: 4
14th	October 7th	Short	Kasparov	½: ½	B88	Sicilian	39 moves	9½: 4½
15th	9th October	Kasparov	Short	1-0	D35	Queen's Gambit	39 moves	10½: 4½
16	October 12th	Short	Kasparov	1-0	B87	Sicilian	38 moves	10½: 5½
17th	October 14th	Kasparov	Short	½: ½	C45	Scottish	41 moves	11: 6
18th	October, 16th	Short	Kasparov	½: ½	B87	Sicilian	33 moves	11½: 6½
19th	October 19th	Kasparov	Short	½: ½	C73	Spanish	26 moves	12: 7
20th	October 21	Short	Kasparov	½: ½	B87	Sicilian	36 moves	12½: 7½

Lots

1st game

Kasparov – Short, game 1

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 39th… Ke8

Kasparov – Short 1-0

London, 7th September 1993

Spanish Match ( Closed Defense ), C84

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0–0 Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 0–0 8. a4 b4 9. d3 d6 10. a5 Be6 11. Nbd2 Rb8 12. Bc4 Qc8 13.Nf1 Re8 14.Ne3 Nd4 15.Nxd4 exd4 16.Nd5 Nxd5 17.exd5 Bd7 18. Bd2 Bf6 19.Rxe8 + Bxe8 20. De2 Bb5 21. Re1 Bxc4 22. dxc4 h6 23. b3 c5 24. Bf4 Qd7 25.h3 Rd8 26.Qe4 h5 27.Re2 g6 28.Qf3 Bg7 29.Re4 Bf8 30. De2 Qc7 31.Bg5 Rc8 32.g4 hxg4 33.Bf6 gxh3 34.Qg4 Ra8 35.Qxh3 Bg7 36.Lxg7 Kxg7 37. Rh4 Rg8 38.Rh7 + Kf8 39.Qg4 Ke8 1: 0

3rd game

Kasparov – Short, game 3

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 59th gxh4

Kasparov – Short 1-0

London, 11th September 1993

Spanish Match (Closed Defense), C84

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0–0 Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 0–0 8. a4 Bb7 9. d3 Re8 10. Nbd2 Bf8 11. c3 h6 12. Ba2 d6 13.Nh4 Qd7 14.Ng6 Ne7 15.Nxf8 Kxf8 16. f3 Rad8 17.b4 Ng6 18.Nb3 Bc8 19.Bb1 Nh5 20. axb5 axb5 21. Be3 Nh4 22.Ra2 Re6 23. d4 Rg6 24. Kh1 Re8 25. dxe5 Rxe5 26.g4 Rf6 27. Bd4 Ng3 + 28. hxg3 Nxf3 29.Bxe5 Qxg4 30.Rh2 Nxe1 31. Qxe1 dxe5 32. Nd2 Rd6 33.Bc2 Be6 34. Kg1 Kg8 35. Nf1 Qg5 36. Qe3 Qd8 37. Rd2 c6 38.Rxd6 Qxd6 39. Qc5 Qxc5 + 40. bxc5 h5 41. Nd2 Kf8 42. Kf2 Ke7 43.Bb3 Bd7 44. Nf3 Kf6 45. c4 bxc4 46. Bxc4 Be6 47. Be2 Bg4 48. Bd1 g6 49. Ba4 Bd7 50. Ne1 Ke6 51.Bb3 + Ke7 52. Nd3 f6 53. Nb4 f5 54.Ba4 fxe4 55.Bxc6 Bxc6 56. Nxc6 + Ke6 57. Ke3 g5 58. Kxe4 h4 59. gxh4 1: 0

