World Chess Championship 1985

Opponents of the 1985 World Chess Championship

photo
	Garry Kasparov	Anatoly Karpov
nation
status	challenger	Defending champion world champion since 1975
Age	22 years	34 years
Elo rating (July 1985)	2700	2720

The World Chess Championship 1985 in Moscow was a new edition of the demolished World Chess Championship 1984 being registered from September 3 to November 9, 1985 duel between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov for the world title in chess . After the controversial unsuccessful termination of the previous World Cup between the two opponents, the duel was rescheduled with changes to the tournament conditions. The challenger Garri Kasparow defeated the world champion Anatoli Karpow after 24 games and became the 13th world chess champion, who at the age of 22 was also the youngest.

prehistory

Tournament mode from previous world championships

The duels for the world championship organized by FIDE from the post-war period onwards were traditionally designed for a maximum of 24 games, with a majority of points being achieved. For the 1978 World Chess Championship , however, FIDE changed the mode to six winning games to be achieved (draws were not important), after which a total of 32 games were played there (Karpov defeated Viktor Korchnoi 6: 5). Even then there were voices calling for or prophesying a return to the limit of 24 games, such as main referee Lothar Schmid , but the mode was retained for the time being.

World Chess Championship 1984

→ Main article : World Chess Championship 1984

Garry Kasparov qualified as a challenger to world chess champion Anatoly Karpov in 1984. Karpov quickly took a 4-0 lead, but then Kasparov was able to drag out the competition with draws and thereby burden Karpov. After a double victory in the 47th and 48th game, Kasparov caught up to 3: 5, but now the competition was stopped by FIDE President Florencio Campomanes against his will . As a reason for the widely criticized demolition, Campomanes stated that he wanted to conserve the players' strength and protect them from physical and psychological damage; the double number of games of the traditional 24 is the right opportunity for this. As a replacement, the 1985 World Chess Championship was scheduled with the earlier 24-game mode.

After the cancellation

Campomanes 2008

After the cancellation, questions arose as to whether Karpov could still hold the world championship title or whether there would be another interregnum . Kasparov no longer regarded Karpov as a world champion.

The preparations for the renewed duel were determined by arbitrary decisions by Campomanes, as a result of which Campomanes and the FIDE bodies received severe criticism. Especially for the additional income that Campomanes and Alfred Kinzel provided Anatoli Karpow with, they were heavily criticized by Lothar Schmid, who, as referee of the 1972 World Chess Championship, had always turned down offers from patrons in order to preserve the good reputation of the chess game.

The main referee was Svetozar Gligorić , which was criticized by Kasparov. After only Lothar Schmid was named as an acceptable referee by both players in an election of Karpov and Kasparov, who were each allowed to name seven names, Gligorić resigned on July 25, but was nevertheless named again by FIDE on August 6. FIDE's annual general meeting took place from August 24th to 31st, 1985. Campomanes was asked by Robert Huebner on the evening of August 24, 1985, in the context of a television game that Huebner played against Jan Timman , whether Lothar Schmid would be the main referee. Campomanes, however, did not give a satisfactory answer to this. Schmid finally had to cancel for professional reasons. FIDE then appointed Andrei Malchev and Vladas Mikėnas as referees and Alfred Kinzel as chairman of the referee committee at its congress . Further competition conditions were also determined at the FIDE Congress.

On May 1, 1985, the bids for the location of the duel were viewed in the FIDE office in Lucerne, with the Marseilles Mayor le Ferre personally present. The city of Marseille had offered 1.6 million Swiss francs, while England and the Soviet Union had each offered one million. However, at a press conference in Madrid on May 29, FIDE President Campomanes chose Moscow as the venue.

Preparations of the counterparties

From July 15 to 26, 1985 Karpow took part in the OHRA Chess Festival Amsterdam, which he won with 7 points from 10 games ahead of Timman (6.5) and Nunn (5.5).

