Slovak National Party

This article covers the current party, founded in 1990. For the historical party, see Slovenská národná strana (1871) .

Slovenská národná strana Slovak National Party
Party leader	Andrei Danko
founding	April 1990
Place of foundation	Bratislava
Headquarters	Šafárikovo námestie 3 81499 Bratislava
Alignment	National conservatism nationalism right-wing populism protectionism
Colours)	White, blue, red (Slovak tricolor )
Parliament seats	0/150 ( National Council , 2020 )
EP Group	formerly Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFD)
Website	www.sns.sk

The Slovak National Party ( Slovak Slovenská národná strana , short SNS ) is a political party in Slovakia , its party members and supporters are called Národniari (dt. About "the national ones " ) in Slovakia . In the parliamentary elections in 2020 , the SNS failed to make it into the Slovak National Council .

In the 1990s in particular, the SNS was considered to be right-wing extremists , but since the 2000s some experts have recognized a development towards a national conservative party. In economic policy, the party represents protectionist and welfare state positions.

Founded in 1990 after the fall of communism , the SNS, together with the Christian Democratic Movement, is the oldest politically relevant party in today's Slovakia. She has been involved in a Slovak government several times (1993–1994, 1994–1998, 2006–2010, 2016–2020).

classification

According to Radoslav Štefančík (2008), it is difficult to classify the SNS on the political left-right axis. Also Hannes Hofbauer and David X. Noack (2013) conclude:

“Although it has been a constant political figure in the Slovak political landscape for almost two decades, it is difficult for the observer to say exactly where the Slovak National Party is in terms of content and ideology. Within the joint federation house with Prague, the striving for an independent Slovakia was at the center of agitation. After this goal was achieved on January 1, 1993, the SNS concentrated on anti-Hungarian and anti-Gypsy attitudes. "

The SNS describes itself as a "nationally oriented, conservative center-right party that is based on the European-Christian value system with the three programmatic pillars - the national, the Christian and the social."

According to Astrid Bötticher and Miroslav Mareš (2012), the SNS is “ultra-nationalist, with racist features, which manifests itself in a pronounced defensive attitude towards everything Hungarian and against the Roma” . After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the party had a "right-wing extremist list" . Also Hannes Hofbauer and David X. Noack According to the SNS was in 1994 in the "right-wing camp" tilted during the following joint coalition with Mečiar HZDS (1994-1998) did then but "despite the radical rhetoric and integration into European structures fascist" pursued a "fairly pragmatic" government policy. After the dismissal of party leader Slota in 1999 and the break of relations with right-wing extremist Western European parties, the SNS under the new chairman Malíková took a "more nationally conservative course" . The rapprochement between the SNS and national conservative and sovereignist parties at the European level in the 2000s (membership of the Union for Europe of Nations faction in the European Parliament) shows the development of the SNS from an openly right-wing extremist to a national conservative party.

Even Hans-Wolfgang Platzer (2008) sees the party now as a "national conservative" , Rüdiger Kipke (2002) as "national conservative to nationalist" , Vladimir Bilcik and Juraj Buzalka (2012) as a "nationalist" , Marianne Kneuser (2007) "Right-wing nationalist" . In the volume published by Karsten Grabow and Florian Hartleb (2013) on right-wing populist and national-populist parties in Europe, the SNS and the French Front National are collectively referred to as "the most authoritarian and radical parties among right-wing populists " . According to the Slovak political scientists Grigorij Mesežnikov and Oľga Gyárfášová deal (2013), the detail is anthology in called the SNS, the party can be used as "populist radical right party, Whose ideological backround Combines a mixture of nationalism and xenophobia, authoritarianism and populism" described become. Kai-Olaf Lang (2005) attributes the SNS to the “tough populists” , specifically the “nationalist and chauvinist parties” .

Other experts such as B. Dieter Segert (2008) or Reinhard Veser (2004), however, still place the SNS in the area of right-wing extremism .

