1986 World Chess Championship

Opponents of the 1986 World Chess Championship

Portraits
	Garry Kasparov	Anatoly Karpov
nation
status	Defending champion world champion since 1985	Challenger World Champion 1975–1985
Age	23 years	35 years
Elo rating (July 1986)	2740	2705
Annotated game list

The World Chess Championship 1986 was a duel between Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov for the world championship title in chess . The rematch for Karpov's defeat last year was already the third World Chess Championship between Kasparov and Karpov and the 33rd overall, a hundred years after the first World Chess Championship in 1886 . Between July 28 and October 8, 1986, twelve games were played in London and Leningrad .

The fight for revenge was demanded by Florencio Campomanes , President of the World Chess Federation FIDE - with reference to a regulation that was not made until 1985. Kasparov initially refused and for the first time threatened to split the chess world by splitting off from FIDE. However, the competition came about through an agreement between the two players. Kasparov won with 12.5: 11.5 points and thus defended his world title.

background

When Kasparov qualified for the Karpov challenge in 1984, it was not planned that there would be a 1986 World Cup. According to the regulations, the 1984 World Chess Championship would have been won by the player who wins six games first (if the total number is not limited). If Kasparov had won a rematch for Karpov in 1985 would have taken place in the same staging mode. The winner of this fight would then have competed in 1987 against the challenger identified in the eliminations.

Instead, however, the Campomanes World Championship, which lasted until 1985, was canceled under controversial circumstances after 48 games and the 1985 World Chess Championship was set as a replacement. In order to avoid long competitions in the future, FIDE returned to the previous world championship mode, in which a majority of points was to be achieved from 24 games. In the event of a tie, the world champion would keep his title, but the fight for revenge has been abolished for the future. But since the 1985 match was formally part of the 1982–1984 World Cup cycle, in which the world champion had the right to a rematch, it was left to him for this competition. Thanks to this double privilege - title defense in the event of a tie and a fight for revenge - world champion Mikhail Botvinnik was once able to defend or recapture his title four times between 1951 and 1961.

In fact, this was a clear preference for Karpov, against which Kasparov also protested. However, after Kasparov had won the title in 1985, Campomanes insisted on revenge and threatened Kasparov with dismissal if he refused. He started the match on February 10, 1986. If Kasparov did not accept by January 7th, he would lose his world title in favor of Karpov.

prehistory

Between the world championships

In his first interview after the World Cup in 1984/85 for Welt am Sonntag , Kasparov said that he wanted to fight Campomanes for “democracy in world chess”. He is only ready for the "unnecessary" rematch if the chess world wants it. A verbal tip against his rival should prove to be an accurate prediction:

"Karpov will be my challenger for a long time!"

Since Kasparov took a break of several weeks after the World Cup fight, Karpov was the first to compete in chess tournaments again: At the first team chess championship in 1985 in Lucerne , which took place a week after the end of the individual world championship, Karpov led the victorious Soviet team . He played seven of nine rounds and scored five points (three wins, including against ex-world champion Boris Spasski , who emigrated to France , and four draws).

Kasparov's image tour in the west

Kasparov presented himself personally to chess audiences in the West on a tour through the Netherlands and Germany in December . Audience numbers and media interest in chess reached unprecedented levels. First he defeated the Dutchman Jan Timman , the best player in the western world and number 3 on the Elo list , in a duel in Hilversum 4-2.

The day after, he traveled to Germany to hold a simultaneous event with a watch handicap against the Bundesliga team of the Hamburg chess club - that is, against eight strong competitive players, with Grandmaster Murray Chandler playing on the first board . After the efforts of the previous days, Kasparov lost 3.5: 4.5 in the aggressively played games by both sides. The decisive factor was, among other things, his defeat against the German youth champion from 1985, Matthias Wahls .

Last but not least, he played a “normal” simultaneous in Munich , in which various celebrities such as Ephraim Kishon and Petra Schürmann also took part. Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker appeared as a spectator. Only 3 out of 32 players achieved a draw, including Weizsäcker's 32-year-old son Robert , who later became a university professor, grandmaster in correspondence chess and president of the German Chess Federation .

