McDonnell Douglas MD-80

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McDonnell Douglas MD-80
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82 (MD-82) of SAS Scandinavian Airlines
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82 (MD-82) of SAS Scandinavian Airlines
Type: Twin - engine narrow-body aircraft
Design country:

United StatesUnited States United States

Manufacturer: McDonnell Douglas
First flight: October 25, 1979
Commissioning: 1980
Production time:

1979 to 1999

Number of pieces: 1191
DC-9-81 (MD-81) from Swissair
Passenger cabin of a DC-9-82 (MD-82) of Alitalia
Cockpit of a DC-9-83 (MD-83)

The McDonnell Douglas MD-80 is a family of twin - engine narrow -body aircraft produced by the US aircraft manufacturer McDonnell Douglas . Developed from the Douglas DC-9 , this short- and medium- haul aircraft is McDonnell Douglas' most successful jet with 1,191 units sold. The MD-81 version made its maiden flight on June 26, 1979.

However, the official type designations according to the type approval are DC-9-81, -82, -83 and -87 . Only the MD-88 and the later MD-90 were officially approved under these designations.

story

In the 1970s, another stretching of the Douglas DC-9 was planned. The project was realized as DC-9-80. On June 26, 1979, the second prototype took off on its maiden flight. At the end of 1980 the first MD-81s were delivered to the first customers Swissair and Austrian Airlines .

In the mid-1980s, Boeing also brought out a further development of its short- and medium-haul aircraft with the 737-300 ; In contrast to the MD-80, it used the more efficient CFM56 turbofan engines . McDonnell Douglas tried to get more business again with the MD-87. This aircraft had a similar capacity as the Boeing 737-300 and thus expanded the capacity range of the MD-80 downwards. At the instigation of Delta Air Lines , McDonnell Douglas later redesigned the MD-82, resulting in the MD-88, which made its maiden flight in 1988.

However, in the late 1980s, Airbus began taking on the role of McDonnell Douglas as an alternative to Boeing with the Airbus A320 family . Like the second and third generation 737s, the A320 Family was equipped with more modern engines. Nevertheless, McDonnell Douglas continued to be very successful and was able to deliver 139 MD-80s in both 1990 and 1991 - the highest production rate in production history. In the mid-1990s, the planned successor MD-90 came out. However, this pattern could not build on the old successes. After the takeover of McDonnell Douglas by Boeing in 1997, the end of MD-80 production was quickly sealed. The last machine was delivered at the end of 1999.

Due to the use of the now outdated JT8D engine , the MD-80 is less fuel-efficient than, for example, the Airbus A320 or the newer Boeing-737 models. In typical flight operations, the aircraft uses approximately 1050 gallons (3974 liters) of fuel per hour of flight. The larger 737-800 , on the other hand, only consumes 850 gallons (3217 liters) per hour (19% savings). Some airlines therefore began in the 21st century to replace their machines with more efficient models - for example, Alitalia, the largest European operator, withdrew its fleet of almost 100 units. The last commercial use took place on October 27, 2012. Also, SAS Scandinavian Airlines reduced its fleet for the first quarter of 2012 to 26 copies and the remaining machines were retired by the end of October, 2013. The last commercial use took place on October 26, 2013.

Versions

The MD-80 was developed as a further extension of the DC-9 under the name DC-9-80. Due to the negative image after the accidents with the DC-10 , the manufacturer dropped the historic abbreviation “DC” and sold the aircraft under the name “Super 80”. Later the new abbreviation "MD" for McDonnell Douglas was introduced.

However, the official type designations in the respective type approval remained, i.e. DC-9-81, -82, -83 and -87. Only the MD-88 and the later MD-90 were officially approved under these designations.

MD-81 (DC-9-81)

The MD-81 is the basic version of the MD-80 with Pratt & Whitney JT8D -209 engines (later also JT8D-217 and -219). Compared to the largest DC-9 (the -50), the fuselage has been stretched by around 4.50 m, which means that the machine can transport up to 172 people over a distance of 2879 km. First-time customers and main buyers were Austrian Airlines and Swissair . The latter received the first ever MD-80 in September 1980.