Political positions

Minority policy

The SNS is a staunch opponent of the civic concept of the political nation and understands the present Slovak Republic as a nation state of the ethnic Slovaks . Of all the Slovak parties, the SNS has the most negative attitude towards the Hungarian minority . Their party leaders themselves question the existence of the ethnic group within Slovak territory, arguing that this part of the Slovak population is a product of the linguistic assimilation of the autochthonous Slavs by Hungarian immigrants . The ethnic Hungarians are portrayed by SNS party leaders as disloyal to the Slovak state and as a potential threat to the majority nation. In assessing the historical context of Slovak-Hungarian relations, the SNS representatives stress the plight of the Slovaks and highlight the injustices committed by the Hungarians. The party submitted numerous proposals to complicate the implementation of minority rights of ethnic Hungarians, concerning political representation, education, culture, regional development and the use of their language. The SNS made repeated attempts to have the inviolable status of the Beneš decrees confirmed by the Slovak parliament. Their efforts failed from 2002 to 2005, and in 2007 a corresponding declaration was passed by the Slovak parliament on the initiative of the National Party. During the center-right governments of Mikuláš Dzurinda (1998–2006) and Iveta Radičová (2010–2012), the SNS strongly opposed all measures to improve the situation of ethnic minorities, especially Hungarians. These included the change in the educational system for bilingual issuing of school certificates, the adaptation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government , the ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , the establishment of a faculty for Hungarian teachers at the University of Nitra and the establishment of the Hungarian-speaking János Selye University in Komárno .

Among the relevant political organizations, the SNS also represented the most radical nationalist views on the so-called Roma question . According to political scientists Grigorij Mesežnikov and Oľga Gyárfašová, the National Party fueled the feeling of fear that the Slovak majority population posed by the growing and unadjusted Roma population. In the interpretation of the SNS, the Roma minority is privileged compared to the Slovak majority, as they receive greater social benefits than other citizens. Some SNS representatives even suggested that the best solution would be to drive the Roma out of the country. In 2000, the vice-chairman of the SNS, Víťazoslav Móric, appealed to the Slovak government to set up reservations for unadapted Roma.

Economic policy

The economic policy program of the SNS is marked by protectionist and nationalist rhetoric. The party manifesto of 1994 states: “The SNS prefers the concentration of capital, means of production and property in the hands of national institutions as a guarantee of the economic strength of Slovakia. The SNS does not support and will never support the sale of any (public) property to anonymous, multinational, cosmopolitan entities that use their economic power to gain political influence. ” In its 2002 election manifesto, the SNS emphasized the need for a social welfare state ; SNS election program for the development of a "market economy of the 21st century which corresponds to the national, Christian and socio-economic conditions of Slovakia" . In 2010 the party criticized the "old practices of neoliberalism" which it considered unable to find solutions to the 2007 international financial crisis . The SNS criticized proposals that presented increasing foreign investment and the sale of state property as solutions and instead advocated support for a policy of public procurement and public investment. In 2012 the National Party promised to introduce a 10 percent tax on dividends from multinational corporations and monopoly companies, to eliminate discrimination against suitable domestic companies, and to favor them over foreign companies through aid investments.

According to Karsten Grabow and Florian Hartleb, the SNS, together with the French Front National, represents “the most protectionist and welfare-chauvist positions among right-wing populists” .

Foreign and Security Policy

The attitudes of the SNS in the field of foreign policy and international cooperation are marked by suspicions towards neighboring Hungary, general isolationism , anti-Americanism , rejection of transatlanticism and occasional sympathy for the foreign policy of Vladimir Putin's Russia. Besides the Communists, the SNS was the only relevant Slovak party that rejected Slovakia's membership in NATO on principle.