4th game

Short – Kasparov, game 4

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 40 ... Qc6 +

Short – Kasparov 0-1

London, September 14, 1993

Sicilian Defense ( Najdorf Variation ), B97

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bg5 e6 7. f4 Qb6 (Kasparov chooses the sharp Poisoned Pawn ) 8. Qd2 Qxb2 9. Sb3 Da3 10. Lxf6 gxf6 11. Be2 Nc6 12. 0–0 Bd7 13. Kh1 h5 14. Nd1 Rc8 15. Ne3 Qb4 16. c3 Qxe4 17. Bd3 Qa4 18. Nc4 Rc7 19. Nb6 Qa3 20. Ra1 Ne7 21. Nc4 Rxc4 22.Bxc4 h4 23.Bd3 f5 24. Be2 Bg7 25. c4 h3 26. g3 d5 27. Bf3 dxc4 28. Re3 c3 29. Rxc3 Bxc3 30. Qxc3 0–0 31. Rg1 Rc8 32. Qf6 Bc6 33. Bxc6 Rxc6 34. g4 Ng6 35. gxf5 exf5 36. Qxf5 Qxa2 37. Qxh3 Qc2 38. f5 Rc3 39. Qg4 Rxb3 40. fxg6 Qc6 + 0: 1

7th game

Kasparov – Short, game 7

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 36.Bxf7

Kasparov – Short 1-0

London, September 21, 1993

Spanish Match (Closed Defense), C84

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0–0 Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 0–0 8. a4 Bb7 9. d3 d6 10. Nbd2 Nd7 11. c3 Nc5 12. axb5 axb5 13.Rxa8 Bxa8 14.Bc2 Bf6 15.b4 Ne6 16.Nf1 Bb7 17.Ne3 g6 18.Bb3 Bg7 19.h4 Bc8 20.h5 Kh8 21.Nd5 g5 22.Ne3 Nf4 23.g3 Nxh5 24.Nf5 Bxf5 25. exf5 Qd7 26. Bxg5 h6 27.Nh4 Nf6 28. Bxf6 Bxf6 29. Qh5 Kh7 30. Ng2 Ne7 31. Ne3 Ng8 32. d4 exd4 33. cxd4 Bxd4 34.Ng4 Kg7 35. Nxh6 Bf6 36. Bxf7 1: 0

9th game

Kasparov – Short, game 9

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 52. Rc4

Kasparov – Short 1-0

London, 25th September 1993

Nimzowitsch-Indian Defense , E34

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Qc2 d5 5. cxd5 exd5 6. Bg5 h6 7. Bh4 c5 8. dxc5 g5 9. Bg3 Ne4 10. e3 Qa5 11. Ne2 Bf5 12. Be5 0–0 13.Nd4 Bg6 14.Nb3 Nxc3 15.Bxc3 Bxc2 16.Nxa5 Bxc3 + 17.bxc3 b6 18.Kd2 bxa5 19.Kxc2 Rc8 20.h4 Nd7 21.hxg5 Nxc5 22.gxh6 Ne4 23. c4 Nxf2 24.Rh4 f5 25. Rd4 dxc4 26. Bxc4 + Kh7 27.Rf1 Ng4 28. Kd2 Tab8 29.Rxf5 Rb2 + 30. Kd3 Rxg2 31. Be6 Rc7 32.Rxa5 Nf2 + 33. Ke2 Rh2 34. Kf3 Ng1 35. Rd7 + Rxd7 36. Bxd7 Kxa7 37. Rx 38. Ra5 + Kf6 39. Bc6 Rc2 40. Rf5 + Ke7 41. Bd5 Kd6 42. Rh5 Td2 43. Rxh1 Rxd5 44. a4 Ra5 45. Ra1 Ke5 46. e4 Ke6 47. Ke3 Kd6 48. Kd4 Kd7 49. Kc4 Kc6 50. Kb4 Re5 51. Rc1 + Kb6 52. Rc4 1: 0

15th game

Kasparov – Short, game 15

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 39th Tcc1

Kasparov – Short 1-0

London 9th October 1993

Queen's Gambit declined , D35

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bg5 Be7 6. e3 0–0 7. Bd3 Nbd7 8. Nge2 Re8 9. 0–0 Nf8 10. b4 a6 11. a3 c6 12. Qc2 g6 13. f3 Ne6 14. Bh4 Nh5 15. Bxe7 Rxe7 16. Qd2 b6 17. Rad1 Bb7 18. Bb1 Nhg7 19.e4 Rc8 20. Ba2 Rd7 21. Nf4 Nxf4 22. Qxf4 Ne6 23. De5 Re7 24. Qg3 Qc7 25. Qh4 Ng7 26.Rc1 Qd8 27.Rfd1 Rcc7 28.Na4 dxe4 29. fxe4 De8 30.Nc3 Tcd7 31. Qf2 Ne6 32.e5 c5 33. bxc5 bxc5 34. d5 Nd4 35. Ne4 Qd8 36. Nf6 + Kg7 37. Nxd7 Rxd7 38.Rxc5 Ne6 39.Rcc1 1: 0