After the end of the tour Karpov came back on the scene. He played in the IBM tournament in Vienna , where he remained undefeated, but only finished third behind the winner Kortschnoi (against whom he drew) and the runner-up Alexander Beliavsky . With Kurt Steyrer , the President of the Vienna Chess Association and SPÖ candidate for the office of Federal President , Karpow played an image game that (as is usual in such cases) ended in a draw.

The decision for the world championship

Florencio Campomanes

Kasparov had used the tour for a media campaign against Campomanes and the revenge match. He toyed with the idea of ​​splitting off from FIDE after his dismissal (if it would happen). Around the same time, a rival candidate for FIDE President Campomanes was presented: the Brazilian Lincoln Lucena .

Karpov always stated in interviews that he would insist on the competition. However, he suggested that the beginning of February 10, 1986, set by Campomanes, was too early for him. The Soviet Chess Federation did not take a clear position; in any case, Kasparov was not prevented from calling the revenge absurd , also through the Russian news agency TASS .

Under these circumstances, Campomanes felt himself in too weak a position to pull off his January 7th dismissal of Kasparov. He postponed his decision to January 16 and then to January 24. Before this date, however, came the big surprise: Kasparov and Karpov had come to an agreement with the approval of the Soviet chess federation, but without the participation of the world chess federation FIDE. The World Cup match should not take place in Leningrad until the end of July or the beginning of August , i.e. after a break necessary for both players. The loser would later play a match against the winner of the 1987 candidate cycle for qualifying for the 1987 World Chess Championship . Campomanes was then able to achieve that the first half of the match was played in London . According to a FIDE decision, this was to be preferred as an "uninvolved" venue and offered 1.8 million Swiss francs for the match, while Leningrad only offered 1 million.

The preparation of the two opponents

At the tournament in Brussels Karpow competed against a large part of the chess elite, including Kortschnoi, who had also won the important Open in Lugano in between . After a moderate start and a break from illness, Karpov was able to build on his earlier dominance: with a series of six wins in a row, he finally won the tournament by two points - a demonstration of his strength and good advertising for the upcoming match. Among other things, he beat Timman and Ljubomir Ljubojević .

Kasparow won a duel against Tony Miles in Basel in mid-May with 5.5: 0.5. Miles commented after the last game: “I thought I was playing against the world champion, not against a monster with 27 eyes that sees everything.” At the concluding simultaneous event, Kasparov won all 30 games.

In another watch handicap, this time against a selection of the German Chess Youth in Frankfurt am Main , he was able to make up for the defeat in Hamburg: Kasparow won with five wins and three draws. He also succeeded in taking revenge against Wahls, who was the only one to play both watch handicaps. On the same evening Kasparov had a television appearance in the current sports studio of ZDF . There he demonstrated the memory performance of a chess grandmaster by recognizing a number of historical positions in a performance. A few days later, Kasparov visited England to see the location of the upcoming match against Karpov. A selection of the English juniors fought bravely in the simultaneous and defied Kasparov in 20 games 3 wins and 6 draws.

In July 1986 Kasparov traveled to Barcelona to accept the chess Oscars he had been awarded and then retired to prepare for the World Cup. That left Karpov's last chess appearance: He took part in the double-round "super tournament " in Bugojno , in which the organizers had limited themselves to eight players from the absolute best in the world in order to reach the rare category 16 of a chess tournament. Karpow won confidently by winning again against Ljubojević, Timman and Spasski and Artur Jussupow . He only lost once between the world championships: his defeat against Andreï Sokolov was later voted the best game in the first half of 1986 by the chess information company . In addition, he could only with difficulty hold a lost endgame against Miles, who had previously been outclassed by Kasparov, and Miles' time error also helped.

organization

Competition conditions

Location of the first half: Park Lane Hotel in London, behind the photographer is Green Park (photo 2009)

The World Cup lasted 24 games or at least until one of the players reached at least 12.5 points. In the games, each player had 2 1/2 hours to make 40 moves. When these were played, the game could continue at will, or each player could, when it was his turn, move on to the suspended game . He gave his move in an envelope without execution and the game was interrupted until the next day. It could be analyzed during this time. A draw offer (and its acceptance or rejection) or abandonment of the game were also possible; without such an end the game was finished the next day, with a second time control after each additional hour and a total of 56 moves.