Position towards Islam

The SNS is not the only relevant political party in Slovakia that emphasizes Christianity as the fundamental pillar of European civilization and sees itself as a principled Christian force. However, according to Mesežnikov and Gyárfašová, it is the only political organization (apart from a few marginal extremist groups) that associates itself with openly anti-Islamic attitudes. This is how the SNS explains:

“Islam wants to change the cultural face of Europe. We clearly announce: No to the Islamization of the EU, no to EU membership for Turkey. We will initiate the formation of a European cultural wall against this form of multiculturalism, which alienates us from our substance and which leads [Europe] into ethnic conflicts. We protest against the violent suppression of Christianity. "

- Statement by the SNS in 2012

According to Mesežnikov and Gyárfašová, the hostile attitude towards Islam was also one of the official reasons for maintaining the close ties between the SNS and the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) led by Heinz-Christian Strache . Before the parliamentary elections in 2012 , FPÖ representatives visited Bratislava to demonstrate their support for the SNS as an “alternative social party” . The two parties conducted negotiations regarding their resistance to a “possible Islamization” of Slovakia and Austria and signed a bilateral memorandum in July 2011 for mutual cooperation and understanding. In an interview for a Slovak website in April 2016, SNS boss Andrej Danko stated that he had a "long-term friendly relationship" with FPÖ boss Strache , and that the color graphics of the SNS election posters for the 2016 parliamentary election were different from those of the FPÖ, according to Danko. Posters have been inspired.

History politics

In their interpretations of national history, the SNS representatives tend to mythologize the past, in which they place the ethnogenesis of the Slovak titular nation in history as far back as possible and tend to positively authoritarian personalities and regimes in Slovak history to judge.

Party history

Origin and early years

After the coup in 1989 , the SNS was founded in April 1990. She sees herself as the successor to the historic Slovak National Party founded in 1871 . Against this background, the SNS describes itself as the oldest political party in Slovakia.

In the first election to the Slovak parliament in Czechoslovakia in 1990, the party achieved 13.94%, making it the third strongest force, ahead of the Communist Party. In the elections to the Federation Parliaments, the National Party did not receive quite as many votes and ended up just behind the Communists. At the last elections within the federation with the Czech Republic in 1992, the SNS was the only major political formation to call for independence. The votes for the right-wing party almost halved and the SNS entered the Slovak parliament with 7.93%. Formal reigned after these elections, the HZDS of Vladimir Meciar alone, however, the biggest Slovak political movement were missing two seats for an absolute majority, the National Party which is why the HZDS government initially informally supported and later even directly.

1994-1999

While the striving for an independent Slovakia was at the center of the agitation within the Czechoslovak federation, after January 1, 1993 the SNS concentrated on anti-Hungarian and antigypsy attitudes and drifted into the “right-wing extremist camp” ( Hannes Hofbauer ). In the first elections after Slovak independence, the SNS won 5.4% of the vote in November 1994 and formed a coalition government with Mečiars HZDS and the radical left workers' association from 1994-1998 .

1999-2003

After the parliamentary elections in 1998, the previous opposition under Mikuláš Dzurinda came to power, which meant that the SNS had to go into the opposition. In 1999 internal party differences between Ján Slota and Anna Malíková led to the party's split. Malíková (after her marriage Belousovová) became the new party leader of the SNS, Slota founded her own party under the name True Slovak National Party (PSNS). Under its chairman Anna Belousovová , the SNS has developed in recent years from an openly right-wing extremist party to a “national-conservative party” (according to the Science and Politics Foundation ). In the same year that the SWP's assessment was published, József Bayer, Professor of Political Science at the Loránd Eötvös University in Budapest and Director of the Institute of Political Science at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, described the policy of the SNS as follows: “The“ Slovak National Party ”(SNS), although right-wing extremist, cannot be clearly classified as a neo-fascist party. Ján Slota, who has headed the party since 1994, likes to fall back on fascist slogans and terms in his speeches and denounces minorities (especially Roma and Hungarians) as scapegoats, in contrast the party behaves more moderately. Their ideology mixes elements from populism , corporatism and xenophobic nationalism , which is primarily directed against Hungarians and Roma. "

This factual split in the parties meant that in the parliamentary elections in 2002 neither of the two right-wing groups managed to reach the five percent threshold required to enter parliament. As a result, both parties reunited, Slota became party leader and Belousovová became its vice-chairman.

2003-2012

Ján Slota, party leader 1994–1999 and 2003–2012

In the 2006 elections , the reunited party received 11.73% of the vote and was able to enter parliament with 20 seats. The social democratic party SMER , the HZDS of the former Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar and the SNS formed a coalition government. The admission of the SNS to the governing coalition was the official reason for the suspension of the membership of the governing party SMER in the umbrella organization of the European social democratic and socialist parties SPE in 2006, in which it was however again admitted in 2009. The government co-founded by the SNS under Robert Fico also received support from the Communist Party of Slovakia .