16th game

Short – Kasparov, game 16

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 38.Nf5 +

Short – Kasparov 1-0

London, October 12, 1993

Sicilian Defense ( Sosin Variation ), B87

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bc4 e6 7. Bb3 b5 8. 0–0 Be7 9. Qf3 Qc7 10. Qg3 Nc6 11. Nxc6 Qxc6 12. Re1 Bb7 13. a3 Rd8 14. f3 0–0 15. Bh6 Ne8 16. Kh1 Kh8 17. Bg5 Bxg5 18. Qxg5 Nf6 19. Rad1 Rd7 20. Rd3 Rfd8 21. Ted1 Qc5 22. De3 Kg8 23. Kg1 Kf8 24. Qf2 Ba8 25. Ne2 g6 26. Nd4 De5 27. Re1 g5 28. c3 Kg7 29. Bc2 Rg8 30. Nb3 Kf8 31. Rd4 Ke7 32. a4 h5 33. axb5 axb5 34. Rb4 h4 35.Nd4 g4 36. Rxb5 d5 37. Qxh4 Qh5 38.Nf5 + 1: 0

Post-history

The PCA organized its own qualification cycle for the next World Chess Championship in 1995 . The Indian Viswanathan Anand was able to qualify as a challenger to Kasparov. Kasparov defended the title against Anand with 10½: 7½ points.

At the chess world championship in 2000 Kasparov lost the world title with 6½: 8½ points to Vladimir Kramnik .

Web links

• World Chess Championship 1993 at mark-weeks.com
• World Chess Championship 1993 at chessgames.com

literature

• William Hartston : Short v Kasparov, the hi-jacking of the world chess championship . Hodder & Stoughton, London 1993, ISBN 0-340-60120-5 .
• Raymond Keene : Kasparov v Short, the first challenge . 2nd edition. Batsford, London 1993, ISBN 0-7134-7468-8 .
• Daniel King , Donald Trelford: World chess championship, Kasparov v Short . Cadogan, London 1993, ISBN 1-85744-066-8 .
• Helmut Pfleger , Hartmut Metz: Chess World Cup 1993. 2nd edition. Edition Olms, Zurich 1994, ISBN 3-283-00276-2 .
• Wolfgang Uhlmann , Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship 1993: Anatoli Karpow - Jan Timman, Garri Kasparow - Nigel Short . Beyer, Hollfeld 1993, ISBN 3-89168-042-2 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The player named above had white in the first game. Then the colors alternated. The dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia fall during the qualification period. Here the affiliation to the newly created states was used.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Yusupov was able to prevail in the 60-minute games with 1½: ½. In the first quick game he managed a famous combination .
3. ↑ ^{a b} Yusupov was able to prevail in four 45-minute games with 2½: 1½.
4. ↑ ^{a b} Korchnoi was able to prevail in two 45-minute games with 1½: ½.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Short was able to prevail in two 45-minute games with 1½: ½.
6. ↑ ^{a b} Gelfand was able to prevail in two 45-minute games with 1½: ½.

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Mark Weeks: World Chess Championship: 1993 Kasparov-Short (English) .
2. ↑ ^{a b c} John Darnton: Chess Adopts Boxing's Anarchy and Attitude (English) . In: New York Times (September 6, 1993)
3. ^ Pfleger, Metz: World Chess Championship 1993. P. 15f.
4. ^ Pfleger, Metz: World Chess Championship 1993. p. 21 "At the same time, referee Juri Awerbach intervenes [...]."