Kasparow chose duels against Robert Huebner and Ulf Andersson as preparation. The Spiegel publishing house was the sponsor of the duel against Hübner, the Kasparov of May 28, June 4, 1985 4.5: 1.5 points defeated. Kasparov won 4-2 points against Ulf Andersson, who was ranked 15th in the world. During his visits to Germany and Yugoslavia, Kasparov did not hold back criticizing Campomanes and Kinzel, whereupon Soviet functionaries were astonished because Kasparov was a member of the Communist Party . A letter on Kasparov's dispute with Gligorić was published in Politika .

Competition conditions

Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky concert hall 1955

As in several world chess championships in the 1950s, the Tchaikovsky concert hall in Moscow was played.

For Karpov, Viktor Baturinski was available as head of the delegation and Igor Saizew , Efim Geller and Yuri Balaschow as seconds . According to Manfred van Fondern, Kasparov was supported by Marmedow as head of the delegation, his mother Kasparova as manager and the second Heorhij Tymoshenko and Alexander Nikitin . Kasparov's third second, András Adorján , did not receive an entry visa. Mark Weeks, however, states that Kasparov chose Josif Dorfman as his second. Alexander Nikitin and Yevgeny Vladimirov were assistants, while Yuri Razuvayev was the chairman of the delegation. Kasparov gives no information about his delegation in his book.

The FIDE congress in Tunis stipulated that the mode for this competition and later was stipulated that a majority of points would be played in 24 games and that the world champion would keep his title at 12:12. In addition, it was specified for the upcoming World Cup in particular that Karpov would continue to have a fight for revenge in the event of a defeat, as this was part of the previous qualification mode 1982-1984. The loser of the rematch fight would go straight to the candidate finals, which should contain 24 games. FIDE was heavily criticized for these changes because they favored Karpov too much. For example, Grandmaster Ljubomir Ljubojević said:

“The FIDE World Cup has lost its meaning. Karpov's privileges are now infinite. "

Results table

Kasparov, who was considered a great talent, and Karpow, who was undisputedly established as world champion after his victories over Korchnoi, played their 5th to 52nd game against each other in the 1984 World Chess Championship and their 53rd to 76th in the 1985 World Chess Championship. They first met at an event called Young Pioneers in 1975. After three draws in 1981, it was not until the World Chess Championships that Karpov and Kasparov faced each other again. The world champion thus recorded an advantage of 6: 3 points against Kasparov in the overall balance, including 5: 3 points from the last duel for himself. Kasparov, on the other hand, had developed further, also psychologically, and was therefore to be regarded as a dangerous opponent of Karpov.

If the sealed move appears later than the end of the game, there was no resumption and the game was given up beforehand or a draw agreed.

Lot	Date (1985)	White	Result	opening	Trains	Levy train	Karpov
1	September 3	Kasparov	1-0	E20	41W	41S	+0 = 0 −1
2	5th September	Karpov	½: ½	B85	65W	41S	+0 = 1 −1
3	September 10	Kasparov	½: ½	D55	20S	without	+0 = 2 −1
4th	12-13 September	Karpov	1-0	D55	63W	41W	+1 = 2 −1
5	September 14th	Kasparov	0: 1	C92	41W	41S	+2 = 2 −1
6th	September 19th	Karpov	½: ½	D55	27S	without	+2 = 3 −1
7th	21st September	Kasparov	½: ½	E32	31W	without	+2 = 4 −1
8th	September 24th	Karpov	½: ½	D58	49S	41S	+2 = 5 −1
9	26.-27. September	Kasparov	½: ½	C92	53W	42S	+2 = 6 −1
10	September 28th	Karpov	½: ½	B85	37W	without	+2 = 7 −1
11	October 1	Kasparov	1-0	E21	25W	without	+2 = 7 −2
12	5th October	Karpov	½: ½	B44	18S	without	+2 = 8 −2
13	8th October	Kasparov	½: ½	E20	24S	without	+2 = 9 −2
14th	October 10th	Karpov	½: ½	B54	32S	without	+2 = 10 −2
15th	October 12th	Kasparov	½: ½	C42	22S	without	+2 = 11 −2
16	15th October	Karpov	0: 1	B44	40S	without	+2 = 11 −3
17th	October 17th	Kasparov	½: ½	E20	29W	without	+2 = 12 −3
18th	October 22nd	Karpov	½: ½	B85	23W	without	+2 = 13 −3
19th	October 24th	Kasparov	1-0	E21	42W	42W	+2 = 13 −4
20th	25-26 October	Karpov	½: ½	D35	85S	41S	+2 = 14 −4
21st	October 31st - November 1st	Kasparov	½: ½	D31	44S	41S	+2 = 15 −4
22nd	November 5th	Karpov	1-0	D35	41S	42W	+3 = 15 −4
23	November 7th	Kasparov	½: ½	D55	41W	without	+3 = 16 −4
24	November 9th	Karpov	0: 1	B85	42S	without	+3 = 16 −5