The main referee was Lothar Schmid , who was already used in the " Match of the Century " (the 1972 World Cup between Bobby Fischer and Boris Spasski ) . Numerous top players, including Miles, Timman and Nigel Short, acted as analyzers and commentators on the games on site . Youth world champions Maxim Dlugy , IM Nigel Davies and IM Ricardo Calvo played a special role : A few minutes after finishing the trio, the trio issued a bulletin on each game .

In a draw on the day before the start of the competition, it was determined that Karpov would open the first game with the white pieces.

Kasparov had an Elo rating of 2740 at the time, Karpov had 2705 points.

Venues and public perception

The gaming room in London: Mirror Room in the Park Lane Hotel. The room was only minimally changed until the photo was taken in 2012.

Plaque commemorating the first half of the 1986 World Chess Championship in London's Park Lane Hotel

The first half of the World Chess Championship took place in London's Park Lane Hotel near Hyde Park , while the second half took place in Leningrad's Great Eastern Hotel . British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher gave the opening address in London . The musical “ Chess ”, which got off to a successful start in May 1986, also received media attention from the local journalists. Its copywriter Tim Rice staged the opening ceremony as a show event. About 550 accredited journalists were present on the opening day , and more were added during the course of the competition. In Leningrad there was only a modest opening ceremony by the mayor at the beginning of the second half of the competition; there the traffic was diverted in front of the game room during the games in order to avoid noise pollution.

The trains were broadcast live by an electronic system on monitors in the press room, hall and hotel. Pocket chess games and groceries were prohibited in the gaming room, and comments from a soundproof booth could be received via headphones. The analysis room, in which well-known grandmasters analyzed the running games with the audience, was set up separately.

In the media, including the public broadcasters in Germany, chess was more present than usual during the World Cup. In London's Green Park opposite the game hotel, up to 40 chess boards were set up for strollers to play on. In Leningrad, due to the traditionally high status of the game of chess in Russia, thousands of spectators attended every game. After his convincing victory in 1985, Kasparov was supported by the chess press and the Western media. Karpov, on the other hand, was treated with malice by the newspapers; according to general opinion, his era was over.

Game table

Some innovations were played in the openings , but not as spectacular as Kasparov's revival of the Dely Gambit as Kasparov's Gambit the year before. Kasparov surprised by using the Grünfeld Indian defense , which he had almost never played before. The white party dominated the competition quite clearly with 8: 1 victories, and the only black victory was a given away victory by White in terms of the course of the game.

Lot	Date (1986)	White	black	Result	opening	ECO code	Trains	Kasparov	Karpov
1	July 28th	Karpov	Kasparov	½: ½	Grünfeld-Indian Defense	D92	21st	½	½
2	30th July	Kasparov	Karpov	½: ½	Nimzowitsch-Indian Defense	E21	52	1	1
3	August 1st	Karpov	Kasparov	½: ½	Grünfeld-Indian Defense	D79	35	1½	1½
4th	4th of August	Kasparov	Karpov	1-0	Nimzowitsch-Indian Defense	E21	40	2½	1½
5	6th of August	Karpov	Kasparov	1-0	Grünfeld-Indian Defense	D82	32	2½	2½
6th	August 11th	Kasparov	Karpov	½: ½	Russian defense	C42	41	3	3
7th	13 August	Karpov	Kasparov	½: ½	Queen's Gambit, exchange variant	D35	41	3½	3½
8th	15th of August	Kasparov	Karpov	1-0	Queen's Gambit, exchange variant	D35	31	4½	3½
9	20th of August	Karpov	Kasparov	½: ½	Grünfeld-Indian Defense	D82	20th	5	4th
10	August 22nd	Kasparov	Karpov	½: ½	Queen's Gambit declined	D55	43	5½	4½
11	August 25	Karpov	Kasparov	½: ½	Grünfeld-Indian Defense	D82	41	6th	5
12	August 27	Kasparov	Karpov	½: ½	Queen's Gambit declined	D55	34	6½	5½
13	5th September	Karpov	Kasparov	½: ½	Grünfeld-Indian Defense	D79	40	7th	6th
14th	September 8th	Kasparov	Karpov	1-0	Saizew variant	C92	41	8th	6th
15th	12th September	Karpov	Kasparov	½: ½	Grünfeld-Indian Defense	D98	29	8½	6½
16	September 15th	Kasparov	Karpov	1-0	Saizew variant	C92	41	9½	6½
17th	17th of September	Karpov	Kasparov	1-0	Grünfeld-Indian Defense	D98	31	9½	7½
18th	September 19th	Kasparov	Karpov	0: 1	Nimzowitsch-Indian Defense	E21	58	9½	8½
19th	September 24th	Karpov	Kasparov	1-0	Grünfeld-Indian Defense	D97	40	9½	9½
20th	September 29th	Kasparov	Karpov	½: ½	Catalan opening	E06	21st	10	10
21st	October 1	Karpov	Kasparov	½: ½	Ladies Indian Defense	E15	45	10½	10½
22nd	October 3	Kasparov	Karpov	1-0	Queen's Gambit declined	D55	46	11½	10½
23	October 6th	Karpov	Kasparov	½: ½	English symmetry variant	A30	32	12	11
24	8th October	Kasparov	Karpov	½: ½	Ladies Indian Defense	E16	41	12½	11½

