Trans World Airlines

TWA ; Trans World Airlines
IATA code :	TW
ICAO code :	TWA
Call sign :	TWA
Founding:	1925 as Western Air Express
Operation stopped:	2001
Seat:	St. Louis , United States
Turnstile :	St. Louis , ; New York-John-F.-Kennedy
Home airport :	St. Louis
Management:	William Compton
Frequent Flyer Program :	Aviators Frequent Flyer Program
Fleet size:	190
Aims:	National and international
	TWA ; Trans World Airlines ceased operations in 2001. The information in italics refer to the last status before the end of operation.

Trans World Airlines (short form TWA , originally Transcontinental and Western Air ) was an American airline based in St. Louis . It was bought by American Airlines in April 2001 and merged with them.

history

founding

At the urging of Walter Folger Brown , the then United States Postmaster General , the previously independent airlines Western Air Express and Transcontinental Air Transport had to merge on July 16, 1930. The merger resulted in Transcontinental and Western Air (T&WA), which offered flight connections from coast to coast - with an overnight stay in Kansas City , where the company moved its previous New York headquarters in 1931.

Douglas DC-1 , 1934

Howard Hughes

Lockheed L-049 Constellation , Phoenix Airport 1960

In 1939 the company was bought by Howard Hughes , who made it the largest airline in the world. Although he never held an official position in the company, he largely determined the course of TWA for the next 25 years. In 1946, TWA took a Lockheed Constellation the transatlantic traffic on the route New York- Gander - Shannon on -Paris, shortly after the cities Rome, Athens, Cairo, Lisbon and Madrid were taken. This made TWA, along with Pan Am and American Overseas Airlines, one of three American companies offering transatlantic flights. To underline this new, intercontinental importance, the company was changed to Trans World Airlines in 1950 .

From 1954 to 1958 most management positions were relocated to New York; Maintenance, training, and administration offices remained in Kansas City. In 1957, TWA moved into its new maintenance facility at what is now Kansas City International Airport , after the previous one at Fairfax Municipal Airport was damaged by a Missouri flood in 1951 .

In 1961, the management of TWA filed a lawsuit against majority owner Howard Hughes and the Hughes Tool Company for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act . The background was that Hughes could not agree with the management on the financing of the new jet aircraft and was moreover hardly reachable. The amount in dispute was set at $ 150 million. In 1964, TWA had total sales of $ 575 million and profits of $ 37 million. In 1966, Hughes sold the company for $ 546 million.

Jet age

Former TWA Flight Center (NY)

The striking TWA Flight Center based on plans by architect Eero Saarinen at what is now the John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York was opened in May 1962 to cope with the increasing number of passengers. In 1967 the last Constellation was retired; TWA was the first US airline with a jet-only fleet. Two years later, the first routes across the Pacific and a round-the-world connection were opened.

TWA diversified into other industries and founded the Trans World Corporation on January 1, 1979 as a new parent company , into which, in addition to the airline, Hilton International , Canteen Corporation , Spartan Food Service and Century 21 Real Estate were brought in.

Carl Icahn

Boeing 727-200 of the TWA

In 1985, Carl Icahn bought TWA from the holding company Trans World Corporation. Ozark Air Lines was acquired a year later . In 1988 TWA (in favor of Icahn) was removed from the stock market, adding $ 539 million in debt. A year later, the company's headquarters were relocated from New York City to Icahn's building in Mount Kisco , New York State . In 1991 TWA sold its route rights from New York, Los Angeles, Boston and Chicago to London for $ 445 million to American Airlines . A year later, TWA had to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the first time . This was followed by the sale of further route rights to USAir and the start of negotiations with the three largest unions, which finally received a 45% stake in TWA for their concessions. In January 1993, Icahn left the company and a management committee appointed by employees, unions and creditors took over responsibility.