course

Kasparov - Karpov
11th game

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

Position after 22. Qa4 – g4

Karpov - Kasparov
12th game

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

Position after 8. Nb5 – a3

Karpov - Kasparov
22nd game

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

Position after 31. Nf1 – g3

Karpov - Kasparov
24th game

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

Final position after 42 ... Nc2 – d4 +

At the opening ceremony on September 2, 1985, Garry Kasparov was awarded the white stones for the first game.

Kasparov was able to win the first game after he had surprised Karpov by choosing his opening variant and scored a won final. After two draws , however, Karpov managed a double strike: In the fourth game he won by precisely exploiting Kasparov's inaccuracies. The defending champion also won the fifth game after getting an extra pawn.

The seventh game was again fiercely contested, but ended in a draw. After a tie in the eighth game, a sharp ninth game followed. In the final , Kasparov sacrificed three pawns to usurp the initiative , but Karpov always chose the correct continuation, whereupon the game ended in a draw. In the tenth game Karpow opened with 1. e2 – e4 and made his intention to win clear, but another draw followed.

The eleventh game went around the world. Karpov stopped material on move 22 through a combination and then had to give up (in the position in the diagram, 22.… Rcd8 ?? 23. Qxd7! Rxd7 24. Re8 + Kh7 25. Be4 + and Karpov resigned), whereupon journalists exaggerated the “mistake of the century ”. During the chess week one of the “most blatant mistakes in the history of the world chess championships” could be read, and Die Zeit noted that it had “rarely seen such a mistake with grandmasters, never with Karpov”. Garry Kasparov refuted claims that such an incident was unique in a world chess championship by citing six other examples in his book.

In the twelfth game, the opening was particularly well known. In a variant of the Sicilian Defense that was played many times , the challenger simply sacrificed his d-pawn on move 8 (diagram: Kasparov played 8 ... d5 ). After this application, the gambit came to be known as the Kasparov gambit . Karpov sacrificed the pawn back and the game soon ended in a draw.

After a draw 13th game, Karpov's opening treatment met with interest in the 14th game, who, analogous to the Keres attack of the Sicilian defense, advanced his g-pawn early on. Kasparov, however, managed to equalize the game, which resulted in another draw. In the 15th game, Kasparov won the initiative and staged a mate trap against impending simplifications, which Karpov avoided. The game was then called a draw as the simplifications were inevitable.

In the 16th game the Kasparov gambit was played again. This time Karpov decided to keep the pawn, but ran into difficulties that culminated in a victory for Kasparov after an accurate attack. The game was voted the best of that semester in the chess informator . So the challenger took the lead and never gave it up.

In the 17th game Kasparov used 43 minutes for a double-edged opening move, but was later able to secure the draw. Then Kasparov took his second break. The 18th game ended in a draw on move 23. Karpov had offered this and Kasparov accepted after 20 minutes.

The 19th game showed a new idea for Karpov, for which he had to put a knight on the edge. However, his plan did not work and the knight remained on his unfavorable field for more than 30 moves, while Kasparov gained a decisive advantage. After Kasparov had made his move, he carried it out openly on the board. Karpov gave up the game without resuming.

Kasparov was under psychological pressure in the following games, so close to the world title, which culminated in a defeat in the 22nd game after two more draws. Before the 22nd game, Kasparov would have been enough to win two draws or one win and Karpov took his last time out. Kasparov compared his positional time emergency error in move 31 (diagram: Kasparov drew 31.… Nd6 – e4 ) with Karpov's error in game 11. After another mistake, Karpov's victory was greatly relieved and Kasparov gave up before resuming.

