Kakapo
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Kakapo ( Strigops habroptila ) |
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| Strigops habroptila | ||||||||||||
| Gray , 1845 |
The kakapo ( Strigops habroptila ) is a parrot that is native to New Zealand . It is the only species of the Strigopinae subfamily (owl parrots). The nocturnal bird is essentially a herbivore. It is the only known recent flightless parrot. The kakapo is in acute danger of extinction. In 1994 a low was reached with only 47 birds left. Since then, due to intensive efforts to find the few remaining birds, the population has slowly but steadily increased and in mid-2019 again comprised 200 kakapos.
Appearance
All kakapos known today are characterized by a moss-green plumage with black stripes on the back. The lower body, neck and face are more green-yellowish feathered, whereby the color varies greatly from person to person. However, it is known from bird hides in scientific collections that there were also specimens that were completely yellowish in feathery. The plumage is unusually soft, which is what the species name habroptila refers to (ancient Greek habro- "soft", ptilon "feather").
Kakapos have a so-called face veil ; that is, the face is surrounded by fine feathers, as is typical of owls . This explains the scientific generic name Strigops (Latin strix "owl", ancient Greek ops "face"). The European immigrants to New Zealand therefore also called the kakapo the owl parrot . The beak is surrounded by fine beak bristles that are used to locate obstacles at night. The ends of the tail feathers are usually torn because they are constantly being pulled along the ground.
Kakapos are very large parrots; adult males measure up to 60 centimeters and weigh between three and four kilograms. The wings are relatively small and there is no reinforced sternum ( sternum ) on which the strong flight muscles of other birds attach. They only use their wings for balancing and to slow their fall when jumping down from trees. Unlike other land birds, kakapos can store large amounts of depot fat .
The kakapo's beak is suitable for chopping up food very finely. Kakapos have small crops . The feet are large and scaly and, like all parrots, have two toes pointing forward and two pointing backwards. Their pronounced claws are adapted to climbing ( adaptation ).
One of the most unusual characteristics of the kakapos is their strong but pleasant smell , which is similar to the smell of flowers and honey or beeswax.
distribution and habitat
The Kakapos used to inhabit both of New Zealand's main islands. The habitat of the kakapos comprised different habitats , including alpine heaths, bushland as well as coastal areas. They also inhabited a multitude of different forest forms, in which stone slices (Podocarpaceae) (especially Rimu ( Dacrydium cupressinum )), beech trees , tawa ( Beilschmiedia tawa ) or ironwoods ( Metrosideros sp.) Dominated. Forest edge zones or forest areas in young succession stages were preferred because they offered them a greater variety of food. In the fjord areas of New Zealand, the areas in which young forests with a dense, fruit-bearing shrubbery grew after avalanches or landslides were called “Kakapo Gardens”.
Most of the kakapos known to exist have been relocated to two small islands for reasons of protection: Anchor Island (Pukenui), which is located in Dusky Sound , part of the Fiordland National Park , and Codfish Island (Whenua Hou), the off the west coast of Stewart Island .
Behavior and food
Kakapos are nocturnal. During the day they rest hidden in trees or on the ground; at night they roam their territory . They cannot fly, but they are excellent climbers, climbing to the top of the tallest trees. It has been observed how they “ parachute-like ” descend from these heights by spreading their wings and thereby slowing their fall. Kakapos are excellent runners; During one night they can cover several kilometers and thereby overcome hundreds of meters in altitude. You can also run at a considerable pace, but not maintain a high speed for long distances.
Kakapos feed mostly on a large number of plants, seeds, fruits, pollen and even the sap of trees. They eat the fruits of the rimu tree with particular preference and only feed on them when these fruits are abundant. Leaves are often held in place with one foot and then use your beak to scrape off the nutritious parts, leaving the hard-fibrous leaf components. The remains of such leaves are a clear indication of the presence of kakapos. It has also been observed that kakapos eat insects and other invertebrates .
Kakapos are naturally very curious and sometimes even react with interest to people who are present occasionally. Like other parrots, kakapos have a wide variety of different calls that serve different functions. In addition to the “booms” and “chings” of their courtship calls , they announce their presence to other birds with a “skraark”, for example.
Behavior towards predators
Like many flightless island forms, kakapos have no hostile behavior towards ground predators , since there were originally no such in New Zealand. When kakapos feel threatened, they freeze and rely on their camouflage. This behavior is a suitable protection against eagles , which used to be their only enemies, but it does not protect them from the predators introduced by humans, which mainly use their sense of smell to forage.