Decline

Boeing 767 of the TWA, Frankfurt / Main

In 1994, TWA relocated to St. Louis , Missouri and used the nearby Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport as a hub for domestic flights and the John F. Kennedy International Airport as an international hub. In 1995, TWA declared bankruptcy again. In 1998 TWA ordered 50 Airbus A318s (for delivery from 2003) and 50 Boeing 717 (for delivery from 2000). At the end of December 1999, TWA took delivery of the last brand new McDonnell Douglas DC-9-83 (MD-83) from the Long Beach factory. In April 2001 American Airlines took over the de facto insolvent TWA. TWA flew for the last time on December 1, 2001 and then merged with American Airlines.

aftermath

TWA Museum and Airline History Museum in Kansas City

The TWA Flight Center at JFK Airport in New York stood empty from 2001 to 2005 and was then taken over by JetBlue Airways . The new owner rebuilt it for 800 million dollars, and it reopened in 2008. TWA also drew attention to itself in numerous films through product placement with aircraft, staff or billboards (like its competitor Pan Am, which also no longer exists today ).

At Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport in Kansas City, former TWA employees run the TWA Museum with several memorabilia with donation support . In the immediate vicinity is the Airline History Museum with an original TWA Lockheed Super Constellation .

TWA in Germany

In addition to aircraft of the type Boeing 727-200 , z. B. also used this Boeing 727-100 (N839TW).

From the USA or on the routes between West Germany and West Berlin , TWA served flights to Berlin-Tegel , Munich-Riem (later Munich Airport ), Hamburg , Stuttgart and Frankfurt am Main . On the Europe-wide short routes from Berlin-Tegel (in addition to the flights to West Germany, including to Brussels and Vienna ), TWA used Boeing 727 aircraft . With the exception of Frankfurt am Main, flights to and from Germany (i.e. West Germany and West Berlin until October 3, 1990) were suspended in 1994. On January 13, 1997, TWA suspended all flights to and from Germany with the last flight TWA 741 from Frankfurt am Main to New York.

Frequent flyer program

In 1979 a frequent flyer program called the Frequent Flyer Bonus Program was set up. This was replaced in 1995 by the new Aviator frequent flyer program. After American Airlines , TWA was one of the first airlines with such a customer loyalty program .

fleet

Fleet at the end of operations

Douglas DC-2 of the TWA, Oakland 1941

Fairchild C-82 Packet of the TWA, Paris-Orly 1970. This machine was used for the worldwide transport of replacement engines.

Boeing 707 of the TWA, Los Angeles 1982

Boeing 747SP of the TWA, Paris-Charles de Gaulle 1980

In the year the operations ceased, the TWA fleet consisted of 190 aircraft of the following types:

Previously deployed aircraft

Previously, TWA also used the following types of aircraft:

Incidents

From 1950 until the end of operations in 2001, Trans World Airlines recorded 34 total aircraft losses. 940 people died in 18 of them. Examples:

On March 31, 1931, a Fokker F.10 ( aircraft registration number NC999E ) crashed in the state of Kansas after losing a wing in flight. All eight occupants were killed (see also Transcontinental and Western Air Flight 5 ) .

On January 16, 1942, a Douglas DC-3 (NC1946) flew into a mountain after taking off from Las Vegas due to a navigation error. All 22 people on board were killed, including the film actress Carole Lombard and her mother (see also Transcontinental and Western Air flight 3 ) .

On August 31, 1950, a Lockheed L-749A Constellation of the TWA (N6004C) on the flight from Cairo (unknown airport) to Rome-Ciampino was destroyed in a night emergency landing in Wadi Natrun ( Egypt ), about 100 kilometers west-northwest of the departure airport . A major fire broke out in engine 3 (inside right) during the climb. After the engine broke out, the pilots attempted an emergency landing, but failed in the dark. All 55 occupants, 7 crew members and 48 passengers were killed.

On November 18, 1950, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation of the TWA (N86511) had to make an emergency landing at Long Beach Airport ( California , USA) after two of the four engines failed . The machine only touched down after a good half of the runway length and could no longer be brought to a stop on the slippery runway. The right main landing gear collapsed and the aircraft only came to a standstill after around 430 meters. All 60 inmates survived.

On March 19, 1951, a Lockheed L-749 Constellation of the TWA (N91202) landed on its belly at Phoenix Airport ( Arizona , USA) . The pilots forgot to extend the landing gear . All 34 inmates survived.

On January 12, 1955, shortly after taking off from Cincinnati Airport, a Martin 2-0-2 (N93211) collided with a Douglas DC-3 ( N999B ) at a height of about 250 m and crashed 4 km to the west. All 13 inmates and the two of the DC-3 were killed.