Kasparov got an advantage in the 23rd game, but could not realize it, so that after a counterattack by Karpov a draw was the result. The world champion therefore needed a win to defend his title, while challenger Kasparov would get the chess crown with a draw. The decision had to be made in the last game.

Karpov played for victory in the last game by launching a dangerous attack on the king, but Kasparov blocked it. A complicated final could have been the result, but Karpov overlooked a loss of figures. Nevertheless, there was still an emergency time duel, until Kasparov sacrificed the piece back, only to win the white rook in the following move with a withdrawal check. Karpov remained seated for several minutes and then shook hands with Kasparov to give up and to congratulate him on winning the world title.

“Several long minutes passed here, and finally Karpov shook my hand and was the first to congratulate me on my victory and the world championship title. And the thunderous reaction that sounded in the hall at the same time finally convinced me - yes, it's true! I have succeeded!!!"

- Garry Kasparov

Lots

1st game

Kasparow – Karpow, game 1

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 42nd Rbc4

Kasparov – Karpov 1-0

Moscow, September 3, 1985

Nimzowitsch-Indian Defense , E21

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 c5 5. g3 Ne4 6. Qd3 Da5 7. Qxe4 Lxc3 + 8. Bd2 Lxd2 + 9. Nxd2 Qb6 10. dxc5 Qxb2 11. Rb1 Qc3 12. Qd3 Qxd3 13. exd3 Sa6 14. d4 Rb8 15. Bg2 Ke7 16. Ke2 Rd8 17. Ne4 b6 18. Nd6 Nc7 19. Rb4 Ne8 20. Nxe8 Kxe8 21. Rhb1 Ba6 22. Ke3 d5 23. cxd6 Rbc8 24. Kd3 Rxd6 25. Ra4 b5 26. cxb5 Rb8 27. Tab4 Bb7 28. Bxb7 Rxb7 29. a4 Ke7 30. h4 h6 31. f3 Rd5 32. Rc1 Rbd7 33. a5 g5 34. hxg5 Rxg5 35. g4 h5 36. b6 axb6 37. axb6 Rb7 38. Rc5 f5 39. gxh5 Rxh5 40. Kc4 Rh8 41. Kb5 Ra8 42. Rbc4 1: 0

4th game

Karpow – Kasparow, game 4

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 63 De5

Karpov – Kasparov 1-0

Moscow, September 12, 1985

Queen's Gambit declined , D31

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Be7 4. Nf3 Nf6 5. Bg5 h6 6. Bxf6 Bxf6 7. e3 0–0 8. Qc2 Sa6 9. Rd1 c5 10. dxc5 Qa5 11. cxd5 Nxc5 12. Qd2 Rd8 13. Nd4 exd5 14. Be2 Qb6 15. 0–0 Ne4 16. Qc2 Nxc3 17. Qxc3 Be6 18. Qc2 Tac8 19. Qb1 Rc7 20. Rd2 Rdc8 21. Nxe6 fxe6 22. Bg4 Rc4 23. h3 Qc6 24. Qd3 Kh8 25. Rfd1 a5 26.b3 Rc3 27. De2 Rf8 28. Bh5 b5 29. Bg6 Bd8 30. Bd3 b4 31. Qg4 De8 32. e4 Bg5 33. Rc2 Rxc2 34. Lxc2 Qc6 35.De2 Qc5 36.Rf1 Qc3 37. exd5 exd5 38.Bb1 Qd2 39. Qe5 Rd8 40. Qf5 Kg8 41. Qe6 + Kh8 42. Qg6 Kg8 43. Qe6 + Kh8 44. Bf5 Qc3 45. Qg6 Kg8 46. Be6 + Kh8 47. Bf5 Kg8 48. g3 Kf8 49. Kg2 Qf6 50. Qh7 Qf7 51. h4 Bd2 52. Rd1 Bc3 53. Rd3 Td6 54. Rf3 Ke7 55. Qh8 d4 56. Qc8 Rf6 57. Qc5 + Ke8 58. Rf4 Qb7 + 59. Re4 + Kf7 60. Qc4 + Kf8 61. Lh7 Rf7 62. Qe6 Qd7 63. Qe5 1-0