At the request of the SNS, the Slovak parliament declared the Beneš decrees , which also decreed the confiscation of Hungarian property, to be “inviolable”.

On the party's website in 2008, a map of Europe could be seen for several days, on which Hungary was divided between Austria (west of the Danube) and Slovakia (east of the Danube). After a few days the card was removed, but the party did not comment on why this image was uploaded and published.

The party won 5.56% of the vote in the 2009 European elections and was represented by one member, Jaroslav Paška , in the European Parliament . Paska joined the Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group .

The SNS was a member of the Alliance for a Europe of Nations, which existed between 2004 and 2009 .

In the parliamentary elections on June 12, 2010 , the party was able to retain its representation in parliament, but with 5.08% of the vote had only won nine seats, a loss of eleven seats compared to the 2006 election. It narrowly escaped the fate of its former Coalition partner HZDS. After the elections there were again disputes in the party leadership between Slota and his deputy Anna Belousovová, which ended with the Belousovovás Committee on February 5, 2011. Anna Belousovová then founded the Národ a Spravodlivosť (People and Justice) party .

2012-2016

In the early parliamentary election on March 10, 2012 , the party failed because of the five percent hurdle. Andrej Danko then took over the party chairmanship. On April 24, 2013, the long-time, two-time chairman Jan Slota was expelled from the SNS because of irregularities in the management of the party's assets during his tenure.

According to the Slovak newspaper Denník N , the SNS, chaired by Danko, is trying to differentiate itself from the old leadership under Slota. In the refugee crisis in Europe in 2015 , it was no more radical than other Slovak parties; One would only comment on the Hungarian minority in passing. The political analyst Ján Baránek also sees a change in rhetoric from a nationalist and chauvinist party to a national ( národná ) party. Regarding the new course of the SNS under his leadership, Danko said: “The people don't want a party that will be xenophobic or racist. It has to be a party that has a modern and pragmatic view of the matter. "

Since 2016

In the 2016 parliamentary elections , with Danko as the top candidate, the party managed to return to the National Council with 8.6% of the vote and 15 out of 150 seats. The party then refused to join a center-right coalition led by Richard Sulík . Instead, she rejoined a government coalition with the Smer under the previous Prime Minister Robert Fico , to which the Most-Híd and Sieť parties also belong. A joint coalition with Most-Híd, who represents the interests of the Hungarian minority, underlines the somewhat moderate change that the party has taken. As part of the coalition agreement, party leader Danko was designated as the new speaker of parliament. The party has nominated 3 out of 15 ministers in government.

Party leader

No.	Party leader	Term of office
1.	Víťazoslav Móric	May 19, 1990 - March 23, 1991
2.	Jozef Prokeš	March 23, 1991 - October 10, 1992
3.	Ľudovít Černák	October 10, 1992 - February 19, 1994
4th	Jan Slota	February 19, 1994 - September 25, 1999
5.	Anna Malíková	September 25, 1999 - May 31, 2003
6th	Jan Slota	May 31, 2003 - October 6, 2012
7th	Andrei Danko	Oct. 6, 2012 - In office

Overview of election results

year	choice	Share of the vote	Parliament seats	space	position
1990	National Council election 1990	13.94%	22/150	3.	opposition
1992	National Council election 1992	7.93%	15/150	4th	Opposition (1992–1993 support of the HZDS minority government)
					Government participation (1993–1994 coalition with the HZDS)
					Opposition (March – December 1994)
1994	National Council election 1994	5.40%	9/150	7th	Government participation
1998	National Council election 1998	9.07%	14/150	5.	opposition
2002	National Council election 2002	3.32%	0/150	9.	No entry into parliament
2004	2004 European elections	2.01%	0/14	9.	-
2006	National Council election 2006	11.73%	20/150	3.	Government participation
2009	European elections 2009	5.55%	1/14	6th	-
2010	National Council election 2010	5.07%	9/150	6th	opposition
2012	National Council election 2012	4.55%	0/150	7th	No entry into parliament
2014	European elections 2014	3.61%	0/14	10.	-
2016	National Council election 2016	8.64%	15/150	4th	Government participation
2019	European elections 2019	4.09%	0/14	8th.	-
2020	National Council election 2020	3.16%	0/150	10.	No entry into parliament