On February 19, 1955, after taking off from Albuquerque Airport to Santa Fé , a Martin 404 of the TWA (N40416) crashed into dense clouds against the Sandia mountain range , at an altitude of around 3000 meters and 21 kilometers northeast of the departure airport. The three-person crew and the 13 passengers died immediately. The unspoken suspicion of an extended suicide by the flight captain Ivan Spong could only be dispelled after years of research by the pilots' association ALPA . The cause of the accident was a stuck course top (see also Trans-World-Airlines-Flight 260 ) .

On April 1, 1956, a TWA Martin 404 (N40403) crashed 500 meters southwest of Greater Pittsburgh Airport shortly after take- off. After a (only optical) fire warning at a height of 30 meters, the left engine was switched off, whereby the propeller was not brought into the sail position in the very short time available due to uncoordinated action by the two pilots . Due to the high air resistance, the ground came into contact. Of the 36 inmates, 22 were killed.

On June 30, 1956 collided Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation TWA (N6902C) with a Douglas DC-7 of United Airlines ( N6324C ) over the Grand Canyon , with all 128 people were killed aboard the two machines (70 in the DC-7, 58 in the Super Constellation) (see also aircraft collision over the Grand Canyon ) .

On November 15, 1956, engine number 2 (right) on a Martin 404 of the TWA (N40404) failed after taking off from Las Vegas-McCarran Airport ( Nevada , USA). The machine was approached at far excessive speed and jumped into the air several times after touching down on the runway. When attempting to go- with only one engine running the left wing hit the ground. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair, but all 38 occupants survived.

Lockheed L-1649 Starliner of the TWA, 1957, identical in construction to the plane that crashed in June 1959

On June 26, 1959, a Lockheed L-1649 Starliner of the TWA (N7313C) was probably struck by lightning about 15 minutes after taking off from Milan-Malpensa airport on the scheduled flight from Milan to Paris-Orly . Subsequently, at least two fuel tanks exploded; the machine crashed 32 km northwest of Milan near Varese . All of the 68 people on board specified on the flight plan died, as well as a small child who was presumably taken on board unannounced (see also Trans-World Airlines flight 891 ) .

On November 24, 1959, a Lockheed L-1049H Super Constellation of the TWA (N102R) crashed into a residential area about 400 meters from the Chicago Midway departure airport . After an engine failure on takeoff, the pilots returned there and were unable to maintain an appropriate attitude. All 3 crew members of the cargo flight and 8 people on the ground were killed.

Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation of the TWA, 1957, identical in construction to the aircraft that crashed from 1956 to 1966

On February 29, 1960, the main landing gear of a Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation of the TWA (N7101C) collapsed during take-off at Chicago Midway Airport . All 60 occupants, 6 crew members and 54 passengers survived. The machine was a total write-off.

On November 8, 1960, a Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation of the TWA (N7125C) , operated for the Spanish Iberia , crashed while landing at Barcelona-El Prat Airport . The plane coming from Madrid hit a heap of rubbish a good 30 meters from the runway, lost its left wheels, threw off the runway and caught fire. All 71 occupants, 8 crew members and 63 passengers survived.

On December 16, 1960 collided over Staten Iceland ( New York City a) Douglas DC-8-11 of United Air Lines (N8013U) with a Lockheed Super Constellation TWA ( N6907C ) during the landing approach to the New York-Idlewild . All 128 occupants of both planes and six people on the ground lost their lives (see also New York City plane collision ) .

On September 1, 1961, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation of the TWA (N86511) crashed after taking off from Chicago Midway Airport near Hinsdale, Illinois ( USA ) due to damage to the elevator . All 78 people on board died.

On November 23, 1964, a Boeing 707-331 of the TWA (N769TW) crashed after an engine failure while taking off at Rome-Fiumicino Airport , killing 50 of the 73 people on board.

On September 13, 1965, a Convair CV-880 of the TWA (N820TW) had an accident at the Kansas City-Downtown airport ( Missouri , USA) during a training flight. The simulated failure of engine no. 4 (far right) resulted in a loss of control and stall . The machine was destroyed on impact, but all four crew members, the only occupants, survived.