5th game

Kasparow – Karpow, game 5

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 41st… Nd3

Kasparov – Karpov 0-1

Moscow, September 14, 1985

Spanish Match ( Closed Defense ), C92

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0–0 Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 0–0 9. h3 Bb7 10. d4 Re8 11. Nbd2 Bf8 12. a4 Qd7 13. axb5 axb5 14. Rxa8 Bxa8 15. d5 Sa5 16. Ba2 c6 17. b4 Nb7 18. c4 Rc8 19. dxc6 Qxc6 20. c5 Nd8 21. Bb2 dxc5 22. bxc5 Qxc5 23. Bxe5 Nd7 24. Bb2 Qb4 25.Nb3 Nc5 26. La1 Bxe4 27.Nfd4 Ndb7 28. De2 Nd6 29.Nxc5 Qxc5 30. Qg4 Re8 31.Rd1 Bg6 32.Qf4 Qb4 33.Qc1 Be4 34.Re1 Qa5 35.Bb3 Qa8 36. Qb2 b4 37. Re3 Bg6 38.Rxe8 Qxe8 39. Qc1 Ne4 40.Bd5 Nc5 41.Nb3 Nd3 0: 1

11th game

Kasparow – Karpow, game 11

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

Final position after 25. Be4 +

Kasparov – Karpov 1-0

Moscow, October 1, 1985

Nimzowitsch-Indian Defense, E21

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 0–0 5. Bg5 c5 6. e3 cxd4 7. exd4 h6 8. Bh4 d5 9. Rc1 dxc4 10. Bxc4 Nc6 11. 0–0 Be7 12. Re1 b6 13. a3 Bb7 14. Bg3 Rc8 15. Ba2 Bd6 16. d5 Nxd5 17. Nxd5 Bxg3 18.hxg3 exd5 19. Bxd5 Qf6 20. Qfd8 21. Rcd1 Rd7 22. Qg4 Rcd8 ?? 23.Qxd7! Rxd7 24. Re8 + Kh7 25. Be4 + (25.… g6 26.Rxd7 Ba6 27.Bxc6 Qxc6 28.Rxf7 #) 1: 0

16th game

Karpow – Kasparow, game 16

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 40 ... Re1 +

Karpov – Kasparov 0-1

Moscow, October 15, 1985

Sicilian Defense , B44

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Sc6 5. Nb5 d6 6. c4 Nf6 7. S1c3 a6 8. Sa3 d5 9. cxd5 exd5 10. exd5 Nb4 11. Be2 Bc5 12. 0-0 0 -0 13. Bf3 Bf5 14. Bg5 Re8 15. Qd2 b5 16. Rad1 Nd3 17. Sab1 h6 18. Bh4 b4 19. Sa4 Bd6 20. Bg3 Rc8 21. b3 g5 22. Bxd6 Qxd6 23. g3 Nd7 24. Bg2 Qf6 25.a3 a5 26.axb4 axb4 27.Qa2 Bg6 28. d6 g4 29.Qd2 Kg7 30.f3 Qxd6 31. fxg4 Qd4 + 32.Kh1 Nf6 33.Rf4 Ne4 34.Qxd3 Nf2 + 35.Rxf2 Bxd3 36.Rfd2 Qe3 37. Rxd3 Rc1 38.Nb2 Qf2 39.Nd2 Rxd1 + 40.Nxd1 Re1 + 0: 1

