Valle Varaita
Coordinates: 44 ° 35 ′ 0 ″ N , 7 ° 4 ′ 0 ″ E
The Valle Varaita , also Val Varaita or Varaitatal , is an approximately 50 km long Piedmontese valley in the Italian part of the Cottian Alps . It belongs to the province of Cuneo and with its 14 municipalities and almost 18,000 inhabitants covers an area of 47,134 hectares. It is named after the approximately 100 km long Varaita , the two upper reaches of which meet at Casteldelfino ; from there the Varaita flows eastward through the valley.
geography
The valley has a length of 32 km, from east to west, from Costigliole Saluzzo to Col Agnel (Colle dell'Agnello), from about 400 m to more than 3000 m.
Between the upper reaches of the Varaita and the Po is the 3841 m high Monviso (Monte Viso), the highest mountain in the Cottian Alps. The Varaita valley runs west-east from the main Alpine ridge to the Po Valley , more precisely the Collinari di Verzuolo and Costigliole Saluzzo. The two source rivers of the Varaita, the Varaita di Bellino and the Varaita di Chianale , arise on this ridge, which coincides with the French border . These two flow together at Casteldelfino . The Varaita takes on a series of streams and rivers, of which on the left a series flow through the Valloni di Gilba and di Isasca, on the right the Valloni di Valmala and di Lemma. The valley exit is around 10 km south of Saluzzo . The Varaita flows from there to the northeast and after about 30 km flows into the Po, whose source is also in the Monviso area, namely in the Po Valley .
Valleys parallel to the Varaita valley are the Po Valley in the north and the Maira Valley in the south - plus the small Bronda Valley in the northeast. To the west, the upper valleys of the Ubaye and the Guil join on the French side .
The 14 valley communities viewed from the valley exit are: Verzuolo (420 m), Costigliole Saluzzo (476 m), Piasco (480 m), Rossana (535 m) and Venasca (549 m) in the lowest valley. Then follow Isasca (660 m), Brossasco (587 m), where the Vallone di Gilba opens, finally Melle (683 m) and Valmala (831 m), Frassino (750 m) and Sampeyre (971 m) as well as Casteldelfino follow west (1296 m), where the Varaita valley divides, namely into the Valle di Bellino to the west with the municipality of Bellino and the Varaita di Bellino as namesake, as well as the Varaita valley northwest with the municipality of Pontechianale (1610 m) and the Chianale located further above (1797 m). The stream that flows through the valley floor there is the Varaita di Chianale .
The Bosco dell'Alevé , the Alven or Zirbelwald , which extends north of Casteldelfino, has been known since the Romans at the latest . Its trees are over 600 years old and the forest extends over an area of 825 hectares at altitudes between 1500 and 2500 m. In the middle of the 18th century it was destroyed on a large scale in military conflicts in order to build palisades between the Monviso and the flanks of Monte Pelvo . Since the wood smokes a lot when burned, it was not usable as firewood, but it is easy to work with at a young age. Large parts of the original habitat have since been populated by larches. It was not until 1949, and more so in 2000, that the stone pine forest was placed under protection.
Traffic and route system
The main access for road traffic are the strade provinciali n. 8 and 105. They extend from Costigliole Saluzzo to the upper valley, or to Queyras through the Valico dell'Agnello. Costigliole Saluzzo is in turn connected by the Autostrada A6 Turin-Savona, or the Strada statale Laghi di Avigliana. Road connections exist over the Colle di Sampeyre 2284 m to Elva in the Maira Valley and over the Colle dell'Agnello 2748 m into Queyras in France .
There are bus connections between Turin via Saluzzo to Valle Varaita with the autolinee ATI SpA, Saluzzo (CN), and via Fossano and Savigliano, which operate the autolinee Gunetto, Fossano (CN). In addition, there are connections to Nice- Cuneo-Savigliano (autolinee Allasia, Savigliano), finally via the strada provinciale Brossasco-Valmala and Casteldelfino-Bellino.
There are train connections to Costigliole Saluzzo and Verzuolo.
The upper Varaita valley is crossed by long-distance hiking trails of the Grande Traversata delle Alpi / Via Alpina / Sentiero Italia system .
history
The upper valley belonged to the Dauphiné from the 13th century to 1713 , but the area retained extensive autonomy as one of the escartons . As Escartons called you had to provide those areas that certain equally taxes and benefits for the Dauphiné, but were able to secure a comprehensive autonomy otherwise. In 1343 the communities bought the landlord's rights, so that a kind of "peasant republic" was created. The main town of Castallata, Casteldelfino , received a mighty castle, which appears in a map from 1421/22 as "Iacium Chastelleti". The border ran at Sampeyre , today's capital of the valley, where the Casa Clary di Sampeyre is the oldest dated secular house in the valley. It was built in 1455.