Douglas DC-9-10 of the TWA, 1996, identical in construction to the plane that crashed in March 1967

On January 26, 1966, the nose landing gear of a Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation of the TWA (N7115C) collapsed while taxiing at New York-Idlewild Airport (USA). The machine was damaged beyond repair. All inmates survived.

On March 9, 1967, a Douglas DC-9-15 of Trans World Airlines (N1063T) collided on a flight from Greater Pittsburgh Airport to Dayton ( Ohio ) Airport near Urbana, Ohio with a private plane of the Beechcraft Baron type and crashed. All 25 occupants of the DC-9 and the Beechcraft's lone pilot died (see also TWA flight 553 ) .

Convair CV-880 of the TWA, 1971, identical in construction to the plane that crashed on November 20, 1967

On November 6, 1967, a Boeing 707-131 of Trans World Airlines took off from Cincinnati Airport for Los Angeles . When the machine passed a Delta Air Lines Douglas DC-9, which was standing next to the runway, the engine thrust of the DC-9 caused Boeing engine no. 4 to burn out. The Boeing crew initiated an aborted take-off, but the machine did not come to a stop in time and rolled over a hill and took off for a moment. When restarting, the engine tore off and the machine skidded 100 meters over the runway. The fuselage broke apart and the right wing tore off. The seven-person crew survived the accident, one of the 29 passengers was killed (see also Trans-World Airlines flight 159 ) .

On November 20, 1967, a Convair CV-880 (N821TW) flew off -road during a night approach in light snowfall just under 3 km before reaching the runway at Cincinnati Airport . Of the 82 occupants, 70 were killed (see also Trans-World Airlines Flight 128 ) .

On July 26, 1969, the crew of a Boeing 707-331C operated by Trans World Airlines simulated an engine failure on a training flight by switching engine number 4 to idle. When a missed approach was to be initiated when the decision altitude was reached, neither the landing flaps nor the landing gear could be retracted. The crew switched off the hydraulic systems without reactivating engine no. 4. She lost control of the machine, which rolled to the right and began to descend. The plane hit the ground and went up in flames, the five-man crew was killed (see also Trans-World Airlines flight 5787 ) .

In September 1970 PFLP terrorists hijacked a total of four passenger planes; a fifth abduction failed. Three of the machines, including a Boeing 707 of the TWA, were diverted to Zarqa in Jordan. After several days of war of nerves, the planes were blown up without occupants on September 12th. Eventually all of the hostages were released unharmed.

On November 30, 1970, a Boeing 707-373C of Trans World Airlines (N790TW) at Tel Aviv-Lod started a cargo flight. At the same time an empty, unlit C-97K Stratofreighter of the Israeli Air Force (4X-FPS / 037) was towed over the runway . Despite an attempt to abort take-off , both aircraft collided and caught fire. Two people were killed on the ground, the three-person crew of the TWA plane survived the incident (see also Trans-World Airlines flight 645 ) .

On September 8, 1974, on a Trans World Airlines Boeing 707-331B flight from Athens to Rome-Fiumicino, a bomb explosion in the rear cargo hold brought down the plane. The plane crashed 93 km west of Kefalonia in the Mediterranean Sea, killing all 88 people on board. Two weeks earlier there had been an attempted attack on the same flight.

On December 1, 1974, a Boeing 727-231 of the TWA (N54328 ) was flown against the western mountainside of Mount Weather near Upperville ( Virginia , USA) on approach to Washington Dulles International Airport . In this CFIT ( Controlled flight into Terrain ) all 92 occupants were killed, 7 crew members and 85 passengers. Contributing factors were the failure of the aviation authority FAA to resolve known problems in the radio groups, misleading instructions from air traffic control as well as an inadequate map display of the approach procedure.

Boeing 747-131 of the TWA, 1996, identical to the plane that crashed in 1986

On June 14, 1985, a Boeing 727 was hijacked by the Organization for the Oppressed of the World , a group allegedly linked to Hezbollah, on a flight from Athens, Greece to Rome, Italy. For the aircraft, including the crew and passengers, a three-day odyssey through the Mediterranean region began, in which an American passenger was murdered. A few dozen passengers were then held for two weeks until they were released (see also TWA flight 847 ) .

