Western Airlines

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Western Airlines
Western Airlines.svg
Western Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10
IATA code : WA
ICAO code : WHALE
Call sign : WESTERN FILM
Founding: 1925
Operation stopped: 1987
Merged with: Delta Air Lines
Seat: Los Angeles , United StatesUnited StatesUnited States 
Turnstile :
Home airport : Los Angeles International Airport
Number of employees: approx. 9400
Fleet size: about 95
Aims: nationally including Alaska and Hawaii as well as internationally to Canada and Mexico
merged with Delta Air Lines in 1987 . The information in italics relates to the last status before the takeover.

Western Airlines (originally Western Air Express , briefly General Air Lines in the 1930s ) was a Los Angeles- based scheduled airline . The company was bought by Delta Air Lines in December 1986 and merged with them on April 1, 1987.

history

1920s

Flight operations began in 1926 with two Douglas M-2 aircraft .

Western Airlines was founded on July 13, 1925 by Harris M. Hanshue under the name Western Air Express in Sacramento ( California ) to transport airmail on behalf of the United States Postal Service . The company won the tender to transport airmail between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles in October 1925 . Operations began on April 17, 1926 with two brand-new Douglas M-2 aircraft . The route from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles led via Las Vegas , where the machines were refueled and other mail items were picked up or unloaded. A flight on the route took about 8 hours.

From May 23, 1926, Western Air Express , which at that time employed 24 people, also offered passengers on the postal route. It is therefore seen as the first US scheduled airline. In July of the same year, she carried Maude Campbell, the first female passenger in US commercial aviation. As of December 15, 1926 led Western Air Express for the United States Postal Service also flights between Cheyenne ( Wyoming ) and Pueblo ( Colorado off). The company transported almost 32 t of airmail (70,230 lb ) and 258 passengers in the first year .

Western Air Express's passenger business developed rapidly. In 1927 some routes were acquired from Colorado Airways . In order to meet the increasing demand, the fleet was supplemented with further aircraft and the route network was greatly expanded through the acquisition of smaller companies. At the time, the company carried approximately 40% of all US airmail. With the support of the "Daniel Guggenheim Fund for Promotion of Aeronautics" , Western Air Express began passenger flights between Los Angeles and San Francisco in 1928 . For this purpose, the company was the first airline in the USA to put three-engine Fokker F.10 aircraft into service. In the same year, the company set up 37 weather stations on the route from Los Angeles to San Francisco. In cooperation with the Boeing Company , she also installed additional navigation and radio equipment on the ground and in her aircraft. The company had provided extensive development aid for these systems and tested them in practice. Some of the systems that emerged during this period, such as the radio compass , are still used today in modified form in aviation. In 1929, the American aircraft manufacturer Fokker Aircraft Corporation , which was bought by General Motors in June 1930 , took a majority stake in Western Air Express .

1930s

One of the two Fokker F.32s that Western Air Express received brand new in March 1930. They were the company's first four-engine machines.

After the takeover of Standard Air Lines in late 1929 , Western Air Express was one of the largest US airlines in early 1930. At the end of 1926 six aircraft were operating, by 1930 there were already 40. In the same year the company inaugurated its new terminal at Alhambra Airport, the construction of which had cost over a million US dollars. At the same time, two four-engine Fokker F.32 machines were put into service, which offered space for 32 passengers. The planes were used between the Alhambra and Oakland . The line network at that time comprised a length of over 9200 kilometers (5765 miles ) and stretched from California to Kansas City .

At the urging of Walter Folger Brown , the then United States Postmaster General , Western Air Express had to merge most of its route network with that of Transcontinental Air on July 16, 1930 in order to receive the mail transport orders on the newly advertised transcontinental routes. Transcontinental and Western Air (T&WA) emerged from the company divisions affected by the merger . Independent flight operations could only be continued on the two postal routes CAM 4 and CAM 12 , which the company won through tenders in October 1925. Western Air Express only operated the route from Los Angeles via Las Vegas to Salt Lake City and the route from Cheyenne to Pueblo, which ran via Colorado Springs and Denver .