Casteldelfino was originally called Villa S. Eusebio and was located further downstream. After the devastating flooding of 1391, the main town was rebuilt in Borgo di S. Margherita. The name Castrum Delfini , apparently assigned by Humbert II, refers to the castle, which was built in 1336. This was largely destroyed in 1690, so that today only remnants of the surrounding wall are preserved. From S. Eusebio, destroyed in 1391, only the 12th century church remained. Bellino , which also belonged to the Casteldelfino Castle, traces its name back to the Celtic god Belenus . However, it probably goes back to the French belins , which referred to the goats. Bellino in turn consists of two Borgates, namely the Cartier n'Aval (the lower quarter), which in turn consists of the cores Ribiera, Masdelbernard, Chiesa, Fontanile, Blas and Pleyne, and the Cartier n'Aout (the upper quarter), the is formed from the Borgate Prafauchier, Celle and Chiazale.
Despite the formal rule under Umberto II Delfino , Humbert II , the valleys managed to maintain a great deal of autonomy, which was poured into the legal framework of the Grande Charte des libertés briançonnaises on May 29, 1343 . The inhabitants of 51 places were considered "uomini liberi, franchi, borghesi", as free men, free, citizens. An important economic factor in Val Varaita was the extraction of iron, especially in the Vallone di Bellino around the place that gave it its name , but also its processing in numerous forges and bell foundries. It was not until later that marble was quarried near Brossasco from the end of the 17th to the end of the 18th century .
Despite belonging to the Dauphiné, the higher valleys enjoyed considerable autonomy, so that they formed almost free "peasant republics". The Mairatal was the little sister republic of the Briançon League, which reached into the Varaita Valley. The Briançon League , which was formed long before 1343 and existed until 1713, comprised ten “valleys”, ie mountain communities grouped together to form valley communities, which, however, only had the upper parts of the respective valley. In the Varaita valley these were the municipalities of Casteldelfino, Pontechianale and Bellino. The political core consisted of Briançon and the Durance valley to the south of l'Argentière-la-Bessée, the Haut Queras (Guil valley) down to the Chateau Queyras at an altitude of around 1200 m, and the Col de Montgenèvre (1854 m) , the most important pass between northern Italy and southern France. In the Cottian Alps, the federal government dominated the entire Susa valley , the upper Chisonetal above Perosa and the uppermost Varaita valley with the aforementioned three communities. These communities of the "peasant republic" bought their landlord, the Dauphin, for 12,000 ducats in 1343 all landlord rights. This enormous sum was an expression of a corresponding economic power, which has now increased further due to the location on the important pass road. In 1713, however, the union was divided between France and Savoy in the Treaty of Utrecht . It was not the division along an inhospitable border, but the mutual reaching for a prosperous landscape with its cross-border connections, which was clearly demarcated from the plains.
The Waldensians were well represented in the valleys of the Cottian Alps, and while they were largely suppressed throughout the fourteenth century, their communities persisted in the valleys of that part of the Alps.
These local groups joined Martin Luther's teaching in 1532 after extensive consultation in the Angrogna Valley . With this, however, the secretly persisting religious community became a church and again attracted the forces of the Counter-Reformation more strongly. Savoy-Piedmont often resorted to Waldensian military resources in times of conflict with France. Then they were given the right to freely practice their profession. In the Treaty of Cavour, Savoy recognized the existence of the Waldensians. In 1578, Lesdiguieres , head of the Huguenots in the Dauphiné , occupied the Val Varaita. In 1579, 2000 Huguenots and Waldensians occupied Saluzzo . With Bartholomew's Night in 1572, tolerance towards the Huguenots in neighboring France ended, even if there was a certain balance between the Edict of Nantes (1598) and its repeal in 1685. When the Huguenot persecution began in the margravate of Saluzzo in 1601 , many of them fled the Alpine valleys westwards or to Geneva .
With the Piedmontese Easter in 1655, French and Piedmontese troops marched through the valleys, plundering and murdering. In Val Pellice , when a new military action threatened, armed resistance under the leadership of Giosué Janavel (1617–1690) broke out in 1655, which lasted until 1663, when Janavel had to leave the area. In exile in Geneva, after the new Waldensian wars broke out between 1686 and 1689, Janavel wrote a manual for guerrilla warfare in the mountains (1688–1689), which became well known during the resistance against the National Socialists . When the Catholic powers France and Savoy allied against the Waldensians in 1685 after the Edict of Nantes had been repealed, they were defeated after heavy fighting. The survivors were able to flee on the night of May 22nd to 23rd, 1689, on paths that are difficult to walk even during the day. Many died on the way to Geneva at the Colle del Moncenisio in the Susa Valley . But in 1689 about 1,000 of them returned from Lake Geneva ( Glorieuse rentrée ) to their valleys under the leadership of Pastor Henry Arnaud . They defended themselves for six months on the Balziglia (1370 m) against a superior force. But three days after their defeat, Savoy surprisingly declared war on France. They were now given permanent religious freedom, but their area was limited to parts of the Chisone, Germanasca and Pellice valleys. They were not granted religious freedom until February 17, 1848 , when they were the only Protestant group in all of Italy. Now they were allowed to live below 600 m again. Today's center of the Italian Waldensians is in Torre Pellice . The Società di studi valdesi was founded there in 1881 . A Waldensian museum was established in Balziglia in 1939 to commemorate the heavy fighting.