On April 2, 1986, a Trans World Airlines Boeing 727-231 (N54340) exploded during a flight from Rome-Fiumicino to Athens-Ellinikon Airport , a bomb placed by the Palestinian terrorist group Abu Nidal Organization . A hole was created in the fuselage through which four passengers were sucked out and perished. Nevertheless, the aircraft landed safely in Athens and was later repaired (see also Trans-World Airlines flight 840 ) .

On July 17, 1996 a Boeing 747-131 of the Trans World Airlines (N93119) exploded after taking off from New York's JFK Airport over the Atlantic Ocean , killing 230 people (212 passengers, 18 crew members) (see also TWA- Flight 800 ) .

Web links

Commons : Trans World Airlines - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files

The TWA corporate website in October 2001 ( memento of October 26, 2001 on the Internet Archive ) - archived from archive.org
TWA Museum at Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport in Kansas City
Video Presentation: TWA Museum at Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport in Kansas City

Individual evidence

^ The Pocket Guide to Airline Markings and Commercial Aircraft, David Donald, London 1985
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Milestones in TWA History ( English ) Trams World Airlines. 2001. Archived from the original on October 31, 2001. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
↑ JP airline-fleets international, Edition 1999/2000
↑ The Terminal 5 website of Jetblue Airways
↑ Ulrich Klee, Frank Bucher et al .: jp airline-fleets international 2001 . Zurich Airport 2001, p. 464f.
^ Ulrich Klee, Frank Bucher et al .: jp airline-fleets international . Zurich Airport 1966–2000.
↑ Jennifer M. Gradidge: The Douglas DC-1 / DC-2 / DC-3: The First Seventy Years, Volumes One and Two . Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2006, ISBN 0-85130-332-3 , p. 238.
↑ Bernhard Isidor Hengi, publisher Josef Krauthäuser: airlines worldwide . Nara-Verlag, Allershausen, 3rd edition 1997, ISBN 3-925671-23-4 , p. 289.
↑ Accident statistics Trans World Airlines , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on March 7, 2019.
^ Accident report Lockheed L-749A Constellation N6004C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on June 23, 2020.
^ Accident report Lockheed L-049 Constellation NC86511 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on June 23, 2020.
^ Accident report Lockheed L-749 Constellation N91202 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on June 23, 2020.
^ Accident report Martin 2-0-2 N93211 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 21, 2016.
^ Accident report DC-3 N999B , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on November 10, 2017.
↑ ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 8, Circular 54-AN / 49, Montreal 1958 (English), pp. 13-15.
↑ accident report Martin 404 N40416 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 26 August 2017th
↑ ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 8, Circular 54-AN / 49, Montreal 1958 (English), pp. 67-71.
↑ accident report Martin 404 N40403 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 7 March of 2019.
↑ accident report DC-7 N6324C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 25 November 2017th
^ Accident report L-1049 N6902C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on November 25, 2017.
↑ accident report Martin 404 N40404 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 23 June 2020th
^ Accident report N7313C, Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 23, 2016.
↑ ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 12, Circular 54-AN / 58, Montreal 1963 (English), pp. 80-83.
↑ accident report L-1049H N102R , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 22 December of 2019.
↑ accident report L-1049G N7101C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 22 December of 2019.
↑ ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 12, Circular 54-AN / 58, Montreal 1963 (English), pp. 305-308.
↑ accident report L-1049G N7125C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 22 December of 2019.
^ ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 12, Circular 54-AN / 58, Montreal 1963 (English), pp. 314-328.
↑ accident report L-1049 N6907C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 26 August 2017th
^ Accident report DC-8-11 N8013U , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on May 11, 2017.
↑ Lockheed accident report L-049 N86511 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 29, 2019.
↑ Accident Report B-707 N769TW , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 16 of 2019.
^ Accident report Convair CV-880 N820TW , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on June 23, 2020.
↑ accident report L-1049G N7115C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 23 June 2020th
↑ accident report DC-9-15 N1063T , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 26 August 2017th
↑ https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19671106-0
^ Accident report CV-880 N821TW , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 20, 2016.
↑ https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690726-1
^ Hijacking a Swissair DC-8 to Zerqa in: NZZ Online from September 5, 2005
^ Accident report collision TLV: B-707 N790TW , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 16, 2019.
^ Accident report collision TLV: C-97K 4X-FPS / 037 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 16, 2019.
↑ Flight accident data and report TWA, Boeing 707, September 8, 1974 in the Aviation Safety Network (English)
↑ accident report B 727-200 N54328 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 23 June 2020th
↑ accident report B 727-200 N54340 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 6 of 2019.