course

→ Main article : 1986 World Chess Championship / games

London

Karpov - Kasparov
5th game

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

Before 20. Ng1 – h3!

In the first four games of the competition there was initially a clear dominance of Kasparov. Both in the first and in the third game he easily drew with Black, but with White he put Karpov under heavy pressure. In the second game Karpov managed to escape into a draw after Kasparov had overlooked a tactical winning path, but in the fourth game Kasparov took the lead.

Completely unexpectedly, Karpov managed to equalize in the next game after he was able to refute Kasparov's preparation for the opening. In the adjacent position in the diagram, Kasparov, as Black, was only counting on the continuation of 20. Ng1 – f3 Bd7 – c6 with the threat of playing on f3 g6 – g5 after swapping and freeing the king's bishop. But with the unusual move 20. Ng1 – h3! Karpov refuted this plan. Now Kasparov could no longer free himself and lost. After this defeat he took a break. The two subsequent, sharply led games ended in a draw and showed no superiority of Kasparov.

In the eighth game, Kasparov carried out an uncompromising attack on the king and even renounced a quality gain. Karpov finally exceeded time in a lost position. Four draw games followed, the eleventh of which stood out. Karpov played it unusually risky and was meanwhile on profit.

Karpov - Kasparov
11th game

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

Instead of 23.Ne7xg6 + it would be better to use 23.Nh4xg6 +! followed.

After great complications, Karpow now sacrificed the knight e7 on g6 in the diagram position. That looks natural, since the attack line of the rook c7 is exposed and the knight h4 remains as a blocking stone against a black trigger chess . But the decisive factor would have been that the Ne7 pinches the black king and the open h-file becomes the line of attack for White: with 23.Nh4xg6 +! h7xg6 24. Qb1xg6 Karpov would have achieved a decisive advantage, for example after 24.… Qh5 – e5 25. Kh2xh3 Rf8 – f6 26. Kh3 – g4! with a wandering king and a victorious attack on the h-file. After the game continued, the game ended in a draw. The game won a £ 10,000  special prize for being the most beautiful played in London. Kasparov speculated in an interview that the organizers wanted to demonstrate their neutrality and showed a preference for the eighth game he won.

Overall, Kasparov took the lead with one point in the London half.

Leningrad

During the move to Leningrad , the competition was interrupted for a week, during which, according to the plan, a break only had to be taken if there were medical problems. The physically less robust Karpov made use of this through a controversial certificate from the match doctor ("breathing difficulties").

Kasparov dominated the first four games in Leningrad even more than those in London. In the 13th game, the chances of winning were one-sided with Black for the first time in the competition - Kasparov achieved a winning position after a mistake by Karpov, but gave it away shortly afterwards in a time constraint. It was followed by a victory by Kasparov after a very tactical game. Surprisingly, Kasparov took his second time-out after his win, which gave him two points ahead. In the following 15th game Karpov was unable to crack Black's position. After move 29 the game was drawn.