The so-called “Strada dei cannoni” ('Street of the cannons'), which Savoy had built in 1744 in order to be able to carry heavy weapons from the Valle Stura to the Valle Varaita, largely resumed a Roman road that passed through Marmora and Elva in the Mairatal led. These and other connecting routes were of far greater importance for the valley's economy than the routes leading down the valley. When building the road, however, the military aspect was in the foreground, because in Savoy you could never know through which of the Alpine valleys a French attack would be carried out. From this time an inscription has come down to us, which a French soldier is said to have made with his own blood in 1743, and which was recorded in 1770 by an episcopal visitation. It comes from a possibly injured deserter who left it in the Borgata Ribiera di Bellino. It is related to the early phase of the Austrian War of Succession and marks the border up to which French-Spanish troops had advanced. The expansion into a defensive line was reinforced in the middle of the 18th century by the construction of walls and fortifications across the valleys. This was true for all western alpine valleys. As early as the end of the 17th century, so-called barricates were built on the valley floor , which were followed by fortifications of the heights from around 1710. The French tried for the first time in 1628 to cross the Alps through the Valle Varaita. Then the border ran at Sampeyre. From 1713 the Colle d'Agnello formed the border. Attempts were made in 1742 to fortify this border, but the French destroyed the fortifications in 1744. In 1770, the fortress builder Papacino d'Antoni complained that there was no permanent border security there. From 2004 to 2006 these fortifications, especially those at the rear of Monte Pietralunga, between the Varaita di Chianale and the Varaita di Bellino, were examined, then the systems on Monte Cavallo and Monte Passet. A congress volume was also published. A central source is the work of the pastor of Chianale, Bernard Tholosan . At Colle Longet, the direct route to Maurin was flooded in 1742, and other possible invasion routes around Lake Blu (2533 m) were blocked, as was the connecting path between Colle d'Agnello and Colle Longet. In addition, 500 Waldensian militiamen camped on the Grange del Pategun, then at Sallette, and finally 1000 in Chianale. In 1743 16 infantry units, divided into the three brigades Gardes , Savoye and Tarantaise, were assigned to Casteldelfino, and the fortifications at Borgata Castello from the previous year were reinforced. The Vallanta, the valley that extends to the left of the Varaita di Chianale, was heavily fortified under the direction of the fortress builder Ignazio Bertola, up to the Grange Soulieres, where a border guard was quartered. The wood for these buildings was felled in the Bosco de La Levèe, which still exists today. Similar barriers secured the valley, at the weak points of which the said units were stationed. A guard was finally stationed at the Colle della Bicocca to secure the passage to the Mairatal. When Spanish troops marched over the Colle dell'Agnello in October 1743, they failed because of the three main defenses at Vallanta, in Castello and east of Pietralunga. In 1744 the defenses were again massively reinforced, especially in the core area between the two source rivers of the Varaita, where the Passo della Battagliola was fortified. Nevertheless, the Piedmontese suffered a defeat against the French on July 19, 1744, only 1000 m from Monte Cavallo at the summit of Monte Passet, after which they had to retreat to Sampeyre. As late as 1793 attempts were made to rebuild the border fortifications, albeit in a lighter form.
The Varaita Valley was extremely densely populated until the early 20th century. From 1899, the lower valley around Verzuolo received electricity from the power station that the Luigi Burgos company had built. From 1905 onwards, a paper mill was founded on the basis of this power supply by the same entrepreneur who rose to become the largest paper manufacturer in Italy by 1918. In 1909 the company had 315 employees, in 1930 there were seven more locations with a total of 5,400 employees. But with the industrialization of Lombardy, numerous residents migrated to Turin and the other industrial centers of northern Italy. In 1871, 24,177 people lived in the valley, but this number fell to 12,626 by 1961, and that of the main town of Sampéyre fell from 5,926 to 2,102 in the same period.
During the Second World War , a reservoir was created, the Lago di Castello with its 70 m high dam, which was completed in 1942. For this purpose the Frazione Chiesa was destroyed and the church moved to its current location.