literature

• Oľga Gyárfašová: Slovakia: The Slovakian National Party . In: Helga Amesberger , Brigitte Halbmayr (ed.): Right-wing extremist parties - a possible home for women? . Leske and Budrich, Opladen 2002, ISBN 3-8100-3366-9 , p. 161 ff.
• Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfašová: The Slovak National Party: A Fading Comet? On the Ups and Downs of Right-wing and National Populism in Slovakia . In: Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb (eds.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe . Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-2-930632-26-1 , pp. 323-350.
• Andrea LP Pirro: The Populist Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europa: Ideology, impact, and electoral performance. Rouledge, London / New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-138-83987-8 .
• Bartek Pytlas: Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe. Mainstream party competition and electoral fortune. Rouledge, New York 2016, ISBN 978-1-138-88966-8 .

Web links

• Party website (Slovak)

Individual evidence

1. ^ Radoslav Štefančík: Christian-Democratic Parties in Slovakia. University of Saints Cyril and Method in Trnava, Trnava 2008, ISBN 978-80-8105-016-9 , p. 20.
2. ^ Hannes Hofbauer, David X. Noack: Slovakia. The arduous way to the west. Promedia, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-85371-349-5 , pp. 131f.
3. ↑ Original quote from the party website ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Slovenská národná strana (SNS) je národne orientovanou, konzervatívnou, stredo-pravou stranou opierajúcou sa o európsko-kresťanský hodnotový systém, s tromi programovými piliermi - národným. 
4. ^ Astrid Bötticher, Miroslav Mareš: Extremism: Theories - Concepts - Forms. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-59793-6 , p. 324f.
5. ^ Hannes Hofbauer, David X. Noack: Slovakia. The arduous way to the west. Promedia, Vienna 2012, p. 91 u. 131ff.
6. ^ Hannes Hofbauer, David X. Noack: Slovakia. The arduous way to the west. Promedia, Vienna 2012, p. 175.
7. ^ Hans-Wolfgang Platzer: Slovakia. In: Josef Schmid, Harald Kohler (ed.): Industrial relations and social dialogue in old and new Europe. Differences - similarities - cooperation. Nomos Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8329-4020-1 , pp. 233-268.
8. ^ Rüdiger Kipke: The political system of Slovakia. In: Wolfgang Ismayr (Ed.): The political systems of Eastern Europe. Leske + Budrich, Opladen 2002, ISBN 978-3-322-96396-3 , pp. 317-356, here p. 281 and 339.
9. ↑ Vladimir Bilcik, Juraj Buzalka: Slovakia. In: Donnacha Ó Beacháin, Vera Sheridan, Sabina Stan (eds.): Life in Post-communist Eastern Europe After EU Membership. Happy Ever After ?. Routledge, New York 2012, ISBN 978-0-415-68084-4 , pp. 55-72, here: p. 68.
10. ↑ Marianne Kneuser: democratization of the EU. South and East Central Europe in comparison. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-531-15077-2 , p. 302.
11. ↑ Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb: Maping Present-day Right-wing Populists. In: Same (ed.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-2-930632-26-1 , p. 23
12. ↑ Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfašová: The Slovak National Party: A fading Comet? On the Ups and Downs of Right-wing and National Populism in Slovakia. In: Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb (eds.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-2-930632-26-1 , pp. 323-350, here p. 324.
13. ↑ Kai-Olaf Lang: Populism in East Central Europe: Forms of Manifestation, Peculiarities and Opportunity Structures. In: Rudolf von Thadden, Anna Hofmann: Populism in Europe - Crisis or Democracy? Wallstein Verlag, 2005, pp. 137–154, here p. 140.
14. ↑ Dieter Segert: Between Fragility and Stabilization: An Overview of the Party Landscape in East Central Europe. In: Hans-Joachim Veen, Ulrich Mählert, Franz-Josef Schlichting (eds.): Parties in young democracies. Between fragility and stabilization in East Central Europe. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-412-20180-7 , pp. 55–72, here p. 62.