19th game

Kasparow – Karpow, game 19

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 42.Qxc7 +

Kasparov – Karpov 1-0

Moscow, October 24, 1985

Nimzowitsch-Indian Defense, E21

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Nf3 Ne4 5. Qc2 f5 6. g3 Nc6 7. Bg2 0–0 8. 0–0 Lxc3 9. bxc3 Sa5 10. c5 d6 11. c4 b6 12. Bd2 Nxd2 13. Nxd2 d5 14. cxd5 exd5 15. e3 Be6 16. Qc3 Rf7 17. Rfc1 Rb8 18. Tab1 Re7 19.a4 Bf7 20. Bf1 h6 21. Bd3 Qd7 22. Qc2 Be6 23.Bb5 Qd8 24.Rd1 g5 25.Nf3 Rg7 26.Ne5 f4 27.Bf1 Qf6 28. Bg2 Rd8 29.e4 dxe4 30. Bxe4 Re7 31. Qc3 Bd5 32.Re1 Kg7 33.Ng4 Qf7 34.Bxd5 Rxd5 35.Rxe7 Qxe7 36.Re1 Qd8 37. Ne5 Qf6 38. cxb6 Qxb6 39. gxf4 Rxd4 40.Nf3 Nb3 41. Rb1 Qf6 42. Qxc7 + 1: 0

22nd game

Karpow – Kasparow, Part 22

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 42. Kg4

Karpov – Kasparov 1-0

Moscow, November 5, 1985

Queen's Gambit declined, D31

1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Be7 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bf4 Nf6 6. e3 0–0 7. Nf3 Bf5 8. h3 c6 9. g4 Bg6 10. Ne5 Nfd7 11. Nxg6 fxg6 12. Bg2 Nb6 13. 0–0 Kh8 14. Ne2 g5 15. Bg3 Bd6 16. Qd3 Sa6 17. b3 De7 18. Bxd6 Qxd6 19. f4 gxf4 20. exf4 Tae8 21. f5 Nc7 22.Rf2 Nd7 23. g5 De7 24. h4 De3 25.Rd1 Nb5 26.Qxe3 Rxe3 27.Kh2 Nb6 28.Ng3 Nc8 29.Nf1 Re7 30.Rd3 Ncd6 31.Ng3 Ne4 32.Bxe4 dxe4 33. Re3 Nxd4 34.Kh3 Re5 35.Kg4 h5 + 36.Kxh5 Nxf5 37. Rxf5 Rfxf5 38.Nxf5 Rxf5 39.Rxe4 Kh7 40. Re7 b5 41.Rxa7 b4 42.Kg4 1: 0

24th game

Karpow – Kasparow, game 24

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

End position after 42 ... Nd4 +

Karpov – Kasparov 0-1

Moscow, November 9, 1985

Sicilian Defense ( Scheveningen variant ), B84

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Be2 e6 7. 0–0 Be7 8. f4 0–0 9. Kh1 Qc7 10. a4 Nc6 11. Be3 Re8 12. Bf3 Rb8 13. Qd2 Bd7 14. Nb3 b6 15. g4 Bc8 16. g5 Nd7 17. Qf2 Bf8 18. Bg2 Bb7 19. Rad1 g6 20. Bc1 Rbc8 21. Rd3 Nb4 22. Rh3 Bg7 23.Be3 Re7 24. Kg1 Rce8 25.Rd1 f5 26.gxf6 Nxf6 27.Rg3 Rf7 28.Bxb6 Qb8 29. Be3 Nh5 30.Rg4 Nf6 31.Rh4 g5 32. fxg5 Ng4 33.Qd2 Nxe3 34.Qxe3 Nxc2 35.Qb6 Ba8 36.Rxd6 Rb7 37. Qxa6 Rxb3 38.Rxe6 Rxb2 39.Qc4 Kh8 40. e5 Qa7 + 41.Kh1 Bxg2 + 42.Kxg2 Nd4 + 0: 1

Chess psychology

forecast

Reinhard Munzert thinks the World Chess Championships are psychologically interesting. Karpov made the mistake of not consistently trying to bring about victory in the 1984/85 match when he was 5-0 up, but that he instead tried not to lose himself. Kasparov also underestimated Karpov at the beginning of the duel. It is noteworthy that Kasparov did not give up when he was 5-0 behind, but continued to fight.

Before the second title fight Munzert gave the assessment that both players would be equal in terms of chess. The greatest psychological stress prevails at a world championship.