Towards the end of the war there were partisan fights that lasted over 20 months, with the XI Garibaldini operating in the valleys , whose groups supported by the Communist Party made up about half of the fighters. Its 181st division "Morbiducci" in the Varaita Valley took over the name of the student Mario Morbiducci, who was born in 1921, after the death. He had died at Brossasco on December 27, 1944. The III brigata in the Mairatal took the name “Carlo Fissore” to commemorate a fallen Garibaldine doctor; the I brigata was in the Val Po. It was called "Saluzzo". The second largest group were the members of the action party founded in 1942, the PdA , initially headed by Carlo Rosselli, who was murdered in 1937. His party advocated a strict separation of church and state, wanted to abolish the monarchy and advocated liberal socialism. These partisans called themselves Giustizia e libertà (justice and freedom), but almost only Garibaldini were active in the Varaita valley . After all, with the Autonomists, everyone else fought against the German occupiers, who found no political home among the two left groups. The partisan groups, which Waldensians also joined, agreed on the Carta di Chivasso , which laid down the equality of language minorities in the Alpine valleys. The number of members of the brigades fluctuated immensely. While the "Morbiducci" consisted of only 40 men in January 1944, a month later they were able to muster 300 men, in March already 600. First they fought the Isasca gang, which robbed the farmers. Important leaders were Ernesto Conte Nicandro, Franco Terrazzani and the said Mario Morbiducci from the Marche. The occupying forces started a police action in January 1944 and reached Costigliole on January 16, then Rulfa, from where the partisans had withdrawn as a precaution. The Vallone di Gilba, which was an important retreat for the partisans, remained inaccessible.
In 1960 a joint venture was established with an American company, so that Burgo-Scotti established a textile production facility in Verzuolo (until 1980). The company, which has been listed since 1929, was bought up in 2000, but continued under the same name. In 2001, 500 million euros were invested in Verzuolo, and in 2002 Marchi , until then Italy's second largest paper producer, was taken over. With the founding of the Burgo Group in 2007, a group emerged which, together with Marchi , who initially also produced silk but specialized in paper, dominated the Italian paper market.
Similar to the Mairatal, the municipalities tried to focus more on tourism in order to create jobs and income. In order to promote hiking tourism, the valley communities agreed in 2012 to maintain a corresponding path from Costigliole Saluzzo up the valley via Verzuolo, Piasco, Isasca, Rossana, Venasca, Valmala; Melle, Frassino and Sampeyre. The focus was on tradition and tradition, history and the ecosystem. The system includes a total of 213 km of hiking trails, mule tracks and cart paths, plus 35 km of paved roads.
Residents
By 1981 the population of the Varaita valley, which had fallen to 12,626 by 1961, increased again to 19,358, but fell again slightly to 18,578 by 1991 and to 18,222 by 2001.
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The inhabitants are distributed extremely unevenly in the valley. Most of the little more than 18,000 inhabitants (as of 2016) lived in the lower valley, especially in the municipalities of Verzuolo and Costigliole Saluzzo, where together almost 10,000 people lived. Only in these two municipalities and in Piasco has the number of inhabitants increased since 1981 (in Rossana since 2001), while all other municipalities shrank. Casteldelfino and Bellino have lost more than half. While the upper valley threatens to become deserted, the larger communities in the lower valley are growing, so that a total of 19,358 to 18,184 inhabitants between 1981 and 2016 can be recorded. In 2006, over 23% of the population was over 65 years of age, a proportion that in 1997 was 3.6% lower.
| local community | Area (in ha) | Residents 2016 |
Residents 2006 |
1981 residents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bellino | 6219 | 109 | 156 | 324 |
| Brossasco | 2816 | 1084 | 1108 | 1222 |
| Casteldelfino | 3318 | 157 | 196 | 416 |
| Costigliole Saluzzo | 1525 | 3375 | 3261 | 3211 |
| Frassino | 1680 | 265 | 293 | 431 |
| Isasca | 530 | 76 | 90 | 145 |
| Melle | 2791 | 292 | 326 | 552 |
| Piasco | 1056 | 2774 | 2801 | 2642 |
| Pontechianale | 9572 | 174 | 204 | 228 |
| Rossana | 1988 | 908 | 946 | 1009 |
| Sampeyre | 9889 | 1022 | 1103 | 1461 |
| Valmala | 1092 | 52 | 62 | 95 |
| Venasca | 2038 | 1437 | 1569 | 1592 |
| Verzuolo | 2620 | 6459 | 6363 | 6029 |
| total | 47134 | 18184 | 18478 | 19358 |
economy
Under the extreme landscape and climatic conditions of the valley, which allowed subsistence farming to cultivate only a few months of the year, but at the same time enabled long periods of other activities, there was an extremely strong differentiation between rural handicrafts. In addition to the agrarian and traditional activities, which ranged from sowing to harvesting and stocking up as well as distribution, but also animal husbandry and breeding, and also included forest work, there were three other main areas of activity. These were community service activities, alternatives to food production and migrant labor .