General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation , the successor company of the Fokker Aircraft Corporation , also acquired the remaining minority interests in 1931, which the original founders still held in Western Air Express and T&WA . In October of the same year, Mid-Continent Air Express , with which there was already a close cooperation, was bought up and integrated into the company. With the acquisition, the route network could be expanded again from Denver to El Paso and Dallas . In 1932, Western Air Express became the world's first airline to run an ad on television that was televised live and starring Loretta Young .

After the airmail scandal made it known that irregularities were involved in the allocation of postal routes in 1930, the US government canceled all existing contracts in February 1934 and had the airmail transport carried out by the United States Army Air Corps . As a result, the last remaining independent corporate divisions of Western Air Express were merged with T&WA on April 17, 1934 . The air forces were overwhelmed with the transports, so that in the summer of 1934 the contracts were re-tendered, from which the companies involved in the scandal were excluded. In order to be able to participate in the tender, General Aviation decided to completely separate Western Air Express from T&WA and to continue operating it under a new name. The separated company was named General Air Lines on May 8, 1934 . Because almost all of the previously operated routes remained in the T&WA network , General Air Lines initially only flew to the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles, Las Vegas and Salt Lake City with their four brand-new Douglas DC-2s . The main owner General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation sold its shares in late 1934, whereupon the name was changed back to Western Air Express on December 29, 1934 .

Leased Boeing 247s were used from 1935. At the same time, the company employed female flight attendants for the first time . The takeover of National Parks Airways resulted in flights to the state of Montana and Yellowstone National Park from 1937 . In the same year, the first Douglas DC-3 were put into service. From 1938, Western Air Express was the first airline to offer typewriter use on board.

1940s

From 1948, Western Air Lines used the Convair CV-240 for the first time, a pressurized cabin aircraft .

On April 11, 1941 Western Air Express for Western Airlines renamed. At the time, the company's fleet consisted of five Boeing 247s and seven Douglas DC-3s. In the same year the company set up its first international scheduled service from Great Falls to Lethbridge in Canada . After the outbreak of World War II , Western Air Lines also carried out military material transports for the US Air Transport Command via Canada and Alaska to the Soviet Union from 1942 . In 1944, the route network was expanded from Denver to the state of North Dakota and a majority stake in Inland Air Lines was acquired, which remained as a subsidiary. Non-stop flights between Los Angeles and Denver followed a year later.

On January 18, 1946, Western Air Lines and Sabena became the world's first civilly manufactured Douglas DC-4 to take over . Because Western Air Lines put its aircraft into service before the Belgian company, it is considered the first operator of this type of aircraft. Connections from Los Angeles to Portland and Seattle were established in 1947. In the same year, the company ran into financial difficulties and sold four Douglas DC-4s and their liner rights for the route from Los Angeles to Denver at a price of US $ 3.7 million to United Air Lines . Convair CV-240 aircraft , which had a pressurized cabin , entered service in 1948. From the following year, the machines were also used on a newly opened non-stop connection from Denver to Minneapolis-Saint Paul .

1950s

Lockheed L-188 turboprop aircraft were operated from 1959.

In 1950, Western Air Lines became the world's first airline to use conveyor belts to load passengers' luggage. The connection from Great Falls to Lethbridge, Canada, was extended to Edmonton in the same year . Inland Air Lines , acquired in 1944, merged with Western Air Lines in 1952, along with its route network . In the same year, the company put its first Douglas DC-6 into service, the speed and range of which enabled more direct flights. The Douglas DC-6 became the company's most important aircraft type in the 1950s and reordered several times.

In early 1954 the spelling of the name was changed to Western Airlines . In the 1955 financial year, the company carried around 1.1 million passengers, 5435 t of freight and 4897 t of airmail. At the same time, the company employed over 2100 people. In April 1956, the route network had a total length of 8900 kilometers (5525 miles) and stretched from San Diego to Edmonton, Canada. At that time Western Airlines had a fleet of nine Convair CV-240, three Douglas DC-3, six Douglas DC-4 and eight Douglas DC-6; another 13 DC-6s were ordered. In the same month, the company ordered its first nine Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop aircraft , deliveries of which began on August 1, 1959. International flights from Los Angeles to Mexico City began on July 15, 1957.