MD-82 (DC-9-82) / MD-88

An MD-82 (DC-9-82) from Alitalia

In August 1981, about a year after the MD-81, the MD-82 was put into service with the first customer Republic Airlines (1979-1986) . It was a slightly heavier version, which with Pratt & Whitney JT8D-217 or -219 engines also offered a considerably greater range of up to 3789 km. Capacity and size are the same as the MD-81. The main buyers were Alitalia and American Airlines .

With 569 machines produced - 30 of which were manufactured under license in China - the MD-82 was the most popular model in the MD-80 series.

The MD-88 is a further development of the successful MD-82 at the request of Delta Air Lines , which received the first machine in December 1987. The main difference is the MD-88's more modern cockpit.

150 of the MD-88 were built, 112 of them for Delta Air Lines. The other 38 brand new MD-88s were delivered to Aviaco (13), Aeromexico (10), Aerolineas Argentinas (6), Onur Air (5) as well as Midwest Express Airlines and Midway Airlines (2 each).

MD-83 (DC-9-83)

A Spanair MD-83 (DC-9-83)

Compared to the MD-82, the maximum take-off weight and range (through increased tank capacity) of the MD-83 have been increased again, this time to 4395 km (2375 NM), while dimensions and capacity remain identical to those of the MD-81. Only the cabin equipment was modernized. The JT8D-219 was used almost exclusively as the engine, but a few machines also have the JT8D-217. This version was just as popular with charter companies as it was with airlines from climatically unfavorable regions (e.g. Alaska Airlines and Finnair ). The first MD-83 was handed over to the first customer Alaska Airlines on February 20, 1985. After the MD-82, this model was the second most successful of the MD-80 series with 265 machines sold.

MD-87 (DC-9-87)

An MD-87 (DC-9-87) from Iberia

The MD-87, which first entered service at Finnair in 1987, is the only member of the MD-80 series with different dimensions. Compared to the other MD-80, it was shortened by about 4.50 m and thus reached the length of the earlier DC-9-50 (see above). The maximum capacity of 139 passengers was roughly the same as that of the largest model in the original DC-9 series. The largest customer was Iberia with 24 MD-87s. Development of the MD-87 began on January 3, 1985 following an order from the first customers Finnair and Austrian in December 1984. The first flight took place on December 4, 1986, the FAA certified the type on October 21, 1987.

In addition to shortening the fuselage, new cockpit technologies were introduced in the MD-87, so the variant was the first in the MD-80 series to have an electronic flight information system (EFIS) , and a head-up display could be ordered as an option. In contrast to the aircraft of the rest of the MD-80 series, the MD-87 also offered a special version with increased range, which was achieved by installing additional tanks in the rear cargo hold. Corresponding machines were used, among others, by the Swedish Transwede on transatlantic charter flights to Barbados , Fort Lauderdale and Miami .

operator

As of January 2019, 238 of the 1,191 MD-80s produced are still in active service.

Incidents

From the first flight in 1979 to February 2021, there were 45 total losses with the McDonnell Douglas DC-9-80 (MD-80). 1458 people were killed in 16 of them. Excerpts:

  • On August 16, 1987, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82 (MD-82) of the US American Northwest Airlines (N312RC) crashed on a busy street on the way to Phoenix shortly after taking off from Detroit, Michigan. 156 people died and one child was rescued (see also Northwest Airlines flight 255 ) .
  • On June 12, 1988, a DC-9-81 (MD-81) of the Argentine Austral Líneas Aéreas (N1003G) crashed while approaching Posadas Airport ( Argentina ). The aircraft collided with eucalyptus trees in poor visibility and hit the ground three kilometers from the airport. All 22 inmates died.
  • On December 27, 1991, a DC-9-81 (MD-82) operated by SAS Scandinavian Airlines (OY-KHO) broke during an emergency landing in a field near Gottröra in Sweden. During the climb, ice came off the icy wings and was sucked into the engines, causing them to fail. Although the plane broke into several parts during the crash landing, all 129 occupants survived (see Scandinavian Airlines flight 751 ) .
  • On October 26, 1993, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82 (MD-82) of China Eastern Airlines (B-2103) on flight 5398 overran the runway while approaching Fuzhou Airport . When the aircraft was two kilometers from the runway, the captain noticed a lateral deviation to the right and an altitude that was too high. He tried to correct this, but decided on a go-around maneuver at a height of 20 meters and gave full throttle. The aircraft continued to sink, however, and the captain broke off the go-around that had already been initiated. The machine landed in 1983 meters behind the start of the runway. The aircraft overshot the end of the runway by 385 meters, broke and came to a halt in a pond. Of the 80 occupants, two were killed and two passengers.
  • On July 6, 1996, two of the 142 occupants were killed in an incident involving an MD-88 operated by Delta Air Lines (N927DA) from Pensacola to Atlanta when an engine disintegrated during take-off. The MD-88 was repaired (see also Delta Air Lines flight 1288 ) .
  • On January 31, 2000, a DC-9-83 (MD-83) of the US Alaska Airlines (N963AS) crashed near Los Angeles , USA in the Pacific Ocean near Point Mugu near Oxnard ( California ). The machine was on the flight from Puerto Vallarta, Mexico to San Francisco . The cause was the wear of a threaded rod used to trim the horizontal stabilizer as a result of poor maintenance. At first it was just difficult for the crew to maintain their altitude. When the threaded rod finally slipped out of its drive and guide, the horizontal stabilizer began to swing loosely on the rudder fin, causing the pilots to lose control of the elevator and shortly afterwards of the aircraft. The reason was an extended maintenance interval for the elevator trim mechanics for reasons of cost, which is not fail-safe on the DC-9-83. All 88 people on board died. (See also Alaska Airlines Flight 261 ) .
  • On October 8, 2001, a DC-9-87 (MD-87) operated by SAS Scandinavian Airlines (SE-DMA) collided with a private jet while taking off from Milan Linate Airport . When visibility was poor, the private jet drove over the runway on which the DC-9 was currently taking off . At the moment of take-off, the two machines collided, as a result of which the right landing gear of the DC-9 was torn off, which in turn damaged the landing flaps on the right wing and tore the right engine from the fuselage. The machine was able to climb briefly, but the left engine did not generate enough thrust because it had sucked in foreign objects. After the machine hit the runway again, the reverse thrust could still be activated; however, after a few hundred meters the machine crashed into a baggage hall, which then partially collapsed. None of the 110 inmates survived; In addition, four people were killed in the baggage hall and the four occupants of the private jet (see also the Milan Linate accident ) .
  • On November 30, 2004, a DC-9-82 (MD-82) of the Indonesian low-cost airline Lion Air (PK-LMN) shot over the runway while landing at Surakarta Airport and collided with a metal fence. 23 passengers and 2 crew members were killed.
  • On August 16, 2005, a DC-9-82 (MD-82) of the Colombian West Caribbean Airways (HK-4374X) crashed with 160 people on board en route from Panama to Martinique. There were no survivors. The charter plane crashed in a wooded mountain region in northwest Venezuela near the border with Colombia after the engine pressure ratio and the speed had dropped. The aircraft suffered a period immediately initiated descent stall . The entire crash from FL330 until it hit the ground took only three and a half minutes. The machine probably got into a state known as deep stall , which usually leads to a crash even from great heights due to the loss of the elevator function.
  • On September 16, 2007, a DC-9-83 (MD-83) of the Thai low-cost airline One-Two-Go Airlines (a subsidiary of " Orient Thai Airlines ") (HS-OMG) was shortly before landing at Phuket Airport a go-around initiated, which however failed because the thrust went to idle. The machine crashed on the ground next to the runway , broke in two and caught fire. There were 130 occupants (including 123 passengers) on board, 90 of whom did not survive this accident (see also flight OG 269 ) .
  • On November 30, 2007 a DC-9-83 (MD-83) (TC-AKM) chartered by the Turkish company Atlasjet (today it operates under the name " AtlasGlobal ") was approaching (Isparta) in southwest Turkey in flown the mountain Türbetepe. All 57 occupants were killed by this CFIT ( controlled flight into terrain ). The weather conditions were good at the time of the crash (see also Atlasjet flight 4203 ) .
  • At the beginning of April 2008 American Airlines had to shut down its MD-80 fleet and cancel over 2,400 flights for technical reasons. According to the US Aviation Administration, there were maintenance problems with the wiring in one of the wheel wells. The airline was operating around 300 MD-80 jets at the time, which was a little less than half the total still active fleet of the type. Also, Delta Air Lines underline had flights. Other types were also affected by shutdowns and flight cancellations due to increased FAA inspections, including Boeing 737 at Southwest Airlines and Boeing 777 at United Airlines .
The Spanair accident machine
  • July 31, 2008 - The left engine of a McDonnell Douglas MD-88 operated by the Spanish Iberia (EC-FPD) failed during take-off from Vienna-Schwechat airport . While processing the checklists while returning to the airfield, the pilots discovered that the display indicated that the left main landing gear was not locked. When landing, the open landing gear flaps dragged across the runway; the aircraft was irreparably damaged. Contributing factors to the accident were a number of maintenance errors.
  • On 20 August 2008, a DC-9-82 (MD-82) crashed (EC-HFP) of Spanair with 172 people on board at the start on the Madrid-Barajas Airport. The machine sagged again shortly after take-off and went up in flames on the ground. She should fly to Las Palmas de Gran Canaria . 154 people died in the accident, including five Germans. The reason was probably that the slats and flaps were not extended and a corresponding warning signal was not triggered (see also Spanair flight 5022 ) .
  • On June 3, 2012, a DC-9-83 (MD-83) belonging to the Nigerian company Dana Air (5N-RAM) crashed into a residential area in Lagos . All 153 people on board and 10 people on the ground were killed (see also Dana Air flight 992 ) .
  • On July 24, 2014, a DC-9-83 (MD-83) of the airline Air Algérie , which was leased from the Spanish Swiftair (EC-LTV) , crashed in southern Mali . All 116 occupants, six crew members and 110 passengers, were killed. The flight was en route from Ouagadougou to Algiers . The main reason was that the pilots had forgotten to switch on the de-icing of the pressure sensors on the engine inlets (see also Air Algérie flight 5017 ) .
  • On August 17, 2015, the crew of the DC-9-83 (MD-83) of the US Allegiant Air (N407NV) from Las Vegas to Peoria (Illinois) aborted the take-off run at high speed because the nose landing gear was too early and without Control actuation of the pilot had lifted off the ground. It turned out that the elevator was jammed in the up position due to a fallen nut on a component used to control it. If the crew had not canceled take-off, then in the worst case an accident similar to that of a DC-9-83 (MD-83) on January 31, 2000 on Alaska Airlines Flight 261 (see above) could have happened.
  • On January 27, 2020, a DC-9-83 (MD-83) operated by the Iranian Caspian Airlines (EP-CPZ) rolled over the end of the runway while landing at Mahshahr airport in southwestern Iran with a slight tailwind. The machine only came to a standstill on a motorway behind it. The landing gear broke off and the aircraft was irreparably damaged. All 144 inmates were uninjured.

Technical specifications

Parameter MD-81 MD-82 / -88 MD-83 MD-87
length 45.10 m 39.70 m
span 32.80 m
height 9.05 m 9.30 m
Wing area 92.97 m²
Wing extension 11.6
max 63,503 kg 67,812 kg 72,575 kg 63,503 kg
67,813 kg 1
Cruising speed Do 0.76
approx. 811 km / h
typical passengers (2 classes) 155 152 155 130
max.passengers (1 class) 172 139
max.range 2,897 km 3,798 km 4,635 km 4,395 km (5,428 km) 6
Service ceiling 11,277 m
drive 2 P&W JT8D -209 at
82 kN		 2 P&W JT8D -217A / C at
89 kN		 2 P&W JT8D -219 at
93.4 kN		 2 P&W JT8D -217C at
89 kN
First delivery September 13, 1980
to
Swissair 		August 5, 1981
to
Republic Airline 2
December 19, 1987
to
Delta Air Lines 3 		February 20, 1985
to
Alaska Airlines 		November 1, 1987
to
Finnair
Last delivery June 24, 1994
to
JAL 		November 17, 1997
to
U-Land Airlines 2
June 25, 1997
to
Onur Air 3 		December 21, 1999
to
TWA 		March 23, 1992
to
SAS
Total number produced 132 569 2 4
150 3 		265 75
1 Version with increased takeoff weight
2 MD-82
3 MD-88
4th including 30 copies built under license in China
5 including two examples built under license in China with reinforced main landing gear (two instead of one axle each)
6th Increased range of the ER version (Extended Range) through the installation of additional tanks in the rear cargo hold

See also

literature

  • Günter Endres: Modern Civil Aircraft 10: McDonnell Douglas DC-9 / MD-80 / MD-90 , Ian Allan Ltd. 1991, ISBN 0-7110-1958-4 (English).