While minerals were also extracted from the ground in the neighboring alpine valleys, iron was only dug in the Varaita valley. This work concentrated on the Bellino Valley, where appropriate mines were built since the 16th century. The largest of them had twelve galleries. But also around Pontechianale and Torrette, a Frazione of Casteldelfino, there are pits that were exploited until the beginning of the 18th century.
While the training and education system, which was not very well developed in any case, hardly reached the villages in the lower valley, in the villages of the 18th century there were the so-called maestri di montagna , teachers who were hired by the heads of families in the upper valley to supervise the children to teach during the cold season. These teachers worked as a kind of migrant worker during the summer in Provence and in the Dauphiné. In the autumn they returned to the upper valleys and hoped for employment. In Les Misérables , Victor Hugo describes that teachers who only taught writing could be recognized by the fact that they only wore a quill in their hat band , but those who also taught arithmetic wore two, while those who also taught Latin wore two. wore three of these feathers.
Numerous handicrafts arose around the actual agriculture and livestock farming, such as blacksmiths who made pots, cutlery, scythes, hooves and cowbells, craftsmen who could make and adapt the collar, or who equipped the cheese factories with their tools, then box makers, Saddle and pack saddle makers, finally carrying devices with which one could carry loads over the numerous paths. An important occupation was the manufacture of wool and cloth, of clothes and hats, shoes and boots, for the manufacture of which a large number of specialized rural artisans were required. Almost every step in the processing of agricultural products required specialists such as millers or oven makers, but also a lot of manual strength during and after the harvest, for example for threshing. The same applied to the processing of forest products, above all the wood that had to be selected, felled, worked on and transported. Intarsia work or painting, or artful scratching work, in turn, required specialists who often reached the level of artisans or artists. There was massive demand, for example, for the wooden clasp used to tie bundles of hay , the anè . It reached such a high level of normalization that it was carried out in large quantities from the valleys. After all, their own vipers ensured that vipers were driven out , but also that they were processed into medicinal products.
Many of the goods were bought by traveling traders, the so-called colporteurs . They often exchanged coffee, sugar, tobacco and salt for local products. Chickens and goats, butter and cheese, but also fabrics and human hair were in demand. In addition to these traders, many valley residents outside their homeland acted as shopkeepers, rag dealers, umbrella makers and tinsmiths, scissors grinders and shoe shiners, as men who repaired ceramics, as glassmakers, as lace makers.
education
The proportion of the population with a university degree in 2001 was 4%, while in the province of Cuneo it was 5.3%. 36.5 or 32.7% of the population only had a basic education.
Cultural facilities and special features
Architecture and Rueido
The basis of the rural architecture in the Varaita valley was, in addition to the high self-sufficiency of the villages, which led to the construction of ovens and mills, sacred and assembly buildings in almost every village, was the rueido . It was a system of mutual and joint work commitments to build houses. This obligation was also subject to joint construction work such as roads, water pipes or ovens in the respective Borgate. In the past, it is comparable to the Corvée, a kind of forced labor . "Betar rueido" and "Coumandar la rueido", that is, to request the rueido and to select, request and provide the families or a suitable member of the same for work, belonged together. Since this could easily lead to disputes, a consigliere took over the surrounding activities . These 'advisors' were often widows who, in return, were released from rueido .
Due to this work organization, individual buildings were extremely rare, apart from ephemeral structures and types of use, such as the meire del fen , a kind of haystack. In addition, when building, attention was paid to the economical use of material, labor and time resources of the families responsible, but consideration was also given to existing uses such as pastures or gardens. The villages remained small, the cultivated areas remained undeveloped, and stone subsoil was preferred, which no one could use anyway. This resulted in an enormous local consistency, so that structures were repeatedly erected on the remains of older buildings.
In the bus-poor valleys, such as around Casteldelfino, the houses were built early on from stone, not from wooden structures with clay walls. The corners of the house were made particularly solid in the stone construction. At the same time, stone surfaces ensured sufficient dryness in the buildings, while mud walls were also erected when there were higher demands on moisture, which also provided coolness, for example in the case of stables. In valleys with more wood, stones were also preferred for the ground floor, but the upper floors were mostly made of wood, as in most of the neighboring valleys. In stone construction, large blocks with an edge length of 80 to 100 cm were preferred as the ceiling. These were placed on a larch wood beam, often covering inner courtyards, so that one could stay there even in bad weather. The construction was often supported by a single stone pillar that could be up to 12 m high. Such constructions also occur in the Queyras valley , for example in Saint-Véran .
With the economic changes of the 19th and 20th centuries, there was not only a massive migration of the population to the new industrial centers, and thus the desertification of numerous villages, whose stone houses have long defied the decline, but also a more extensive availability of materials. This reduced the architectural differences between the valleys, which up until then could already be distinguished by the way they were built.