Reproduction
Courtship arena
Kakapos have courtship behavior that is unlike any other parrot. Males gather at a communal courtship arena , the so-called lek , and compete for the favor of the females. The females who appear at the courtship arena observe the males' courtship and choose the male with whom they mate from the courtiers.
The courtship arenas are usually on hills; During the mating season, the males leave their traditional territories and move to these mating arenas, where each male creates his own mating area. Courtship arenas can be up to seven kilometers from a male's ancestral territory. When the males arrive at the courtship arena, they fight for the best courtship places within this courtship arena with ruffled feathers, spread wings, open beaks, raised claws and loud croaking and hum. Occasionally, birds are injured in these fights.
The individual courtship areas
The individual courtship areas are on average about 50 meters apart within this arena. The males dig a bowl-shaped depression about ten centimeters deep and about half a meter in diameter for their courtship grounds, so that the birds can fit into this depression. The courtship areas are often laid out in front of rocks, earthen slopes or tree trunks, which reflect the sound of calls. The individual courtship area includes a network of paths that either stretch around 50 meters on a hill or as a circular path with a diameter of around 20 meters around a hill.
The males free their courtship areas as well as the paths of branches and leaves. Reserve staff take advantage of this habit of the birds by placing a few twigs in the courtship area to determine whether the courtship area is being actively used. If a male appears at the courtship area during the night, it will carefully clear away these branches.
Courtship calls
“The kakapo inflates two huge air sacs in both of its chest sides, sinks its head between them and begins to utter what it considers to be exciting grunts. These sounds become gradually deeper, echo in its two air sacs, then spread out in the night air and fill the valleys for miles around with the eerie sound of a mighty heart beating in the night ... "
To attract females, the males let out their "boom" calls during the night . Males begin with low grunting noises that increase in strength as their throat pouches inflate. After a series of around 20 boom calls, the volume decreases again. After a short pause, the male starts again with a series of “boom” calls. The males turn a little after a series of calls in order to let the “boom” calls sound in a different direction. These calls can be heard up to a kilometer away on a windless night, and the wind can carry their call for up to five kilometers. Males call for up to eight hours during one night; every male therefore lets out thousands of “boom” calls overnight. This courtship behavior can drag on for three to four months. The males lose up to half their body weight during this time.
pairing
Females are attracted by the “boom” calls and also leave their territories in order to migrate over several kilometers to these courtship arenas. Once a female has decided on a male and enters his courtship area , complex courtship behavior begins on the part of the male. The male sways from side to side while making clicks with his beak. It turns its back on the female, spreads its wings and walks backwards towards her. Little is known about the actual mating act - it is only assumed that it is very short.
Males are sexually excitable during this time and try to copulate with anything other than a Kakapo female. Males have been seen trying to mate with a fallen branch or a rolled sweater .
Brood
After mating, the females return to their territories to lay eggs and raise the young. Meanwhile, the males continue their courtship calls to attract more females willing to mate.
The females lay between one and four eggs per breeding period . They build their nests on the ground under the protection of plants or in hollow tree trunks. They incubate the clutch alone and therefore have to leave their nest at night to look for food. The eggs are exposed to both the danger of being eaten by predators and of being hypothermic.
The chicks hatch after an incubation period of about 30 days; they fledge after about ten to twelve weeks. The female occasionally feeds the young birds up to their sixth month of life, while they slowly become more independent.
Males only start their “boom” calls from the age of 5; Females do not seek out the males' courtship arenas until they are 9 to 10 years old. Also, kakapos do not breed every year. They only breed when there is plenty of food available to them due to a tree pole . The Rimu trees only have such a mast every three to five years. In forests where the rimu tree predominates, such as on Codfish Island, the kakapos breed correspondingly irregularly.
Systematics
The Kakapo is the only representative of the genus Strigops , which is usually placed as a subfamily to the actual parrots . Nothing is known about the exact phylogenetic position, mostly they are compared as the most original form to all other real parrots and thus represent the sister group of all these groups:
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According to other sources, this most original position is also taken by the Nestor parrots (Nestorinae) that also live on New Zealand .
The ancestors of the Kakapos first appeared on the New Zealand islands several million years ago. Scientists believe that these birds were smaller than today's kakapos and more like other parrots. As they adapted to their habitat, they became larger, heavier and gradually lost their ability to fly. In New Zealand, mammals were only represented by three small bat species at the time . Kakapos seem to have filled the niche with their life form, which elsewhere was mainly occupied by mammals. Before humans first arrived, kakapos were hugely successful in their life strategies; It is believed that millions of individuals lived in New Zealand before the first humans arrived.