For Karpov the knowledge that he could beat Kasparov is reassuring. At the end of the previous competition, however, he collapsed, so that the smaller number of games could be advantageous to him. He should be impressed by Kasparov's several months of struggle against the impending defeat. Knowing that even such a lead would not have to be enough, Karpov will probably have to play more risky.

After the 1984 World Cup, Kasparov had expressed his admiration of Karpov. So he will approach the matter more professionally and invest a lot of time in good preparation. Kasparov criticized himself for prematurely considering a position as won, but said that this experience had matured during the competition. Kasparov also criticized his own impulsive game. Although he was able to impress many grandmasters with his style of play, Karpow had successes with calm positional play. Kasparov, however, had prepared better at the end of the first competition. Raymond Keene pointed out that Kasparov had previously lacked experience with defeats in quick succession, but he received this in the first duel with Karpov. Kasparov also lacked experience with world championship duels. Munzert said that Kasparov had more useful experiences from the first match than Karpov.

In terms of psychological plus points, Munzert stated that Karpow was good at dealing with emotional situations. For Kasparov, however, his strength of will and his self-confidence speak. The feeling of being betrayed by FIDE could also make him a dangerous opponent. Kasparov also has a better memory than Karpov.

Kasparov will create his game positionally and wait for his chance instead of proceeding too risky as in the first match. Karpov, on the other hand, will have to show decisive play.

In Munzert's opinion, the psychological component should be decisive. Kasparov's chances would be 60 percent.

Review

In an essay after the World Chess Championship, Munzert wrote that, as expected, the opponents made use of their experiences from their first duel. Karpov played more risky, but shouldn't have done so in the first game.

Kasparov had prepared himself well psychologically and athletically, while this was doubtful for Karpov. So psychologically he coped well with his defeats in the fourth and fifth game. However, he still showed weaknesses in the exploitation of advantages. Kasparov himself named the seventh, eighth and tenth game as typical examples.

Karpov had also shown mental stability, but this decreased in the last third of the duel. His defeats in the eleventh and 16th game were depressing for Karpov. The processing of Karpov's problems in financial matters by the press would have been a psychological burden on him. An example of Karpov's lack of psychological strength is the early offer of a draw in the 18th game despite one losing game. Karpov is said to have mentally collapsed after the 19th game, to which Kasparov's openly executed tax move could have contributed, through which Kasparov demonstrated his fearlessness towards Karpov and his seconds, according to Munzert. Nevertheless, Karpov caught himself and fought in the 20th game to the end. In the 22nd game he won, which opened up the outcome of the match again.

The 24th game had to decide the duel. There Kasparov seized the initiative through pawn sacrifices, but Karpov did not give up inwardly. Instead, he concentrated his energies on this decisive game.

The decisive factor in the duel was the psychological component, in which Kasparov had advantages through targeted training. Karpov missed such training. From a chess point of view, the opening treatment of the players was a decisive factor.

Kasparov understood the psychological component of chess, which he had also pointed out in interviews.

consequences

Garry Kasparov with laurel wreath at the closing ceremony

Kasparov used the time after the World Chess Championship for the computer game Elite , but also made a reputation for himself as a businessman in reality. Shortly before his victory over Karpov, it became known that he was in a relationship with Marina Nejolowa . Kasparov received 696,000 Swiss francs for his victory, while Karpov received 520,000 Swiss francs. The newly crowned world champion planned to get into the chess computer business and thought of setting up chess databases . A cooperation with the programmer Matthias Wüllenweber then led to the database program ChessBase for the Atari ST . With Frederic Friedel, Wüllenweber founded a company of the same name, which emerged as the market leader for chess databases.

In his book World Chess Championship 1985 , Kasparov accused Campomanes of having manipulated the match by breaking off the first fight and establishing the conditions in Karpov's favor. Nevertheless, "justice" triumphed, because in the end it was the games and not the organization that decided the competition.

Karpov did not succeed in the revenge fight in 1986 to regain the title. Further duels between the two opponents for the world title followed, but even after the division of the chess world he initiated in 1993, Kasparov remained the classic world chess champion accepted by the majority of chess players until 2000, while Karpov after Kasparov's break with the world chess federation FIDE in 1993 from who was awarded the world title and thus became FIDE world champion . In 2006 the separation of the world chess championship title was lifted by a union duel.