The sacred buildings are all Catholic churches. These exist in Verzuolo (Parrocchiale dei SS. Filippo e Giacomo), Rossana, Isasca (San Massimo), Sampeyre (Parrocchiale dei SS. Pietro e Paolo), Casteldelfino (Sant'Eusebio and Santa Margherita), Pontechianale (San Pietro in Vincoli) , Chianale (Sant'Antonio) and Venasca (Parrocchiale dell'Assunta). In addition, there are the remains of the former Confraternita in Melle and the ruins of the Calvinist church in Chianale.
Museums
The Varaita valley has a comparatively large number of museums that deal with different focuses.
In Celle di Bellino, for example, there is the Museo del tempo e delle meridiane , which deals with the “meridians” found in numerous houses.
In Casteldelfino there is on the one hand the Centro di documentazione sulla religiousosità popolare , which deals with the religious expressions of the valley inhabitants, and which is located in the Romanesque chapel of S. Eusebio, on the other hand the Centro visita del bosco dell'Alevé , the visitor center of the ornamental forest of Alevé, then a small etnografico museum .
A Museo Etnografico is located in the village of Casermette . A visitor center and website also provide information about the Escartons (1343–1713), for which there is also a website (www.escartons.eu).
Another ethnographic museum is located in Costigliole Saluzzo , namely the Museo etnografico 'L Palas , which has over 6,000 exhibits.
In Frassino , the Museo dei muratori, Lhi Mestre's exhibits on the work of masons and the architecture in the valley. These trades flourished here because the area is comparatively unsuitable for agricultural production. With these crafts, it also documents the pronounced migrant work, as many of the muratori worked in cities like Paris.
In 2005 , a harp museum was opened in Piasco , Via Rossana 7, which presents corresponding instruments dating back to the early 18th century ( Museo dell'arpa Victor Salvi ).
The Museo del Costume e dell'artigianato tessile di Chianale offers exhibits on textile production. It is located in the Capuchin House in Chianale , which was restored a few years ago and built in the 17th and 18th centuries. There is also the Museo del mobile dell'alta Valle Varaita , which mainly offers chests from several centuries, but also other furniture from the upper Varaita valley.
Rossana has a completely different museum, namely the Ecomuseo della Resistenza , which deals with the resistance to Nazi rule in the valley. The Centro rete del progetto "I sentieri della Libertà" in Verzuolo is dedicated to a similar topic, documenting the racist persecution and resistance on the basis of the 43 Paths of Freedom (sentieri della Libertà) in the province of Cuneo. It is located in Palazzo Drago, Via Marconi 13. Inside the palace is the Museo Drago , which exhibits numerous exhibits that were donated by Graziana Colla Drago. Her family had sold the palace to the commune in 1873.
Another Museo storico etnografico was built in Sampeyre . It offers exhibits on the most important agricultural crafts.
With the Fabbrica dei Suoni, Venasca owns the first museum in Italy that deals exclusively with sound and music. It goes back to Cristiano Cometto e Mattia Sismonda and opened in 2007.
In 2012, the Alfabetulla, a didactic center on the subject of trees, wood and its processing, opened in Isasca .
literature
overview
- Francesca Santero: La riqualificazione del patrimonio edilizio esistente della seconda metà del 900 nello spazio alpino: strategie di intervento su un edificio residenziale a Sampeyre - Valle Varaita , Corso di laurea in architettura costruzione città, Turin 2014 ( Capitolo 3: La valle Varaita ).
- Paolo Mellano: La Valle Varaita (Media e Alta Valle, Valle di Chianale e Valle di Bellino) , Stilgraf, Santuario di Vicoforte 2003.
economy
- Giovanni Paludi, Paolo Zeppetella: Valorizzare le risorse della valle Varaita: legno, energia, edilizia: analisi e proposte del progetto CAPACities , L'Artistica, Savigliano 2011.
Archeology, history
- Roberto D'Amico: L'anima segreta della Val Varaita. Viaggio insolito alle radici della storia tra reperti archeologici, simboli, miti e leggende , Priuli & Verlucca, Aosta 2000.
- Riccardo Baldi: Arte rupestre in valle Varaita , in: Novel Temp 38 (1991) 19-24.
- Augusta Lange: Abitanti e fuochi nell'Alta Val Varaita dal 1334 al 1480 , in: Bollettino della società per gli studi storici, archeologici ed artistici della provincia di Cuneo 85.2 (1981) 523-532.
- Almerino De Angelis: Indagine preliminiare su gruppi di incisioni postmedioevali della media val Varaita (Cuneo) , in: Archeologia Postmedievale 10 (2006) 81-105 (rock carvings in the central valley from the early 16th century).
