Drink

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A woman while drinking water

Drinking is the process by which the body actively absorbs fluids through the mouth . The same process in animals is predominantly referred to in larger animals as drinking or watering , and sometimes also as drinking . Drinking quenches the thirst or makes it easier to eat. Adequate fluid intake is essential for essential body functions. Usually one drinks either from a container (e.g. glass , bottle or cup ), from the cupped hand, from natural waters, from the water pipe or when breastfeeding from the mother's breast . Fetuses and embryos drink the amniotic fluid in which they swim.

etymology

The common Germanic verb mhd. Drink , ahd. Trinkan , has no secure extra- Germanic relationships. References to Germanic drenk “to do a train” and to Indo-European dhreg̑ “to pull” would be conceivable .

physiology

When drinking, the liquid reaches the stomach through the mouth and the esophagus, from where it is passed on to the intestinal tract . The liquid is absorbed in the intestine . Excess fluid enters the urinary bladder via the kidneys and is mainly excreted as urine (urine), sometimes also through sweating and exhaled air. The act of swallowing is swallowing called.

A healthy body signals a lack of fluids through thirst . Thirst (and indirectly also the fluid supply) is controlled by the hypothalamus and depends on both the electrolyte balance and the amount of blood . The feeling of thirst decreases with age.

Too little drinking volume leads to dehydration (dehydration, desiccosis) and thus to hypovolemia , haemoconcentration and hypotension ; these in turn lead to orthostatic dysregulation and thus also to dizziness and imbalance . Therefore, drinking water is recommended as a treatment for dizziness. Because a reduced viscosity of the blood improves the perfusion (blood flow) of the equilibrium organ . Hypovolemia decreases the cardiac index and cardiac output.

An adult has an average daily requirement of two liters. Some of it is ingested through solid food. The German Nutrition Society (DGE) recommends drinking around 1.5 liters of fluid every day. Urologists , on the other hand, recommend that adults drink enough water every day to prevent kidney stones so that a daily urine volume (secondary urine ) of one and a half liters (other information even 2.5 l / d) is created. This recommendation would result in a daily water intake of at least 2.5 liters. An adult weighing 100 kg needs 4 to 5 liters of fluids a day. The total requirement depends on external factors ( climate , weather, physical strain, eating habits, etc.). Internal factors such as B. fever or diarrhea can increase fluid requirements. In particular, many older people do not drink enough. The formula (days of life minus 1) × (50 to 80 ml) is used to calculate the daily amount consumed in the first ten days of life. For the first three months of life, we recommend 165 to 200 ml per kilogram of body weight . The healthy child has a daily fluid requirement of around 10 to 15 percent (young infants up to 20 percent) of his body weight. Children with primary hyperoxaluria are recommended to drink 3 liters per square meter of body surface area per day. For the treatment of urolithiasis without obstruction to drainage, adults are advised to increase their drinking volume to more than 3 l / d and to prevent recurrence to more than 2 l / d. In the case of acute kidney failure in adults , on the other hand, a restriction of fluid intake to 0.7 l / d is indicated.

In the popular guidebooks and by water providers it is often claimed that adults should not only rely on their thirst, but should definitely drink two liters of water a day. This “two-liter rule” is controversial. Heinz Valtin, kidney specialist and professor of physiology and neurobiology at Dartmouth College , pointed out in 2002 that there was no scientific evidence of any health benefit from following this advice.

The kidneys work as filters, and from a nephrological point of view , their health is largely independent of the drinking volume. The glomeruli and also the podocytes clean themselves; their functionality does not suffer from a very small or a very large filtration , even in the long term . The greater the amount of drink, the greater the blood volume and thus the cardiac output and the better the glomerular filtration rate . However, an increase in this primary urine formation does not necessarily lead to improved health, if one disregards the lower risk of kidney stones ( lithogenesis ). A larger blood volume, on the other hand, protects against thrombosis , poor concentration and vertigo . A large drinking volume protects against constipation (constipation) and against arterial hypotension . And a large volume of secondary urine prevents bladder stones and urinary tract infections . With age, the GFR decreases in line with cardiac output (CO). Sometimes, however, the kidney's filtering function even improves with age. Additional hydration in adults may even accelerate the age-related deterioration in GFR. The drinking record for hard work and the highest temperatures should be 10 l / h or 1.2 hl / d; the compensatory anuria that occurs here is caused by an increase in tubular reabsorption as a result of perspiration .