Population development and endangerment
Since - apart from a few species of birds of prey - only with the arrival of the first pioneers from Polynesia and later Europe did predators come to New Zealand, the kakapos did not develop an instinct to flee against predators; in case of danger they stay on the ground and can therefore easily become victims of feral cats , dogs , martens , weasels and ferrets . Nest robbers such as the rat pose a further danger . The surviving kakapos were therefore relocated to smaller islands off New Zealand ( Codfish Island , Maud Island , Fiordland and Little Barrier Island ), which were freed from introduced predators.
Settlement of New Zealand by the Māori
From Polynesia, Māori began to colonize New Zealand about 1000 years ago . They hunted kakapos for food and used their hides and feathers to make capes . Dried kakapo heads were used as earrings . Due to their inability to fly, their strong smell and their habit of freezing when threatened, the kakapos were easy prey for the Māori and the dogs they introduced . Polynesian rats brought in by the Māori of New Zealand ate the chicks and eggs. Māori restricted the habitat of the kakapos by clearing so that the birds were already extinct in some parts of the country when the Europeans arrived in New Zealand.
Settlement of New Zealand by the Europeans
1840 Europeans began large areas of the islands of New Zealand for agriculture and pastoralism to make reclaimed and further narrow the Kakapo habitat. With the Europeans, other predatory mammals came to New Zealand: cats, European rats, and even more dogs that hunted both adult kakapos and young birds.
Europeans knew little about the kakapos until the British Museum scientist George Gray described them on the basis of bird skins in 1845 . Like the Māori, the European settlers in New Zealand viewed kakapos as food that could also be fed to dogs. By the late 19th century , kakapos were well known as a scientific curiosity in Europe, with thousands of the birds being captured or killed in New Zealand to supply specimens or hides for zoos , museums and collectors. The birds caught alive died within a few months.
By 1870 at the latest, collectors had been aware that the number of kakapos was decreasing significantly and that this species was in danger of extinction. Unfortunately, the subsequent focus was on collecting as many bird hides as possible before this species disappeared.
From 1880 onwards , large numbers of stoats , ferrets and weasels were released by the Europeans of New Zealand in order to reduce the number of the rapidly increasing rabbits . However, the animals not only hunted rabbits, but also numerous native species - including the kakapo.
Beginning of rescue attempts
As early as 1891, the New Zealand government decided to declare Resolution Island in the fjord area a nature reserve , and in 1894 appointed Richard Henry as head of this reserve. As a committed conservationist, Henry was aware that the number of indigenous birds was rapidly decreasing due to the predators introduced. He recognized the value of Resolution Island as a predator-free reserve and began to relocate kakapos and kiwis to this island. By 1900 he had evacuated over 200 kakapos there . In 1900 martens swam through the approximately 1 km wide strait between the island and the mainland, settled there and destroyed the entire kaka population on Resolution Island within six years.
In 1903 three kakapos had already been evacuated from Resolution Island to the Hauturu Nature Reserve / Little Barrier Island northeast of Auckland . However, since feral domestic cats lived on this island, these three birds were not seen again. In 1912 three kakapos were settled in the Kapiti Island reservation northwest of Wellington . One of these birds survived at least until 1936.
1920 to the beginning of the 1970s
During the Great Depression in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as during the two world wars , the protection of the kakapos was not a focus of the New Zealand government. In 1920 the kakapo became extinct on the North Island and its population on the South Island had fallen dramatically. One of the few regions where it was still found was the rugged fjordland. During the 1930s, kakapos were still often seen or their shouts heard there. Occasionally they ended up in the saucepan of hunters and road workers. However, in the 1940s the number of observations decreased significantly.
In the 1950s, the New Zealand Wildlife Service began to search systematically for kakapos in the fjordland. Seven expeditions between 1951 and 1956 found little evidence that individuals of this species still existed. Concerned that deer and European mouflons would claim important food crops in the fjord area and thus further limit the chances of survival of these birds, the decision was made to keep the next birds that were found in captivity. Of the five birds that were brought to the Mount Bruce Native Bird Reserve near Masterton on the North Island in 1961 , four died in the first few months of their captivity; the fifth bird survived at least four years. A bird caught in 1967 did not survive the first year of its captivity.