[markings-1] The Pocket Guide to Airline Markings and Commercial Aircraft, David Donald, London 1985

[history-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Milestones in TWA History ( English ) Trams World Airlines. 2001. Archived from the original on October 31, 2001. Retrieved October 23, 2015.

[3] JP airline-fleets international, Edition 1999/2000

[4] The Terminal 5 website of Jetblue Airways

[5] Ulrich Klee, Frank Bucher et al .: jp airline-fleets international 2001 . Zurich Airport 2001, p. 464f.

[6] Ulrich Klee, Frank Bucher et al .: jp airline-fleets international . Zurich Airport 1966–2000.

[7] Jennifer M. Gradidge: The Douglas DC-1 / DC-2 / DC-3: The First Seventy Years, Volumes One and Two . Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2006, ISBN 0-85130-332-3 , p. 238.

[8] Bernhard Isidor Hengi, publisher Josef Krauthäuser: airlines worldwide . Nara-Verlag, Allershausen, 3rd edition 1997, ISBN 3-925671-23-4 , p. 289.

[9] Accident statistics Trans World Airlines , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on March 7, 2019.

[10] Accident report Lockheed L-749A Constellation N6004C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on June 23, 2020.

[11] Accident report Lockheed L-049 Constellation NC86511 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on June 23, 2020.

[12] Accident report Lockheed L-749 Constellation N91202 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on June 23, 2020.

[13] Accident report Martin 2-0-2 N93211 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 21, 2016.

[14] Accident report DC-3 N999B , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on November 10, 2017.

[15] ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 8, Circular 54-AN / 49, Montreal 1958 (English), pp. 13-15.

[16] t report Martin 404 N40416 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 26 August 2017th

[17] ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 8, Circular 54-AN / 49, Montreal 1958 (English), pp. 67-71.

[18] t report Martin 404 N40403 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 7 March of 2019.

[19] t report DC-7 N6324C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 25 November 2017th

[20] Accident report L-1049 N6902C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on November 25, 2017.

[21] t report Martin 404 N40404 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 23 June 2020th

[22] Accident report N7313C, Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 23, 2016.

[23] ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 12, Circular 54-AN / 58, Montreal 1963 (English), pp. 80-83.

[24] t report L-1049H N102R , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 22 December of 2019.

[25] t report L-1049G N7101C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 22 December of 2019.

[26] ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 12, Circular 54-AN / 58, Montreal 1963 (English), pp. 305-308.

[27] t report L-1049G N7125C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 22 December of 2019.

[28] ICAO Aircraft Accident Digest 12, Circular 54-AN / 58, Montreal 1963 (English), pp. 314-328.

[29] t report L-1049 N6907C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 26 August 2017th

[30] Accident report DC-8-11 N8013U , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on May 11, 2017.

[31] Lockheed accident report L-049 N86511 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 29, 2019.

[32] Accident Report B-707 N769TW , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 16 of 2019.

[33] Accident report Convair CV-880 N820TW , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on June 23, 2020.

[34] t report L-1049G N7115C , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 23 June 2020th

[35] t report DC-9-15 N1063T , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 26 August 2017th

[36] ttps://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19671106-0

[37] Accident report CV-880 N821TW , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 20, 2016.

[38] ttps://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690726-1

[39] Hijacking a Swissair DC-8 to Zerqa in: NZZ Online from September 5, 2005

[40] Accident report collision TLV: B-707 N790TW , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 16, 2019.

[41] Accident report collision TLV: C-97K 4X-FPS / 037 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 16, 2019.

[42] Flight accident data and report TWA, Boeing 707, September 8, 1974 in the Aviation Safety Network (English)

[43] t report B 727-200 N54328 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 23 June 2020th

[44] t report B 727-200 N54340 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 6 of 2019.