Bützow Collegiate Church
The collegiate church of St. Maria, St. Johannes and St. Elisabeth in Bützow is a typical building of the North German brick Gothic . It is located in the town of Bützow in the Rostock district . The town or collegiate church in Bützow was originally built in the second half of the 13th century as a collegiate church for the residence of the Schwerin bishops . It is a three-aisled hall church with a polygonal choir and a 74 meter high tower. The parish belongs to the Rostock provost in the Mecklenburg parish of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany ( Northern Church ).
history
From 1239 Schloss Bützow was the main residence of the Schwerin diocese . The Domkollegiatstift was founded in 1248. So the desire arose to build a corresponding city and cathedral. The construction was mainly driven by Bishop Friedrich II von Bülow (1366-1377).
According to the deed of foundation, the church was consecrated to the Lord Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, the Evangelist John and Saint Elizabeth . John the Evangelist was the patron saint of the cathedral and diocese of Schwerin. The patronage of Saint Elisabeth is unusual because she died in 1231 and was canonized in 1235, so at the time of the foundation of the Collegiate Foundation of Bützow in 1248 she was still a very "young" saint. The church in Bützow was therefore an Elisabeth church. Another local saint was added later, Saint Catherine .
A previous building was built in the first half of the 13th century and was consecrated by the Schwerin Bishop Brunward (1191–1238). At the end of the century, a basilica choir was built in the bound system.
Construction of the larger church then began in the second half of the 13th century. Parts of this older church can be seen in the eastern section adjoining the choir . Of this, the elaborate north portal with a profiled field stone plinth and traces of the former sacristy and the central nave pillars with the capitals and approaches of the arcade arches are still visible today .
At the beginning of the 14th century the nave was extended to the west as a three-aisled five-bay hall church and the construction of the retracted tower was prepared. The roof structure was erected, then the decorated west gable was bricked with open teeth on the entire inner wall for the planned tower.
The current choir was raised and partially expanded between 1365 and 1375. At the beginning of the 15th century, the square west tower made of brick with a core made of field stones with its vaulted tower hall was added and received the mighty tower spire.
In the years from 1760 to 1789 the church was used as the ballroom of the University of Bützow .
In the 18th and 19th centuries the church was restored and partially rebuilt. The first renovation was documented on the western wall of the north aisle: From 1858 to 1861 the interior was redesigned and renovated in a neo-Gothic style. A neo-Gothic altar was also added.
“This church was previously consecrated to St. Elizabeth, but has now been repaired in honor of the Triune God. MDCCXXIIX. "
The large bell , manufactured in the Rickert de Monkehagen bell workshop in 1412 , was cast in 1873.
Around 1900, warm air heating was installed for the interior and the St. Mary's altar from 1503 was placed in the choir again. In the following decades little was changed in the church, only the windows were repaired in 1972 and the roof turrets were emergency secured in 1992. In the 1990s, a fundamental renovation of the church began with work on the tower roof. The organ renovation followed from 1997 to 1999 with the return to its original state. In the outside area, the base was exposed and masonry renovation began. In 2003 the Marien Altar was renovated and from 2005 to 2006 the priest gate.
The collegiate church was classified as a cultural monument of national importance in 2007 .
In 2007, the renovation of the roof structure of the nave and choir began. This work dragged on until 2010, when the nave, choir and roof turret were completely re-covered. At the same time, masonry work was carried out on eaves, verges and the inner gable wall.
In 2015 there was damage from a tornado of level F3 on the Fujita scale , which also affected other nearby architectural monuments. The tornado swept the roof of the nave and lifted the roof of the church tower, which was moved slightly in the process. The German Foundation for Monument Protection then initially provided an amount of 210,000 euros as emergency aid. However, additional donations are required to fully secure the building.
Building description
The church is a vaulted brick hall church with three naves of equal height , of which the central nave is very wide and the two aisles are narrower. It has seven bays , an inner choir yoke with a 3/8 end and an ambulatory choir with three polygonal wreath chapels. The latter have an equally high, wide, polygonal choir closure. The exterior is structured by buttresses , a coffin cornice and high three and four-part pointed arch windows. The portals are decorated to a high standard. The church has a high gable roof with a baroque roof turret .