15. ↑ Reinhard Veser: The new ones in the EU. Holzhausen 2004, p. 47.
16. ↑ Slovakia declares Benes decrees to be "inviolable". In: oe24.at, September 20, 2007, accessed on November 26, 2015, 11:35 pm.
17. ↑ Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfašová: The Slovak National Party: A fading Comet? On the Ups and Downs of Right-wing and National Populism in Slovakia. In: Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb (eds.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, pp. 331–334.
18. ↑ Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfašová: The Slovak National Party: A fading Comet? On the Ups and Downs of Right-wing and National Populism in Slovakia. In: Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb (eds.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, p. 334.
19. ↑ Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfašová: The Slovak National Party: A fading Comet? On the Ups and Downs of Right-wing and National Populism in Slovakia. In: Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb (eds.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, p. 331.
20. ↑ Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb: Maping Present-day Right-wing Populists. In: Same (ed.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-2-930632-26-1 , p. 23.
21. ↑ Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfašová: The Slovak National Party: A fading Comet? On the Ups and Downs of Right-wing and National Populism in Slovakia. In: Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb (eds.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, p. 338.
22. ↑ ^{a b c} Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfašová: The Slovak National Party: A Fading Comet? On the Ups and Downs of Right-wing and National Populism in Slovakia. In: Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb (eds.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, p. 335.
23. ↑ Andrej Danko: Urobím všetko, aby strany ako Kotlebova nefungovali. In: akutality.sk, April 25, 2016, accessed April 28, 2016, 5:55 pm. [Slovak]
24. ↑ Grigorij Mesežnikov, Oľga Gyárfašová: The Slovak National Party: A fading Comet? On the Ups and Downs of Right-wing and National Populism in Slovakia. In: Karsten Grabow, Florian Hartleb (eds.): Exposing the Demagogues. Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Center for European Studies, Berlin 2013, p. 332.
25. ↑ Hannes Hofbauer / David X. Noack: Slovakia: The laborious way to the west , Vienna 2012, p. 130. ISBN 978-3-85371-349-5
26. ^ Gregor Mayer, Bernhard Odehnal: Aufmarsch. The right danger from Eastern Europe. Residenz Verlag, St. Pölten / Salzburg 2010, p. 183
27. ^ Hofbauer, Noack: Slovakia. P. 130f.
28. ^ Hofbauer, Noack: Slovakia. P. 91 and 131f.
29. ↑ swp-berlin.org
30. ↑ dwelle.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
31. ↑ sloakei-net.de
32. ↑ József Bayer (Budapest): Right-wing populism and right-wing extremism in East Central Europe ( Memento of the original from January 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) accessed on January 27, 2010 
33. ↑ Smer full SPE member from 2009? - orf.at, accessed on May 5, 2008.
34. ↑ When the peoples are more peaceful than the politicians . In: NZZ , February 12, 2008
35. ↑ Article on Origo.hu with the modified map of Europe
36. ↑ Pravica môže vládnuť, má o 8 kresiel viac (Slovak) , SME. Retrieved June 13, 2010. 
37. ↑ [1] , accessed on October 6, 2012, 7:16 p.m. Report in the online portal idnes.cz (Czech), accessed on April 24, 2013
38. ↑ Vladimír Šnídl: Punč, klobásy a Andrej Danko, SNS chystá kampaň na vianočných trhoch . In: dennikn.sk, November 8, 2015, accessed on November 25, 2015, 7:59 pm.
39. ↑ Baránek z Polisu: Pravica sa zmierila s tým, že Fico bude naďalej vládnuť. In: Updne.atlas.sk, January 21, 2016, accessed ders., 20:26.
40. ↑ Vladimír Šnídl: Punč, klobásy a Andrej Danko, SNS chystá kampaň na vianočných trhoch . In: dennikn.sk, November 8, 2015, accessed March 8, 2015, 05:06.