1970 until today
At the beginning of the 1970s, it was unclear whether kakapos even existed. With the help of helicopters , however, it was also possible at that time to undertake expeditions in regions of New Zealand that had been largely inaccessible up to that point in time. Valleys, which were surrounded by almost vertical cliffs, had been spared from settlement by deer and mouflons - but martens had already advanced up to that point.
From 1974 to 1976 a number of male birds were found and for the first time they were able to scientifically describe courtship behavior. The lack of female birds was attributed to the fact that they quickly become victims of martens when they breed. It was not considered to be ruled out that there were no more female birds alive and that the species was in principle already extinct. All captured birds have been released on more protected reserves such as Maud Island.
In 1977 they finally began to systematically investigate Stewart Island (Rakiura). Already in the previous decades, kakapo observations had occasionally been reported from there - the last one in 1970 by a deer hunter. The 1977 expedition found a kakapo courtship arena on the first day of the expedition. Since she found traces of dozens of birds in the following weeks, the hope increased that she might still find females here. In 1980 the island was systematically searched with sniffer dogs (the dogs wore muzzles so that they could not kill any of the rare birds). Among the birds found in this way were five females. It was also certain that there were no martens, weasels or ferrets on Stewart Island. However, feral domestic cats lived here, which the kakapos killed in alarming numbers. From 1977 to 1982, around 50% of the estimated kaka population on Stewart Island died from cats. The feral cats had already been deliberately exterminated on Little Barrier Island (Hauturu); Martens, weasels and ferrets did not appear there. One began to settle birds here, too.
To the northwest of Stewart Island is Codfish Island. After the fox kusus found there had been exterminated, this island began to be populated with kakapos. In 1995 the world population consisted of only 50 individuals, 19 of which were females.
First recovery
In 1989, a Kakapo Recovery Plan was developed to maintain and build up a stock, and a facility was established to implement this plan, the Kakapo Recovery Group . One of the first measures was to provide the females on Little Barrier Island with additional food, as no breeding success had been ascertained in the past seven years. The measure was successful. Four birds laid eggs, and in 1991 two young birds were successfully raised. In 1992 the birds on Codfish Island also brooded for the first time. Since the fruits of the Rimu trees did not ripen due to bad weather conditions, there was not enough food available for the young birds. Three malnourished fledglings were brought to the Auckland Zoo, where two died; the third, named Hoki, was successfully hand-reared and subsequently settled on Maud Island. Breeding did not start again until 1997. Again the Rimu fruits did not ripen, but with additional feeding of the mother birds, three young birds grew up.
While no cats, weasels, ferrets or European rats were found on Codfish and Little Barrier Island, the smaller Polynesian rat lived here . Only gradually did it become clear that this type of rat, while leaving adult kakapos alone, ate kakapo eggs and chicks. The Polynesian rat was also a food competitor of the kakapo. It was decided to rid Codfish Island of the rats and to give up Little Barrier Island as a settlement, as this area was too rugged to be able to care for the animals there. The birds were resettled on Pearl Island for two years and the rats living on Codfish Island were poisoned during this time. Some of the hatched young birds were raised artificially. In three years the number of known individuals rose from 50 to 62 birds.
When it was foreseeable that the Rimu trees on Codfish Island would bear abundantly in 2001, all 21 sexually mature females were relocated to this island. Twenty of the females actually laid eggs, and in early 2002 24 chicks hatched - in the previous 20 years, only 15 fledglings had grown up. In one year the population had increased by 39% to 86 individuals.
An abundant fruiting of the Rimu trees was not to be expected for the next two years - the kakapos did not breed accordingly in the forests of Codfish Island, which were dominated by Rimu trees. Other tree species are more fruitful than the Rimu tree; therefore it made sense to settle Chalky Island , which is dominated by false beeches , more strongly. Young, not yet sexually mature birds were introduced to Chalky Island in the hope that they would adapt to the fruit cycle there and thus breed more frequently. Eighteen birds were brought to Chalky Island; however, three females died of a bacterial infection . The remaining birds were vaccinated and treated with antibiotics .
The Kakapo Recovery Program
The surviving animals receive intensive care through the Kakapo Recovery Program in order to guarantee the conservation of the species. Relocation programs try to protect the birds from predators and encourage them to breed more frequently. Males believed to be sterile are kept away from the females to avoid unproductive mating.
In order to preserve genetic diversity, one tries to avoid having only a few males dominate the mating. Only one male bird, named Richard Henry, was from the South Island of New Zealand; it was given particular importance in ensuring genetic diversity. It was drawn more yellow than the other birds and “ booming ” in a different dialect . As hoped, he fathered two male and one female chicks in 1998, but there were no further offspring. Richard Henry died of natural causes in December 2010 at the estimated age of 80.