The main and side aisles are spanned by ribbed vaults and the choir polygon by a star vault. In the western area of the aisles there are wooden galleries . The pillars have an unusual shape with six semicircular templates over a rounded pillar core. The capitals are designed figuratively. The western pillars are particularly strong with a transverse rectangular core and should support a planned western tower. The eastern part of the central nave is determined by the two yokes of the previous building with their wall templates, which are formed from half of an octagon and crowned with a trapezoidal capital. They are accompanied by round services with chalice capitals. Bud capitals adorn the pillars in the side aisles.
Central nave
From the old church building, the two bays west of the choir are still preserved in the central nave, which rest on a whole pair of pillars and two half pairs of pillars. This is likely to have been the nave of the old church, to which a smaller, square altar church was probably added in the east.
This old church had to give way to the wide polygonal choir closure in the second half of the 14th century. It was only half the height of the current church. The pillars of the old church are clad with half-columns on the four sides and also on the four corners in the corners and have capitals made of brick decorated with vine leaves. Nothing has been changed in the width of the church, which is visible on the remains of the old pilasters that are still inside on the side walls. The pointed arched main portal on the north side, decorated with vine leaves, was also part of the previous building. The windows were adapted to the new shape, increased and expanded.
The annex to the old church from the third quarter of the 13th century extends the nave by the same length, i.e. two vaults. The church height was doubled. The pillars in the newer extension are also provided with half-columns. The richly decorated capitals are decorated with various kinds of foliage, grotesque human and animal figures and human heads.
Choir
The choir that now exists was founded shortly before 1364 and completed between 1365 and 1375. The construction seam to the nave is clearly visible outside and inside. The ambulatory with the wreath chapels is stylistically different from the rest of the church. The inner choir is covered by a vault supported by tall, slender pillars. The access behind the choir has moved far beyond the circular walls of the church to form three large chapels. From the outside, the building resembles the churches of the Hanseatic cities of that time, such as the Marienkirche in Rostock. The model for the floor plan of the ambulatory choir with polygonal wreath chapels is to be found in the Schwerin Cathedral . The choir was founded on a high granite base.
On the outside of all five pillars of the new choir, the von Bülow coat of arms is attached, which refers to the owner, a bishop of Schwerin from the von Bülow house.
Steeple
The church tower probably dates from the second half of the 13th century and was probably built soon after the new nave. This is supported by the fact that its lower rooms have been integrated into the church. At the corners of the tower there are four right-angled pillars made of smooth masonry without decoration. These pillars protrude far into the nave and support the actual tower. Between each two strong pillars there is a much narrower pillar to support the vaults. A planned masonry spire was never implemented. The square tower has an eight-sided shingle-roofed helmet in the style of the so-called Mecklenburg “bishop's hats” and is accessible up to the top. The tower was rebuilt in 1728.
Masonry
The curtain walls, which were redesigned many times in the second half of the 14th century when the new choir was added, are, like the new choir and the new tower, built of red bricks. The interior and the older part of the church, i.e. H. the pillars, capitals, belt arches and vaults are made of yellow and white bricks.
top, roof
The church roof is an elevated collar beam roof (hall frame roof) made of oak in its early form. The upper roof in Bützow is still conventionally trimmed as a cross brace roof, as it dominated in northern Germany through the entire Middle Ages. Similar to a Low German hall house, the large width is covered by elevating the central nave roof while at the same time scooping the rafters to cover the off-sides or the aisles. While the longitudinal, rather than the transverse, reinforcement was initially very poorly developed (Greifswald, St. Marien with a single chain of bars and a few nailed-on struts from the construction period), the system was perfected in the late 14th, but especially in the 15th century.
The tower roof rests on two nested stand frames. The inner scaffolding begins on the upper floor of the tower shaft. The outer walls taper accordingly and were only bricked up after the carpenters had completed their work. The entire structure with its various chairs is apparently completely preserved.
The roof turret was erected in the late 17th century. Due to numerous repairs from the 17th to 19th centuries, the original construction can hardly be recognized. The rafters of the sub-roof were largely replaced by pine around 1800.
Furnishing
The Marien Altar by the master of the Bützow Altar, dated 1503, is worth seeing . It was donated by the Schwerin bishop Konrad Loste . At each end of the altar's predella there was a painted coat of arms of the bishop. Left that of Konrad Loste (1483–1503) and right his successor Johannes Thun (1504–1506). A golden shield with three watered green cross bands. Behind a crosier. These coats of arms have not existed since the last restoration.