In general, the fluid requirement is greater with profuse sweating, with physical exertion, with breastfeeding, with fever, with diarrhea, with vomiting, with the use of certain medications, with a diet rich in salt, with a diet rich in protein, with a diet rich in fiber , when staying in cold or dry air , in the high mountains , when losing weight or fasting and when taking a sauna .

Common drinks are water , sodas , juices , milk, coffee , tea, and beer . Amniotic fluid , breast milk and liquid baby food play an important role in embryos and infants .

Health risks

A permanent lack of fluid leads to dehydration , dehydration ( desiccosis ) and finally to dying of thirst . Too much fluid can also have a harmful effect on the organism . If you drink more than six liters of fluid a day, the blood is too diluted, edema occurs , the cells burst and the brain mass swells drastically. One possible consequence is death as a result of this overhydration .

The polydipsia refers to a pathologically increased thirst, (falsely) but also caused thereby Vieltrinkerei and even drunkenness , resulting in a generally increased filtration efficiency of the kidneys. Excessive fluid intake and the subsequent excretions lead to a loss of salts and minerals from the body . Possible causes of polydipsia are diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus , Cushing's syndrome and various rare kidney diseases (nephropathies).

Contaminated liquids or their containers can - as with food - transmit bacteria , viruses , toxins, spores , allergens , chemicals and radioactivity . Drinking salt water removes fluids from the body; it leads to death in the long term at the latest.

A defective or missing thirst is in medicine Adipsie .

From Drowning occurs when a person or animal due to an accident or on purpose device for a longer period under water, while large amounts of water "breathes" and dies by the following oxygen deprivation. Drowning is to be distinguished from almost drowning .

When drinking is colloquially also a regular or irregular, often seeks guided, alcohol consumption up to drunkenness ( drunkenness , alcoholism , alcoholism , binge drinking ) refers. There is the phrase about drinking thirst for it , and the word booze , which is aimed at animal nutrition, is also used here . Sufferers are drinkers (Latin drinker ), drunkards or drinkers called.

Opponents of alcohol consumption are called anti-alcoholics, teetotalers or temperamentalists .

Cultural aspects

Holy Communion with Eucharist

There is a large number of vessels that fulfill a special cultic or solemn function, for example, goblets . The Christian Eucharistic celebration is a liturgical feast in which the Lord's Supper is commemorated with bread and wine. The wine embodies the blood of Jesus that he shed for the believers. It is filled into a special chalice for this .

In Greek mythology , drinking from the Lethe river led to oblivion. Those who drank the water of the Mnemosyne River , however, remembered everything. In 399 BC In BC Socrates was executed by drinking from the hemlock cup. As vampirism refers to the desire to drink blood as the vampire myth and in the eroticism occurs.

The consumption of alcoholic beverages in particular has given rise to multifaceted traditions and rites over the centuries. The focus here is on sociability and the experience of intoxication (binge drinking, drinking contests). On some social occasions, such as weddings , a toast is made , which is confirmed by drinking together.

Drinking pro poena (Latin: poena = punishment) refers to the compulsion to drink even more unsuitable liquids for punishment (also in student associations ), as a war crime (for example when drinking Sweden ) or as a method of torture (for example when waterboarding ). Similarly, there is also withdrawal from drinking .

Colloquially there are the expressions drinking tobacco for smoking and drinking tablets for taking medication .

Animals

With larger animals, especially with larger farm animals such. B. horses, the process is also called drinking, while smaller animals and domestic animals are more likely to be referred to as drinking. Just like humans, most animals are absolutely dependent on active fluid intake. Freshwater fish, which use osmosis instead, are an exception . Some desert animals do not drink and take in the fluids they need from sap-rich plants. Camels can do without water for a long time.

additional

In particular, the increased / excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages or alcoholism is colloquially referred to as "drinking" or "drinking". When a person is generally said to be “drinking” it means that the person is an alcoholic or addict . Occasional alcohol abuse is also - partly belittling - referred to as "drinking over thirst".