1960s

Western Airlines operated Boeing 720 aircraft from 1961 to 1980 .

From May 1960, Western Airlines leased two Boeing 707-100 jet aircraft from the manufacturer, which were originally intended for Cubana . These were initially used between Los Angeles and Seattle. At about the same time, the international connection to Edmonton was abandoned and instead Calgary was served as the only Canadian destination. The first of four originally ordered Boeing 720Bs was delivered to the company on May 20, 1961. By 1967 the company had taken over a total of 27 brand new machines of this type.

From 1962, Western Airlines offered a shuttle service from Los Angeles and San Francisco to Las Vegas with Douglas DC-6 aircraft. These very affordable flights were marketed under the advertising name Thriftair . In early 1964, the company's fleet consisted of ten Boeing 720s (three more were ordered), fourteen Douglas DC-6s and twelve Lockheed L-188s. Acapulco was served as the second Mexican destination from Los Angeles from 1965. The company received international route rights from San Francisco to Vancouver in the spring of 1967. In October 1967 the previously acquired Pacific Northern Airlines and its route network became part of Western Airlines , which enabled them to offer scheduled flights from Seattle to Anchorage , Juneau and other cities in Alaska .

The first Boeing 737-200 was delivered to the company on July 11, 1968. Western Airlines took over its first Boeing 727-200 on October 16, 1969. In the same year, the company received route rights for flights from Los Angeles and Anchorage to Honolulu . The start of operations in Hawaii took place with five Boeing 707-320C aircraft, which had already been put into service in the summer of 1968.

1970s

A Boeing 737-200 in the livery introduced in 1973.

In the early 1970s, Western Airlines sought a merger with American Airlines , but this was prohibited on July 28, 1972 by the US Civil Aeronautics Board . In 1971 the company ordered its first wide-body aircraft of the type McDonnell Douglas DC- 10-10, which were delivered from April 19, 1973. At the same time, the planes were given a new paint job. In the mid-1970s, the company employed around 9,400 people and operated a fleet of 5 Boeing 707s, 18 Boeing 720s, 18 Boeing 727-200s, 26 Boeing 737-200s and 5 Douglas DC-10s.

The first transcontinental scheduled flights to the east coast of the United States began in 1976 between Los Angeles and Miami ( Florida ). A year later this route was extended to Fort Lauderdale . The company also established connections from Los Angeles to Guadalajara (Mexico) in 1978 and from Seattle to Washington, DC in 1979 .

After the deregulation of US air traffic, Western Airlines ran into financial problems. As a result, talks were held with Continental Airlines at the end of the 1970s to examine a merger of the two companies. The Civil Aeronautics Board rejected the proposed merger in July 1979.

1980s

A Boeing 737-300 in the company's last livery.

Western Airlines set up a long-haul route from Honolulu, Hawaii, via Anchorage, Alaska to London Gatwick Airport in 1980 . The route from Alaska to Great Britain was discontinued in the spring of 1981 due to a lack of capacity. The company then took on scheduled flights from Denver to London on April 24, 1981, but these were also not economical. Western Airlines made the transatlantic traffic from December in 1981 by Arrow Air in sub-charter to run was finally abandoned until the connection to London on January 1, 1982nd

In 1981 and 1982, Western Airlines posted losses of $ 73.4 million and $ 40 million, respectively. The unions approved a 10 to 18 percent pay cut in 1982, saving the company up to $ 42 million annually in personnel costs and averting bankruptcy. At the same time, Western Airlines began expanding its hub in Salt Lake City and opened numerous routes from there, including to Chicago , Dallas , Kansas City , New York and Washington. At the same time, connections to Florida and the Bahamas were discontinued; instead, the company flew to other destinations in Mexico.

In the 1980s, Western Airlines continuously increased the number of its daily flights. Because more aircraft were needed for this, the company initially ordered six Boeing 737-300s in January 1983 , which were delivered from April 1985. In January 1984, an order for six Boeing 767s that had already been placed in March 1980 was canceled and twelve Boeing 737-200s and six more Boeing 737-300s were ordered instead. A Boeing 737-200 delivered in March 1985 was the first aircraft to have the changed "metallic" color scheme. From the spring of 1986, Sky West Airlines carried out feeder traffic to the hubs in Los Angeles and Salt Lake City under the brand name Western Express .