Other important pieces of equipment are a bronze baptismal font from 1474 and the pulpit from 1617, donated by Ulrich II , the administrator of the Schwerin diocese , which is also shown on it. It is attributed to the Schleswig-Holstein carver Hans Peper . In addition, the epitaphs from the 16th century can be seen, including the large Renaissance epitaph "which Hardenack Wackerbart had put in memory of his father Jürgen Wackerbarth and his mother Ursula Viereggen in 1590".
The organ by Friedrich Ludwig Theodor Friese dates from 1877.
organ
The organ was built in 1877 by the organ builder Friedrich Friese in an existing case. The case was dendrochronologically dated to 1520 in 2017 , making it the oldest organ prospectus in Mecklenburg; There is documentary evidence of work on an instrument in the case in 1621. The case was probably only brought to the collegiate church in 1877 and was adapted there. In particular, the Rückpositiv housing has been eliminated. The instrument also consists in parts of older pipe material. In 1963 the organ was tonally redesigned by the organ builder Jehmlich (Dresden), in 1999 the organ was restored and sonically reconstructed by the organ builder Wegschneider (Dresden); After the tornado in Bützow , a thorough cleaning and re-intonation took place in 2016/17, again by employees of Orgelbau Wegscheider. The slider chest instrument has 28 stops on two manuals and a pedal . The actions are mechanical.
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- Coupling: manual coupler, pedal coupler (I / P)
- Playing aids: check valves for main unit, upper unit, pedal; Stop valve step for 4 pedal registers
sundial
In the Bützow collegiate church there is a sundial from 1765. JC Lüders created it from Gotland limestone on behalf of Pastor Thomas Christoph Luger. The mathematical and astronomical calculations were carried out by Professor Wenzeslaus Johann Gustav Karsten , who also created “instructions for use” for the sundial.
By showing the earth meridians, it is possible to show different time zones. The shadow always marks the current local time.
On the sundial there are theological sayings, various symbols, astronomical texts and scale inscriptions in four languages (Latin, German, French and Hebrew).
The sundial was located on the south pillar of the church and was placed behind the altar after the renovation in 2009. Instead of the original sundial, a copy is to be attached to the outer facade.
Provosts and pastors
Names and years indicate the verifiable mention as pastor. Including the following canons of Schwerin as provosts
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swell
Printed sources
- Mecklenburg record book (MUB)
- Mecklenburg Yearbooks (MJB)
Unprinted sources
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State Main Archive Schwerin (LHAS)
- LHAS 1.5-3 / 1
- LHAS 2.12-3 / 4 Churches and Schools, Specialia. No. 1401 Register of vicarages in Bützow 1553.
- Tilo Schöfbeck: Bützow, Collegiate Church of S. Maria, Johannes and Elisabeth, structural history and structural expertise on the roof structure , Schwerin 2008–2012.
- Frank Witrizichowski: Documentation of the archaeological excavations in connection with the drainage of the Bützow collegiate church.
literature
- Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch : The church to Bützow. Article 42, Volume 10, Schwerin 1845.
- Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch: The church to Bützow. Article 27, Volume 24, Schwerin 1859.
- Friedrich Schlie : Art and history monuments of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Volume 4: The district court districts Schwaan, Bützow, Sternberg, Güstrow, Krakow, Goldberg, Parchim, Lübz and Plau. Schwerin 1896, p. 48 ff. ( Archive.org ).
- Tilo Schöfbeck, Detlev Witt: The collegiate church to Bützow. Petersberg 2014, ISBN 978-3-7319-0123-5 .
- Mecklenburgisches Klosterbuch , Rostock, 2016, pp. 119–142.
Web links
- Literature about collegiate church Bützow in the state bibliography MV
- stiftskirche-buetzow.de ( Memento from January 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ↑ SVZ : Bützower Stiftskirche badly drawn , 7 May 2015. Accessed on 23 August 2015.
- ↑ Beatrice Härig: Tornado in Bützow. In: Monuments , magazine for monument culture in Germany. No. 4, August 2015, p. 7.
- ↑ a b Dendrochronology: Sensation in the collegiate church. In: Bützower Zeitung. September 29, 2017 ( [1] ), accessed October 2, 2017.
- ↑ More information about the organ
- ↑ Gustav Willgeroth : The Mecklenburg-Schwerin Parishes since the Thirty Years' War. Wismar 1925.
- ↑ Margit Kaluza-Baumruker: Schwerin Cathedral Chapter (1171-1400). 1987 pp. 98-99, directory of persons.
Coordinates: 53 ° 50 ′ 55.6 " N , 11 ° 58 ′ 54.3" E