Females are provided with additional food. They get their food at individual feeding stations in the hope that they will breed at some point each year. Occasionally, eggs and juveniles are removed to encourage the female birds to lay eggs a second time. Older females are used as surrogate mothers and have successfully reared young birds. Other young birds were artificially hatched and then raised by hand.
The nests of the kakapos are constantly monitored using various methods. If the female leaves the nest at night to look for food, the reserve workers keep the eggs warm with blankets to prevent the eggs or young birds from freezing to death, as has happened in the past. The nests are also treated with flea powder after a female accidentally crushed an egg when it scratched herself from flea bites.
The chances that the kakapos will survive a few more years as a species have improved significantly. The sudden death of three of the 15 female young birds that hatched in 2002 from a bacterial infection also made it clear how critical the population of the birds is.
2019 was the best breeding season to date since its rediscovery in 1977, with 76 chicks hatched, 60 of which are expected to reach adulthood.
Aspergillosis increased in the first half of 2019 . 7 birds (5 chicks and 2 adult specimens) died of the respiratory tract infection caused by fungal spores. At least 17 other birds are infected.
Development of the Kakapo population since 1986
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Media reception
The kakapo is the subject of various scientific and popular science books, magazines and television documentaries because of its massive threat and rescue measures. Most notably, Sirocco , a human-raised male kakapo, gained prominence on the BBC television series Last Chance to See , based on the book The Last of Their Kinds by zoologist Mark Carwardine and science fiction writer Douglas Adams . There he tried to mate with the zoologist in front of the camera. Due to the worldwide distribution of the program via television and the Internet, both the Kakapos and the Siroccos became more internationally known.
literature
- in German language
- Günther Steinig: Owl Parrot or Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) . In: Brehm's Exotic Bird World . Safari, Berlin 1962, p. 62–71 (The illustration mainly follows observations made by early explorers of New Zealand, such as Julius Haast, Georg Gray and Lyall).
- Jim Rearden: The last days of the kakapo . In: GEO . G + J Medien GmbH, 1978, ISSN 0342-8311 , p. 88-102 (on conservation efforts in Fiordland).
- RL Schreiber, AW Diamond, H. Stern, G. Thielcke: Owl parrot: The last male mates with a grunt . In: Save the bird world . O. Maier, Ravensburg 1987, ISBN 3-473-46160-1 , p. 198-201 .
- in English
- Don V. Merton, Rodney B. Morris, Ian AE Atkinson : Lek behavior in a parrot: the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus of New Zealand . In: IBIS - International Journal of Avian Science . Volume 126, Issue 3 . British Ornithologists` Union , July 1984, ISSN 1474-919X , p. 277–283 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1474-919X.1984.tb00250.x (English).
- David Cemmick, Dick Veitch : Kakapo Country . The story of the world's most unusual bird . Hodder & Stoughton , Auckland 1987, ISBN 0-340-41647-5 (English).
- David Butler : Quest for the Kakapo . The full story of New Zealand's most remarkable bird . Heinemann Reed , Auckland 1989, ISBN 0-7900-0065-2 (English).
- Ralph Powlesland : Kakapo recovery plan, 1989–1994 . Department of Conservation , Wellington 1989, ISBN 0-478-01114-8 (English).
- Tim Higham : The Kakapo of Codfish Island . In: New Zealand Geographic . Jul. – Sep., Issue 15 . Kowhai Media , 1992, ISSN 0113-9967 , pp. 30–38 (English, online [accessed January 4, 2018]).
- RG Powlesland, A. Roberts, BD Lloyd, D. Merton : Number, fate, and distribution of kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) found on Stewart Island, New Zealand, 1979-92 . In: New Zealand Journal of Zoology . Volume 22, Issue 3 , 1995, pp. 239–248 , doi : 10.1080 / 03014223.1995.9518039 (English).
- Mary Cresswell : Kakapo recovery plan 1996-2005 . In: Threatened Species Recovery Plans . No.21, Part 1 . Department of Conservation , 1996, ISSN 1170-3806 (English, online [PDF; 340 kB ; accessed on January 4, 2018]).
- Mary Cresswell : Kakapo recovery plan 1996-2005 . In: Threatened Species Recovery Plans . No.21, Part 2 . Department of Conservation , 1996, ISSN 1170-3806 (English, online [PDF; 235 kB ; accessed on January 4, 2018]).
- Don Merton : Kakapo . In: S. Marchant, PJ Higgins (Eds.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds . Vol. 4 . Oxford University Press , Melbourne 1999, ISBN 0-19-553071-3 , pp. 633-646 (English).
- Philip Temple, Chris Gaskin : The Story of the Kakapo . Parrot of the Night . Longacre Press , 2000, ISBN 978-1-877135-34-7 (English, first edition 1988 by Hodder And Stoughton ).
- Derek Grzelewski: Kakapo - Bird on the brink . In: New Zealand Geographic . Mar. – Apr., Issue 56 . Kowhai Media , 2002, ISSN 0113-9967 (English, online [accessed January 4, 2018]).
- Gerard Hutching : Back from the Brink . The Fight to Save our Endangered Birds . Penguin Books Publisher , Auckland 2004, ISBN 0-14-301948-1 (English).
- Mick N. Clout : A Celebration of kakapo . progress in the conservation of an enigmatic parrot . In: Notoris and Birds New Zealand . Volume 53 , 2006, ISSN 0029-4470 (English, online [PDF; 86 kB ; accessed on January 4, 2018]).
- Alison Ballance : Kakapo . Rescued from the Brink of Extinction . Potton & Burton , Nelson 2018, ISBN 0-947503-82-X (English, revised edition).
Videos
- "Birds of New Zealand - A Rare View" by Rob Morris & Rod Hayden. About 3 Birds: Takahe-Kakapo-Black Robin. Wild South / Natural History Series. TV NZ Enterprises, Auckland / Dunedin 1990. 98 minutes (Kakapo film from 1982; with rare pictures from Fiordland and Stewart Island)
- "To Save the Kakapo" by Alison Ballance. Wild South Videos, Natural History New Zealand Ltd. Dunedin 1998. (60 minutes, about the 1997 breeding season on Codfish Island)
- "The Unnatural History of the Kakapo" by Scott Mouat. ELWIN Productions, Dunedin 2009. 78 minutes. (Film about population decline and efforts to preserve the species)
- Wild New Zealand - Last Refuge for Kakapos . Contribution from the NDR series "Expeditions into the Animal Kingdom" (2005)
- The mysterious kakapo, owl parrots in New Zealand . Article from the Wilderness Adventure series . (2001) [German adaptation and version of the film by Alison Ballance reduced to approx. 15 min.].
Web links
- Kākāpō . Department of Conservation ,accessed July 16, 2010.
- Homepage . In: Kakapo Recovery . Department of Conservation,accessed July 16, 2010.
- Kakapo Recovery Plan 1996-2005 . (PDF 348 kB)Department of Conservation,accessed on July 16, 2010(English).
- Strigops Habroptila in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2010. Accessed November 13, 2011th
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b For the first time back 200 Kakapo Parrots , August 19, 2019 orf.at .
- ↑ Homepage . In: Kakapo Recovery . Department of Conservation , accessed January 4, 2018 .
- ↑ Rare kakapo parrots have best breeding season on record. BBC , April 17, 2019, accessed on April 17, 2019 (English): "Kakapos - the world's fattest species of parrot - have had their most successful breeding season on record, according to New Zealand's Department of Conservation (DOC)."
- ↑ Kakapo Aspergillosis Outbreak. June 13, 2019, accessed June 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Note: In 1986 the budget for the conservation of the species was increased.
- ^ First adult female death in 19 years . Department of Conservation , archived from the original on August 4, 2012 ; accessed on January 4, 2018 (English, original website no longer available).
- ^ Conservation Minister Praises Kakapo Recovery Efforts . Department of Conservation , April 7, 2011, archived from the original on August 29, 2011 ; accessed on January 4, 2018 (English, original website no longer available).
- ↑ Another kakapo death as Te Rau Aroha Marae (Bluff) prepares to welcome special guest for Waitangi Day celebrations . Department of Conservation , January 31, 2012, accessed April 22, 2019 .
- ↑ Kakapo Recovery Science Update . (PDF 932 kB) Department of Conservation , August 2014, accessed on January 4, 2018 .
- ↑ Kakapo Recovery Program Update . (PDF 406 kB) Department of Conservation , July 2015, accessed on January 4, 2018 .
- ↑ Kakapo Recovery Update . Department of Conservation , 2016, accessed January 3, 2018 .
- ↑ population if to 151 . Department of Conservation , December 20, 2017, accessed January 3, 2018 .
- ↑ News and updates from the Kākāpō Recovery Team. Retrieved May 14, 2018 .