On September 9, 1986, Delta Air Lines , which was the sixth largest US airline at the time, submitted a takeover offer of $ 860 million to the company. Delta Air Lines had last bought an airline with Northeast Airlines in 1972 and did not participate in the merger wave of the 1980s. While Delta Air Lines had a dense network of routes in the eastern states, Western Airlines mainly had routes west of the Mississippi , so there was little overlap in their route networks . After the US aviation authority granted approval to the merger, the takeover became legally valid on December 19, 1986. Western Airlines continued its flight operations under its own brand identity until March 31, 1987 and was completely absorbed by Delta Air Lines on April 1, 1987, making it the fourth largest US airline.

fleet

By taking over Pacific Northern Airlines in 1967 , Western Airlines acquired six Lockheed L-749A Constellations that had originally been delivered to TWA .

In the course of its history, the company used the following types of aircraft:

Incidents

In some cases, little information is available about the incidents in the 1920s and 1930s.

Western Air Express flight accidents

  • On December 8, 1926, a Douglas M-2 had an accident in Salt Lake City .
  • On December 10, 1927, a Douglas M-2 crashed near Denver .
  • On May 7, 1929, the company lost a Stearman C3 B in an accident in Denver.
  • On June 2, 1929, a Fokker F.10 A parked in Wichita, Kansas was destroyed in a storm.
  • On June 5, 1929, a Sikorsky S-38 had to be written off as a total loss after an accident in Avalon (California) .
  • On December 26, 1929, a Fokker F.10A had an accident in Oakland .
  • On January 6, 1930, a Stearman C3B crashed in Denver.
  • On January 21, 1930, a Boeing Model 95 crashed in Cedar City (Utah) .
  • On February 23, 1930, a Fokker F.10A was destroyed in an accident near the town of Lake Arrowhead in San Bernardino County (California).
  • On February 24, 1930, a Boeing Model 95 crashed in St. George, Utah .
  • On August 10, 1930, an accident near Denver led to the total loss of a Stearman C3B.
  • On December 22, 1930, a Fokker F.10A had an accident in Alhambra (California) .
  • On January 26, 1931, another Fokker F.10A was destroyed in an accident in the Alhambra.
  • On February 9, 1932, a Boeing Model 40 B-4 crashed.
  • On December 11, 1932, Western Air Express lost a Fokker F.10A in an accident near the town of Lynndyl in Millard County, Utah.
  • On December 2, 1933, a Fokker Super Universal had an accident in Colorado Springs .
  • On December 3, 1933 additional Fokker Super Universal crashed near Watrous in Mora County ( New Mexico ab).
  • On December 31, 1933, a third Fokker Super Universal was destroyed in an accident in Las Vegas .
  • On September 1, 1935, a collided Boeing 247 D on its delivery flight after taking off from Burbank airport in thick fog with a landline . The three crew members were killed in the subsequent impact.
  • On December 15, 1936, a Boeing 247D flew in the dark against a mountain in the Lone Peak Wilderness, Utah, killing all 10 occupants. The wreck was only found in June 1937.
  • On January 12, 1937, a Boeing 247D collided with a mountain on Western Air Express Flight 7 near the Californian town of Newhall, now part of the city of Santa Clarita . Five inmates were killed; including the documentary filmmaker Martin Johnson . His wife Osa Johnson and seven other people survived, some with serious injuries.
  • On January 12, 1941, a parked Boeing 247D was destroyed in a hangar fire in Salt Lake City.