The Jungwirth case

The Jungwirth case attracted particular attention shortly after the World Chess Championship. The NDR editor Helmut Jungwirth, a friend of Anatoli Karpow, had from the chess computer manufacturer Novag for advertising appearances Karpow between October 13, 1978 and January 17, 1981 446,177.50 US dollars (then the equivalent of 1.2 million  DM , 1986 the equivalent of 1 million DM, in 1988 the equivalent of 800,000 DM) in German and foreign accounts. These were paid out to Jungwirth loyalty accounts, but the latter did not forward the money to Karpov's accounts. On November 30, 1988, Jungwirth was sentenced by the Hamburg Regional Court to two years and eight months' imprisonment for embezzlement and fraud because he had kept Karpov's money for himself. He had denied this and claimed that Karpov had given him the money, which Karpov denied. The Grand Criminal Chamber found Karpov's testimony to be credible. A lost appeal and an unsuccessful petition for clemency could no longer change the judgment. After missing two arrests since January 1990, Jungwirth was arrested on April 19, 1990 with an enforcement arrest warrant .

Karpov made this case jointly responsible for his loss of title.

literature

• Garry Kasparov: World Championship 1985 . Walter Rau Verlag, 1986.
• Vladimir Budde , Lothar Nikolaiczuk : World Chess Championship '84 '85 . Volume II. Joachim Beyer Verlag, Hollfeld 1985.

Web links

• Tournament report and games at chessgames.com. Retrieved November 6, 2012 . 
• Information on Mark Weeks (English)
• Information ( memento of January 24, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) at Graeme Cree (English, via Internet Archive )

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Kasparov mentions the actual beginning of September 9, 1984 in his book and thus sees the aborted 1984 World Cup and the 1985 World Cup as a continuous competition.
2. ↑ ^{a b} thanks to Bobby . In: Der Spiegel . No. 47 , 1985, pp. 221-223 ( Online - Nov. 18, 1985 ).
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Manfred van Fondern: On the way to the 2nd title fight. In: Budde, Nikolaiczuk, pp. 301-305.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e} mark-weeks.com
5. ↑ H. Mohaupt and H. Machatschek (both editors): World Championship tournament 1957 . Sportverlag Berlin 1957, pp. 5-9.
6. ↑ Manfred van Fondern: Sometimes the better team decides. In: Budde, Nikolaiczuk, p. 335.
7. ↑ Big Database 2005
8. ↑ ^{a b} Reinhard Munzert: Some psychological comments on the upcoming competition for the world championship . August 15, 1985. Reprinted in: Budde, Nikolaiczuk, pp. 307-315.
9. ↑ Kasparov made his donation move openly on the board.
10. ↑ Kasparov, p. 52.
11. ↑ ^{a b} Reinhard Munzert: Psychological consideration of the world championship fight . In: Budde, Nikolaiczuk, pp. 444-447.
12. ↑ Kasparov, pp. 52-54.
13. ↑ Aleksandar Matanović : Chess is chess . Rau-Verlag, 1991, ISBN 3-7919-0366-7 , p. 157.
14. ↑ Kasparov, pp. 9-105.
15. ↑ Kasparov, p. 105.
16. ↑ Hartmut Metz interviews Matthias Wüllenweber: Dictator Kasparov helped achieve more democracy . Rochade Kuppenheim website, November 2000.
17. ↑ Kasparov, pp. I – V.
18. ↑ ^{a b} Anatoly Karpov's long fight for $ 446,177.50 . In: Abendblatt. December 19, 1986.
19. ↑ ^{a b} Imprisonment for Helmut Jungwirth . In: Abendblatt. December 1, 1988.
20. ↑ Jungwirth arrested . ( Memento from February 17, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) In: Abendblatt. April 21, 1990.
21. ↑ The affair cost me the title . In: Der Spiegel . No. 52 , 1988, pp. 134-140 ( online ).