Kasparov - Karpov
16th game

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

After 35 ... Qe7 – e5: The moment of the decisive combination.

As in the previous year, the 16th game in 1986 was particularly spectacular. Both players quickly repeated the same line as in the 14th game. Kasparov deviated on the 18th move, but Karpov immediately came up with something new. After Karpov's pawn sacrifice on move 19, the game quickly became tactical, and both players needed a lot of time calculating the variants. A blitz chess duel took place before the time control . In the diagram, the development 36. Qf4xe5 Nd7xe5 37. Rg6xa6 d3 – d2 leads at most to a draw. But Kasparov found the combination 36. Rg6 – g8 +! Kf8 – e7 37. d5 – d6 +! Ke7 – e6 38. Rg8 – e8 + Ke6 – d5 39. Re8xe5 + with a queen win. Two moves later, Karpov reflected on the position that was ready for the task for a long time. When Kasparov then withdrew into the relaxation room, Karpov left the room without formal task or handshake. The audience gave the returning Kasparov to the stage with frenetic applause.

With this victory, Kasparov had increased the lead to three points. There was agreement among grandmasters , journalists and the rest of the chess world that this was the preliminary decision. But the jubilation over the supposed preliminary decision had a negative impact on Kasparov. He fell into the same mistake as after the fourth game and no longer took Karpov seriously as an opponent. This was evident in the 17th game when he played the same opening as in the 15th, although he had to assume with certainty that Karpov's analysis team would prepare an improvement. So it happened, and Kasparov went down smoothly without finding the best defensive moves.

In the 18th game, as at the beginning of the match with Nimzowitsch-Indian, Karpow did not equalize. Kasparov gained advantage by attacking both wings. But in the search for a compelling way to win, this time only he found himself short of time, whereupon he forgave the victory and then lost the final.

After his second defeat in a row, the world champion took his last break to analyze his Grünfeld Indian for a longer period. But Karpov played an innovation that destroyed Kasparov's opening plans. Again he was at a disadvantage and gave up after the game was canceled without further play.

Kasparov - Karpov
22nd game

	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H
8th									8th
7th									7th
6th									6th
5									5
4th									4th
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	G	H

Kasparov gave the winning move 41. Ne5 – d7! from.

Three games earlier, the competition seemed clearly decided. Now he was balanced again - and on top of that, Kasparov had to live with the humiliation of having lost three games in a row in a World Cup match for the first time in 25 years. The last time this happened was in the last revenge fight in 1961, when Mikhail Tal lost his title back to Mikhail Botvinnik . Kasparov accused Yevgeny Vladimirov , a member of his second team , of working as a spy for Karpov and of betraying secrets of the preparations for the opening. He dismissed Vladimirov; the allegation was never resolved.

After his unexpected equalizer, Karpov surprisingly took his last break. In the 20th game, both were content with a modest draw after the Catalan opening and 21 moves - the only short draw in the match in which Kasparov had White.

In the 21st game, Kasparov surprised by answering with Queen's Indian for the first time . Karpov tried to put him under pressure, but the game in middlegame and endgame always remained in the draw width.

The factual decision of the competition in favor of Kasparov was made in the 22nd game. Karpov tried the Queen's Gambit again; in the need to win another game, however, he renounced the advance c6 – c5 played in the 10th and 12th game in favor of active piece development. Kasparov was able to win the opposing a-pawn with an advantage in the again very tactical game, but active counterplay with the rook would have offered Black a draw. In the diagram opposite, which shows the break-off position, Kasparov played the strong sealed move 41. Ne5 – d7 !; White is threatened with 42. Nd7 – f8 + along with Rb7 – b8 and irreparable mate threats . There is no remedy for this. Five moves later, Karpov gave up.

This game was voted the best of the second half of 1986 by the chess informator . In general, she received extraordinary praise from all sides, including ex-world champions Botvinnik, Smyslow and Tal. The old grandmaster Miguel Najdorf called the game "exceptional and exquisite". In particular 41. Ne5 – d7! was praised for its outstanding strength and importance for a royalty train.