Flight accidents of Western Air Lines or Western Airlines

A structurally identical Douglas DC-6 crashed into San Francisco Bay on April 20, 1953 .
  • On December 15, 1942, a Douglas DC-3 had an accident near Fairfield, Utah . 17 of the 19 occupants were killed in the accident.
  • On April 24, 1946, an engine failure led to the crash of a Douglas DC-3, which was on a test flight. The machine hit North Hollywood . The three crew members died.
  • On November 13, 1946, a Douglas DC-3 with 11 people on board flew south of Bakersfield , near the village of Lebec, against a mountain. There were no survivors.
  • On December 24, 1946, a Douglas DC-3 collided with a mountain east of San Diego , near what is now Mount Laguna Observatory . All 12 inmates lost their lives.
  • On March 17, 1947, one of the three North American T-6s used as mail planes crashed in Rapid City .
  • On April 20, 1953, a Douglas DC-6 crashed into San Francisco Bay before landing at Oakland Airport . The accident claimed 8 victims.
  • On June 29, 1953, the wing of a Douglas DC-3 hit the ground shortly after taking off from Los Angeles International Airport . The aircraft was on a test flight. One crew member died.
  • On February 26, 1954, all 9 occupants were killed in the crash of a Convair CV-240 in the state of Wyoming . Icing of the wings is assumed to be the cause of the accident .
  • On July 25, 1957, a passenger on a flight from Las Vegas to Los Angeles detonated a bomb aboard a Convair CV-240. He was torn from the machine. The crew managed an emergency landing.
  • On February 13, 1958, a Convair CV-240 was written off as a total loss after a landing in Palm Springs . All 21 inmates survived the incident with only minor injuries.
  • On March 31, 1971, a crashed Boeing 720-047B on the airport Ontario International . The 5 crew members who completed a training flight were killed. The cause of the accident was the failure of a support attachment of the hydraulic drive of the rudder due to a combination of stress corrosion cracking and high tensile load, which led to a complete loss of control of the rudder shortly after the start of a go-around maneuver with a simulated engine failure (see also Western Airlines flight 366 ) .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Aero, issue 2, year 1983
  2. ↑ a b c onlinenevada.org to Western Air Express
  3. ↑ a b c d Aero, issue 58, year 1984, p. 1602.
  4. ↑ a b c The Delta Museum on the development of Western Airlines between 1926 and 1954
  5. ↑ John G. Wensveen: Air Transportation: A Management Perspective - 7th Edition , Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 1996, ISBN 0-7546-7171-2 , p. 48
  6. ^ A b c Delta Flight Museum, Western Airlines, 1920's
  7. ^ A b c d Delta Flight Museum, Western Airlines, 1930s
  8. ↑ Western Air Express, Fokker F.32, NC333N (c / n 1203)
  9. ↑ a b c d e The Pocket Guide to Airline Markings and Commercial Aircraft, David Donald, London 1985.
  10. ↑ Historical Footnote on Western Air Express
  11. ↑ John G. Wensveen: Air Transportation: A Management Perspective - 7th Edition , Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 1996, ISBN 0-7546-7171-2 , S. 49th
  12. ↑ The Airlines of the World, David Donald, 1986.
  13. ^ General Air Lines, Douglas DC-3, NC13731
  14. ↑ a b Aerodacious, CAM Contract Air Mail First Flights AM 52
  15. ^ General Air Lines , flight plan 1934
  16. ^ Western Air Express , flight plan 1935
  17. ↑ a b c d Delta Flight Museum, Western Airlines, 1940’s
  18. ^ Tony Eastwood and John Roach: Piston Engine Airliner Production List , The Aviation Hobby Shop, West Drayton, 1996, ISBN 0-907178-61-8 , p. 306.
  19. ↑ a b Delta Flight Museum, Western Airlines, 1950’s
  20. ↑ rzjets.net, production list: Douglas DC-6
  21. ^ Flight International, April 3, 1953
  22. ^ Flight International, April 20, 1956
  23. ↑ a b Flight International, April 3, 1956
  24. ↑ Logbook Magazin, Pan American Airways - Fleet List and Airframe Histories - The Boeing Jet Fleet (707 and 720) ( Memento of the original from July 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.logbookmag.com
  25. ^ Flight International, October 12, 1961
  26. ^ Western Airlines, flight plan 1960.
  27. ^ Geza Szurovy: Classic American Airlines , St. Paul: Motorbooks International, 2003, ISBN 0-7603-1656-2 , p. 187.