Web links

Commons : McDonnell Douglas MD-80  - Album containing pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ FAA TCDS , accessed November 5, 2015
  2. ↑ EASA TCDS , accessed on November 5, 2015
  3. ↑ Arrivederci Alitalia “Super Ottanta”!
  4. ↑ SAS operates its last McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82 (MD-82) flight. October 28, 2013, accessed November 11, 2020 .
  5. ^ Tony Eastwood, John Roach: Jet Airliner Production List . The Aviation Hobby Shop, West Drayton, 2004.
  6. ^ McDonnell Douglas MD-80 Operators. In: Planespotters.net. Retrieved January 27, 2019 .
  7. ↑ Accident statistics McDonnell Douglas MD-80 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on March 13, 2021.
  8. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 YU-ANA in the Aviation Safety Network , accessed on January 16, 2016.
  9. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 N312RC in the Aviation Safety Network (English)
  10. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-81 N1003G in the Aviation Safety Network , accessed on March 12, 2021.
  11. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-81 OY-KHO in the Aviation Safety Network , accessed on January 16, 2016.
  12. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 B-2103 in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on March 26, 2021.
  13. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 N215AA in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 16, 2016.
  14. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-83 N963AS in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 6, 2019.
  15. ^ Report on the plane crash on January 31, 2000 ( Memento from October 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-87 SE-DMA in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 16, 2016.
  17. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 B-2138 in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 16, 2016.
  18. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 PK-LMN in the Aviation Safety Network (English)
  19. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 HK-4374X in the Aviation Safety Network (English)
  20. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 HS-OMG in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 16, 2016.
  21. ↑ Official Investigation Report DC-9-82 HS-OMG, Thailand
  22. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-83 SU-BOY in the Aviation Safety Network , accessed on August 3, 2020.
  23. ↑ heute-journal : Turkey: 56 dead in plane crash, cause of the accident still unclear  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (November 30, 2007).@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.heute.de  
  24. ↑ CNN : American cancels 900 more flights (April 10, 2008).
  25. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 EC-FPD in the Aviation Safety Network (English) 16. January 2016.
  26. ↑ Latest information from the AFP news agency ( Memento from August 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  27. ↑ Plane crash in Madrid: More than 150 people died in the flames. In: Spiegel Online . August 20, 2008, accessed December 21, 2014 .
  28. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-82 EC-HFP in the Aviation Safety Network (English)
  29. ↑ Lagos plane with 153 passengers crashed into building in Nigeria. Der Standard , June 3, 2012, accessed June 3, 2012 .
  30. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-83 EC-LTV in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 16, 2016.
  31. ^ NTSB : Third Update on the Delta Flight 1086 Accident at LaGuardia, April 2, 2015 (accessed May 10, 2015).
  32. ↑ Simon Hradecky: Incident: Allegiant MD83 at Las Vegas on Aug 17th 2015, rejected takeoff due to premature rotation. The Aviation Herald , August 27, 2015, accessed November 27, 2015 .
  33. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-83 EP-CPZ in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 27, 2020.
  34. ↑ https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/19/us/texas-plane-crash/index.html
  35. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report DC-9-87 N987AK in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 20, 2021.
List of civil aircraft types made by McDonnell Douglas (formerly Douglas and McDonnell )
Propeller aircraft:

DWC • Dolphin • DC-1 • DC-2 • DC-3 • DC-4 • DC-5 • DC-6 • DC-7 • M-1 • M-2 • M-3 • M-4

Jet aircraft:

DC-8 • DC-9 • DC-10 • MD-11 • MD-80 • MD-90 • MD-95 • MD119 / 220

Unrealized:

DC-7 (1944) • MD-12 • MD-91X / 92X • MD-94X • XC-132 • Model 2229