The victory meant that Kasparov could once again lead the competition. To win back the world title, Karpov should have won both remaining games. He did not succeed in this; Kasparov was able to bring about calm position games on both occasions, which Karpov no longer gave a chance to win. Thus Kasparov had successfully defended his world title.

Review

The result of 12.5: 11.5 roughly reflects that Kasparov was the slightly stronger player. At no point in the competition was he behind.

The immediate effects of the competition were small. In essence, the status quo was confirmed. Kasparov remained safe world champion and Karpov used his fixed chance to play against the winner of the Candidates' tournament for participation in the 1987 World Chess Championship . There he won the so-called "superfinal" confidently against Andreï Sokolov with 7.5: 4.5, which he strengthened his public image as the only and worthy opponent of Kasparov. In the World Cup itself, Karpov proved to be an equal opponent and almost won the title back - Kasparov kept the match 12:12 by winning the last game. It was not until the 1990 World Chess Championship , which Kasparov won again with 12.5: 11.5, that was the last between the two; Because in 1993 there was exactly the split that had already been indicated in 1986: Kasparov and his challenger Nigel Short (who had surprisingly defeated Karpov in the candidates tournament) broke away from FIDE due to financial disputes and founded the Professional Chess Association (PCA). Kasparov remained the classic world champion until 2000, when he was defeated by Vladimir Kramnik . Meanwhile, FIDE held its own world championships. This FIDE title, however, achieved a lower reputation in the chess public than Kasparov and Kramnik's world championship titles. Only with the reunification of the titles at the 2006 World Chess Championships did the sole world championship return to the domain of the FIDE world chess federation.

literature

• Vladimir Budde : World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Special edition of the chess report . Beyer-Verlag 1986.
• Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Special volume of the chess report. Beyer-Verlag 1986, ISBN 3-88805-064-2 .
• Helmut Pfleger , Otto Bonk and Michael Kipp-Thomas: The chess revenge . Falken-Verlag 1986, ISBN 3-8068-0831-7 .
• Raymond Keene and David Goodman: The Centenary Match Kasparov-Karpov III . Macmillan Pub Co. 1986, ISBN 0-02-028700-3 .
• Garry Kasparov and Kenneth P. Neat: London-Leningrad Championship Games: Rematch Championship Games With Annotations by the World Champion . Macmillan Pub Co. 1987, ISBN 0-08-032053-8 .
• Garry Kasparov: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986-1987 . Everyman Chess, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-857-446-2-58 .

Web links

• Summary of the 1986 World Chess Championship at Chessgames.com (English)
• Highlights of the duel at mark-weeks.com (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. p. 2.
2. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. p. 3.
3. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 3-12.
4. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 13-17.
5. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 17-19.
6. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 19-22.
7. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. p. 26.
8. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 27-29.
9. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. p. 35.
10. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 29-36.
11. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 36-38.
12. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 38-39.
13. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 39-42.
14. ↑ Aleksandar Matanović , “Schach ist Schach”, Rau-Verlag 1991, ISBN 3-7919-0366-7 .
15. ↑ Hans-Joachim Hecht and Gerd Treppner: World Chess Championship revenge fight 1986 . Beyer-Verlag 1986. pp. 40-41.
16. ↑ ECO code B44
17. ↑ see also Kasparov thought I was Karpov's agent on EuRuChess from February 26, 2007 (Russian)
18. ↑ Aleksandar Matanović , “Schach ist Schach”, Rau-Verlag 1991, ISBN 3-7919-0366-7 .
19. ^ Analysis and collection of comments by Life Master AJ Goldsby
20. ↑ FIDE - World Championship 2001/2002 - Final Round 7 (Review and Commentary) ( Memento from February 22, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) On: chessbase.de , accessed on April 30, 2009
21. ↑ Interview with Kirsan Ilyumzhinov: "The chess crown is back home" on: chessbase.de , accessed on May 1, 2009

This article was added to the list of articles worth reading on May 6, 2009 in this version .