  28. ^ Flight International, April 11, 1963
  29. ^ Flight International, April 2, 1964
  30. ^ Delta Flight Museum, Western Airlines, 1960's
  31. ^ Flight International, May 25, 1967
  32. ^ Airline Timetable Images, Pacific Northern Airlines
  33. ↑ Michael Sharpe & Robbie Shaw: Boeing 737-100 and 200 , Osceola: MBI Publishing Company, 2001, ISBN 0-7603-0991-4 , p. 120.
  34. ^ Geoff Jones: Delta Air Lines: 75 Years of Airline Excellence , Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-7385-1583-3 , p. 88.
  35. ^ Geza Szurovy: Classic American Airlines , St. Paul: Motorbooks International, 2003, ISBN 0-7603-1656-2 , p. 188
  36. ↑ jetphotos.net, production list: Boeing 707 ( memento of the original from January 30, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / jetphotos.net
  37. ^ Flight International, September 9, 1971
  38. ^ Flight International, August 10, 1971
  39. ^ McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in Western Airlines history
  40. ^ Flight International, March 20, 1975
  41. ↑ a b Delta Flight Museum, Western Airlines, 1970’s
  42. ^ Flight International, August 16, 1980
  43. ↑ a b c d Delta Flight Museum, Western Airlines, 1980’s
  44. ^ Western Airlines, route network map March 1, 1981
  45. ^ Flight International, April 3, 1982
  46. ^ Flight International, December 5, 1981
  47. ^ Flight International, March 26, 1983
  48. ^ Flight International, January 7, 1984
  49. ^ Flight International, June 12, 1982
  50. ^ Western Airlines, overview maps of the route networks from 1981 to 1986.
  51. ^ Flight International, January 15, 1983
  52. ^ Flight International, March 29, 1980
  53. ^ Flight International, January 21, 1984
  54. ^ Flight International, March 16, 1985
  55. ^ Flight International, April 19, 1986
  56. ^ Aero, issue 230, year 1987.
  57. ↑ a b Flight International, September 20, 1986
  58. ↑ a b Flight International, 18 April 1987
  59. ^ Delta Flight Museum, Western Airlines Aircraft
  60. ↑ Western Airlines fleet overview
  61. ↑ JP airline markings, JP airline-fleets international, various years.
  62. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 13.
  63. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 14
  64. ^ A b c Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 16.
  65. ↑ a b c d e Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 17.
  66. ↑ a b Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 18
  67. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 19.
  68. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 20.
  69. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 21.
  70. ↑ a b Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , S. 22nd
  71. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 23.
  72. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 25.
  73. ^ A b F. Robert van der Linden: The Boeing 247 - The First Modern Airliner , Washington: University of Washington Press, 1996, ISBN 0-295-97094-4 , p. 124.
  74. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 28.
  75. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 29.
  76. ^ F. Robert van der Linden: The Boeing 247 - The First Modern Airliner , Washington: University of Washington Press, 1996, ISBN 0-295-97094-4 , p. 125.
  77. ↑ Terry Denham: World Directory of Airliner Crashes , Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996, ISBN 1-85260-554-5 , p. 38.
  78. ^ Aviation Safety Network, December 15, 1942
  79. ^ Aviation Safety Network, April 24, 1946
  80. ^ Aviation Safety Network, November 13, 1946
  81. ^ Aviation Safety Network, December 24, 1946
  82. ↑ Dan Hagorn: North American's T-6: A Definitive History of the World's Most Famous coach , Manchester: Crecy Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-58007-124-4 , p 90th
  83. ↑ List of flight accidents of Western Airlines
  84. ^ Aviation Safety Network, April 20, 1953
  85. ^ Aviation Safety Network, June 29, 1953
  86. ^ Aviation Safety Network, February 2, 1954
  87. ^ Aviation Safety Network, July 26, 1957
  88. ^ Aviation Safety Network, February 13, 1958
  89. ↑ Accident Report B-720 N3166 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 24 July 2020th
  90. ^ Aviation Safety Network, March 31, 1975
  91. ^ Aviation Safety Network, October 31, 1979