- Almerino De Angelis: L'incursione del Berwick in Val Varaita nel 1712: il saccheggio di Melle , in: Bollettino della Società per gli Studi Storici, Archeologici ed Artistici della Provincia di Cuneo 86 (1982) 129-147.
- Elena Garellis: L'alta Valle Varaita a metà Settecento. Don Bernard Tholosan e le sue "Memorie storiche sui fatti d'arme occorsi nella valle di Vraita nella guerra del 1742" , Società per gli studi storici, archeologici ed artistici della provincia di Cuneo, Cuneo 2001.
- Dionigi Albera, Manuela Dossetti, Sergio Ottonelli: Società ed emigrazione nell'alta valle Varaita in età moderna , in: Bollettino Storico Bibliografico Subalpino 86 (1988) 117-169 (emigration from the valley).
- Piero Balbo: Combattere in Valle Varaita. Da Valcurta 1944 a Valmala 1945 , Fusta, 2015 (over the 20 months of the partisan war).
- Aldo Alessandro Mola, Miche Berra: Un imprenditore europeo, una terra di confine. Luigi Burgo e la Valle Varaita , Cassa di Risparmio di Cuneo, Cuneo 1993. (Luigi Burgo (1876–1964) was an electrical engineer and entrepreneur; the power station near Verzuolo, completed in 1899, goes back to him; in 1905 he founded the Società Cartiere di Verzuolo .)
- Mario Casavecchi: Partigiani in Val Varaita. Ricordi di un garibaldino , Cuneo 1986 and 2004.
- Marco Ruzzi: Garibaldini in val Varaita 1943-1945. Tra valori e contraddizioni , Istituto Storico della Resistenza, 1997.
- Piero Balbo: Combattere in Valle Varaita. Since Valcurta 1944 a Valmala 1945 , fusta editore, undated
- Claudio Allais: La Castellata. Storia dell'Alta Valle di Varaita , Fratelli Lobetti Bodoni, Saluzzo 1891, reprint: L'Artistica Editrice, Savigliano 1985.
Folklore
- Silvana Cortona, Rosa O. Chapel, S. Ottonelli: Froli e Sanchet. Il costume femminile in alta Valle Varaita , L'Artistica Editrice, 2015 (women's clothing from the Museo del Costume e dell'Artigianato di Chianale as an expression of collective self-confidence in the upper valley).
- Dionigi Albera: L'organization domestique dans l'espace alpin. Équilibres écologiques, effets de frontières, transformations historiques , Thèse d'ethnologie, Université de Provence , 1995.
travel Guide
- Sabine Bade, Wolfram Mikuteit: Piedmont hiking . Michael-Müller-Verlag, Erlangen 2010, ISBN 978-3-89953-566-2
- Sabine Bade, Wolfram Mikuteit: Giro del Monviso - All around and all over the Re di Pietra region , Fernwege.de, Roxheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-941366-11-4
Web links
- Website of the Comunità Montana Valle Varaita (currently under renovation)
- Escartons, hommes libres , website on the history, geography and culture of the escartons, which also includes the Varaita valley
- Regional agency per gli insediamenti montani: Insediarsi in Valle Varaita , Turin 2008
- Giacomo Martina: Resistance in Val Varaita , SCARPE ROTTE. Storie di Resistenti saluzzesi e memorie familiari .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Tab. 3 on the population of the mountain communities, website of the Piedmont region.
- ↑ il Territorio / le Territoire , escartons.eu, p. 16.
- ↑ Almerino De Angelis: Indagine preliminiare su gruppi di incisioni postmedioevali della media val Varaita (Cuneo) , in: Archeologia Postmedievale 10 (2006) 81-105, here: p. 84.
- ↑ Elena Papa: Riflessi delle attività pastorali nella toponomastica alpina del Piemonte: varietà e diffusione della terminologia legata all'insediamento stagionale , in: Emili Casanova Herrero, Cesáreo Calvo Rigual (eds.): Actas del XXVI Congreso Filologia de Román . Valencia 2010 , Volume 5, Walter de Gruyter, 2013, pp. 235–246, here: p. 242.
- ↑ Claudia Bonardi: Le case alte nelle terre occitane: abitazioni della nobiltà dei pascoli in Valle Maira , in: Antonella Greco (ed.): Dalla torre alla torre piezometrica , Edizioni Kappa, Turin 2013, pp. 41–86, here: p 51 ( online ( Memento of the original from April 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. , PDF).
- ↑ Claudia Bonardi: Le case alte nelle terre occitane: abitazioni della nobiltà dei pascoli in Valle Maira , in: Antonella Greco (ed.): Dalla torre alla torre piezometrica , Edizioni Kappa, Turin 2013, pp. 41–86, here: p 56 f.