See also

Web links

Commons : Drinking  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. for example the Küchemmeysterey , a cookbook from the 15th century: “All solid food is harmful, and eating dry bread is also harmful. You always have to drink with it. ”Quoted from Harry Kühnel : The material culture of middle-class and patrician Nuremberg households in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. In: Trude Ehlert (Ed.): Household and Family in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times (Lectures at an interdisciplinary symposium from June 6th to 9th, 1990 at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn ). With a register by Ralf Nelles, Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3-7995-4156-X , pp. 14–31; here: p. 29 f.
  2. ^ Friedrich Ahlfeld: Textbook of obstetrics . Friedrich Wilhelm Grunow, Leipzig 1894, p. 30 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ^ The dictionary of origin (=  Der Duden in twelve volumes . Volume 7 ). 5th edition. Dudenverlag, Berlin 2014 ( p. 869 ). See also DWDS ( "drink" ) and Friedrich Kluge : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 7th edition. Trübner, Strasbourg 1910 ( p. 465 ).
  4. ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th ed., Ed. by Walther Mitzka , De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 790.
  5. ^ Georg Sabin: The cardiogenic shock , Kohlhammer Verlag , Stuttgart, Berlin, Cologne, Mainz 1984, ISBN 3-17-008618-9 , p. 18.
  6. ^ Note from the DGE
  7. ^ Carl-Erich Alken, Jürgen Sökeland: Urologie , 8th edition, Thieme-Verlag , Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-13-300608-8 , p. 290.
  8. ↑ Dieter Palitzsch: Pediatrics , Enke Verlag , Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-432-93131-X , Table Page 147: 40 to 50 milliliters per day per kilogram of body weight.
  9. ↑ Fever increases a child's need for fluids. Retrieved October 11, 2017 . Diarrhea: Therapy. Retrieved October 11, 2017 .
  10. ↑ Dieter Palitzsch: Pediatrics , Enke Verlag , Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-432-93131-X , p. 147. - According to this formula by Gustav-Adolf von Harnack, infants should not get any fluids in the first 24 hours. That is why Palitzsch recommends 60 to 100 ml per day for the first three days of life and then 125 to 150 ml up to the tenth day of life.
  11. ↑ Gustav-Adolf von Harnack (Ed.): Pediatric Medicine , 3rd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1974, ISBN 3-540-06453-2 , pages 62 and 69. - For an age of three months Palitzsch recommends 140 to 165 ml / d.
  12. ^ Georg-Winfried Schmidt : Guide to infant and paediatrics , 5th edition, "Medicine of today", Volume 12, Cologne-Mülheim 1981, p. 61.
  13. ↑ Jörg Dötsch, Lutz T. Weber: Kidney Diseases in Childhood and Adolescence , Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-48788-4 , p. 143.
  14. ↑ Gerhard Rodeck (ed.): Urological diseases , Urban & Schwarzenberg , "Praxis der Allgemeinmedizin", Volume 18, Munich, Vienna, Baltimore 1987, ISBN 3-541-13121-7 , p. 100 f.
  15. ↑ Dieter Klaus (Ed.): Nephrological Diseases , Urban & Schwarzenberg , "Praxis der Allgemeinmedizin", Volume 7, Munich, Vienna, Baltimore 1983, ISBN 3-541-10811-8 , p. 14.
  16. ↑ Two liters and more per day. Retrieved September 28, 2017 .
  17. ↑ Researchers refute the 2 liter rule: You really have to drink this much water. In: 2017-02-27. Retrieved September 28, 2017 .
  18. ↑ "Drink at Least 8 Glasses of Water a Day" - Really? (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 9, 2017 ; accessed on September 28, 2017 .
  19. ↑ Dieter Platt (Ed.): Geriatrics , Volume 2, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1983, ISBN 3-540-10982-X , p. 204.
  20. ↑ Medical Tribune : "People with kidney disease are allowed to maintain their drinking habits", Volume 54, Number 24/2019, June 14, 2019, p. 10. - If you drink 600 ml more than the control group per day for a year , it worsens in patients with kidney failure (in stage 3 in a Canadian study) the [normalized?] GFR in one year by 2.2 ml / min compared to the control group with a reduction of only 1.9 ml / min. However, this difference has no statistical significance and is diametrically opposed to clinical experience.
  21. ↑ Dieter Palitzsch: Pediatrics , Ferdinand Enke Verlag , Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-432-93131-X , p. 151
  22. ↑ Having to drink a lot - a fairy tale? , faz.net (July 23, 2011)
  23. ↑ Drinking too much can also harm , welt.de (August 20, 2008)
  24. ^ Die Zeit, Issue 01, 2001
  25. ↑ Ludwig August Kraus: Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon , 3rd edition, Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, Göttingen 1814, p. 829.
  26. ↑ Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart