Systematics of butterflies

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External system

Within the subclass of flying insects (Pterygota) the butterflies are part of the parentage of the new winged insects (Neoptera). Of these split over the Eumetabola the holometabolous insects from. The holometabolic insects, also called endopterygota, are divided into the group of reticulated winged (Neuropteroida) and Coleopteroida on the one hand and the hymenoptera (Hymenoptera) and Mecopteroida on the other. Within the Mecopteroida the group is divided into Amphiesmenoptera with the caddis flies (Trichoptera) and the butterflies (Lepidoptera) on the one hand and the Antliophora with the beaked flies (Mecoptera) and the group, which includes the two-winged flies (Diptera) and fleas (Siphonaptera). Thus, the caddis flies are the closest relatives of the butterflies within the parent group.

1

They probably split off from the caddis flies in the Mesozoic Era.

The following cladogram is derived from this:

 New winged wing (Neoptera)  
  Eumetabola  

 Paraneoptera


  Holometabola  
  NN  

 Reticulated winged (Neuropterida)


   

 Coleopteroid



  NN  

 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)


  Mecopteroida  
  Amphiesmenoptera  

 Caddisflies (Trichoptera)


   

 Butterflies (Lepidoptera)



  Antliophora  

 Beak fly (Mecoptera)


  NN  

 Fly (Diptera)


   

 Fleas (Siphonaptera)








   

 Paurometabola



Internal system

Little fox (butterfly)

The classic system of butterflies is presented very inconsistently. With over 160,000 species in around 130 families and 44 superfamilies, the butterflies represent the second largest order next to the beetles . They are divided into four sub- orders : Zeugloptera , Aglossata , Heterobathmiina and Glossata . The suborder Zeugloptera includes the most pristine butterflies, which, like the adults of the Aglossata and Heterobathmiina, still have biting and chewing mouthparts. The caterpillars of the Zeugloptera are the only ones to have trained, real belly legs . The suborder Glossata covers the majority of the butterfly families. They have specialized mouth parts ( proboscis ) and their caterpillars do not have belly feet, but only protuberances in their place.

Other doctrines hold the view that the Lepidoptera (butterflies) can only be grouped into two sub-orders. On the one hand, there is the subordination of the Zeugloptera, which have chewing mouthparts (and feed on pollen), and the order of the Glossata, which have small to very large proboscis and feed on plant juices and nectar.

The division into small butterflies (Microlepidoptera) and large butterflies (Macrolepidoptera) or into butterflies and moths has no scientific basis, but it serves to simplify work with butterflies. For example, Spanner (Geometridae), which are classically counted among the moths, are more closely related to the butterflies than to the other moths. However, the traditional names are still used for reasons of practicality.

Taxonomy of the order of butterflies

Reporting corridor owl (moth)
Monopis obviella ( real moth )
Ducat butterfly (Lycaena virgaureae)
Dock rootworm (Triodia sylvina)
Mourning cloak (Aglais antiopa)
Pterophorus pentadactyla

In the following systematics of butterflies (Lepidoptera), the systematics is carried out down to the family level and is primarily based on Kristensen and the Tree of Life Web Project. The classification of some families within the superfamily and also their family status has not yet been finally clarified. A provisional classification has been made for these.

See also

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ NP Kristensen: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie 4 (35) , Walter de Gruyter. Berlin, New York 2003, ISBN 3-11-015704-7 .
  2. ^ Lepidoptera. Tree of Life Webproject, accessed May 23, 2007 .
  3. ↑ Niels P. Kristensen, Douglas J. Hilton, Axel Kallies, Liz Milla, Jadranka Rota, Niklas Wahlberg, Stephen A. Wilcox, Richard V. Glatz, David A. Young, Glenn Cocking, Ted Edwards, George W. Gibbs and Mike Halsey. 2015. A New Extant Family of Primitive Moths from Kangaroo Island, Australia, and its significance for understanding early Lepidoptera evolution. Systematic Entomology. 40 (1); 5-16. DOI: 10.1111 / syen.12115

literature

  • Wiegmann, BM, JC Regier, and C. Mitter. 2002: Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. In: Zoologica Scripta. 31: 67-81.

Web links