- ↑ Almerino De Angelis: La metallurgia a Venasca fra Tre e Cinquecento , in: Rinaldo Comba (ed.): Miniere fucine e metallurgia nel Piemonte medievale e moderno. Convegno di Rocca de 'Baldi, domenica 12 dicembre 1999 , Rocca de' Baldi 1999, pp. 201-236 and Ders .: Ad pulsandum campanas: campane e campanari in Val Varaita nel Cinquecento , in: Rinaldo Comba (ed.): Miniere fucine e metallurgia nel Piemonte medievale e moderno , 1999, pp. 237-256; On the other hand : La lavorazione del ferro a Sampeyre nella seconda metà del Cinquecento , in: Novel temp 46 (1995) 36-46.
- ↑ Almerino De Angelis: Indagine preliminiare su gruppi di incisioni postmedioevali della media val Varaita (Cuneo) , in: Archeologia Postmedievale 10 (2006) 81-105, here: p. 81.
- ↑ Fredo Valla: La storia umana , in: Alpi Cozie (Piemonte Parchi. Le guide), Turin, undated , p. 6 f. ( online , PDF)
- ↑ Gabriel Audisio: The Waldensians. The story of a religious move , Munich 1996.
- ↑ Museo della Balsiglia ( Memento of the original from April 15, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ^ Giuseppe Manuel di San Giovanni: Memorie storiche di Dronero e della Valle Maira , Vol. I, Turin 1968, pp. 3-8; Pietro Sella: La strada dei cannoni , in: Bollettino Studi Storici della provincia di Cuneo 60 (1969) 65-70.
- ↑ Almerino De Angelis: Petroglifi e graffiti di carattere militare tra la val Po e la valle Stura di Demonte (Cuneo) , in: Tiziano Mannoni, Diego Moreno, Maurizio Rossi (ed.): Archeologia Postmedievale, 10, 2006: Pietra scrittura e figura in età postmedievale nelle Alpi e nelle regioni circostanti , All'Insegna del Giglio, Florence 2007, pp. 155–162, here: p. 155.
- ^ Pietralunga 1744 , BAR International, 2009.
- ↑ This section follows the section Le fortificazioni campali della valle Varaita in the contribution by Roberto Sconfienza: Archeologia militare d'Età Moderna in Piemonte. Lo studio della fortificazione campale alpina , in: Marco Milanese (ed.): Archeologia Postmedievale 13 (2009) 11–95, here: pp. 55–69.
- ↑ Carta, energia elettrica, finance. Burgo Group: una sinergia che nasce dall'esperienza , website of the company.
- ↑ Werner Bätzing : The Alps. History and future of a European cultural landscape , Beck, 2003, p. 174.
- ^ Mario Giovana: Storia di una formazione partigiana. Resistance a nel Cuneese , Einaudi, 1964, p. 391.
- ^ Giorgio Bocca: Partigiani della montagna. Vita delle divisioni "Giustizia e Libertà" del Cuneese , Feltrinelli, 2005, no p.
- ^ Amato Rossi: La Resistancea italiana. Scritti, documenti e testimonianze , L. Lucarini, 1981, p. 349.
- ↑ Sabine Bade, Wolfram Mikuteit: Partisan Paths in Piedmont. Ways and places of resistance between Gran Paradiso and Monviso , Querwege, Konstanz 2012, pp. 38–40.
- ↑ Francesco Chicco, Gigi Livio: 1922-1945. Sintesi storica e documenti del fascismo e dell'antifascismo italiani , Paravia, 1970, p. 247.
- ↑ Mario Morbiducci , Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia.
- ↑ Giacomo Martina: Resistance in Val Varaita , SCARPE ROTTE. Storie di Resistenti saluzzesi e memorie familiari .
- ↑ Carta, energia elettrica, finance. Burgo Group: una sinergia che nasce dall'esperienza , website of the company.
- ↑ Tab. 3 on the population of the mountain communities, website of the Piedmont region.
- ↑ : Agenzia Regionale per gli insediamenti montani Insediarsi in Valle Varaita f, Turin 2008, p. 11
- ↑ ISTAT , Piedmont region
- ↑ Agenzia Regionale per gli insediamenti montani: Insediarsi in Valle Varaita , Turin 2008, p. 10
- ↑ Agenzia Regionale per gli insediamenti montani: Insediarsi in Valle Varaita , Turin 2008, p. 11
- ^ I Mestieri / le Metiers , p. 74 (escartons.eu).
- ^ I Mestieri / le Metiers , p. 75 (escartons.eu).
- ↑ Regional Agenzia per gli insediamenti montani: Insediarsi in Valle Varaita , Turin 2008, p. 14.
- ↑ Architettura / Architecture , escartons.eu.
- ↑ The following list is based on Musei e monumenti in Valle Varaita
- ^ Annarita Colturato: Le fonti musicali in Piemonte. Cuneo e provincia , Libreria musicale italiana, 2009, p. 209.
