Valle Maira
Coordinates: 44 ° 30 ′ 0 ″ N , 7 ° 8 ′ 0 ″ E
The Valle Maira ( Val Maira , formerly also Valle Macra ) is an approximately 60 km long valley running from west to east in the Italian province of Cuneo , which lies in the Piedmont region . The Mairatal is also part of the Cottian Alps and lies on the border with France. The valley, which has been inhabited for at least 4000 years, is one of the regions in the Alpine region and all of Italy that has been hit hardest by rural exodus and emigration.
geography
location
The approximately 60 km long valley lies in the Cottian Alps on the border with France and is traversed by the 67 km long mountain river Maira , which in turn flows into the Po . The valley exit is at Dronero , at the other end of the valley rise the 3389 m high Chambeyron and the 3166 m high Sautron, mountains that separate the valley from the French valleys of the Ubayette and the Ubaye . The valley narrows again and again during the ascent, so that in the lower valley it was only two centuries ago that a passable road was built that only reached as far as San Damiano . The upper valley, expanded by glaciers of the past, could practically only be reached from the French side via two paths reaching up to an altitude of 2600 m.
The parallel valleys are the Valle Varaita in the north , which is separated from the Mairatal by the massifs Chersogno and Elva, and which can be reached in summer via the Colle di Sampeyre (2284 m). In the upper reaches, on the other hand, you reach its side valley Bellino . In the south lies the Valle Grana (which does not reach the main Alpine ridge) and in the upper reaches the Valle Stura . Between these are paths that connect the three valleys via Colle del Mulo, Col Valcavera, Passo della Gardetta and Colle di Esischie.
Administrative structure
The valley is administratively referred to as Comunità Montana Valle Maira (mountain community Mairatal) and represents an administrative unit between provincial and municipal level. It covers an area of about 630 km².
In the valley, upstream and in side valleys, there are the 14 towns of Busca (500 m), Villar San Costanzo (609 m), Dronero (622 m), Roccabruna (700 m), Cartignano (690 m), then San Damiano Macra ( 743 m), Macra (875) and Celle di Macra (1270 m), Stroppo (1087 m), Marmora (1225 m), Canosio (1225 m), Elva (over 1600 m), Prazzo (1030 m) and Acceglio ( 1200 m). In addition to these 14 places, there are more than 200 borgate ( hamlets ), many of which were abandoned in the course of the rural exodus that began in the early 19th century. Its ruins can still be found in numerous places.
A study with a view to Dronero showed "that the market place on the edge of the Alps performs a central function for the alpine surroundings and the future of the Mairatales (Cottian Alps) is closely linked to this small center." Busca also fulfills this function at a medium level, where there is a hospital, for example, while higher services can only be found after leaving the valley in Cuneo . Another hospital was built on the initiative of the medical doctor and surgeon Alessandro Riberi (1794–1861) in Stroppo, more precisely in Frazione Bassura.
Landscape and geology
The valley forms the southern part of the Dora Maira massif , which extends in the inner area of the western Alpine arc and represents a dome-shaped rock belt, which is composed of paleozoic crystalline units. The massif extends over 70 km from the Susa valley in the north to the Maira valley.
Together with the Monte Rosa and Gran Paradiso massifs, it forms the Pennine internal massifs of the western Alps . The three crystalline massifs together form a structural window unit in the metaophiolithic sequences of the Bündner slate cover , which is assigned to the upper Penninic (Piedmont zone). The overlying rocks of Monte Viso and Rocciavrè form the western border of the Dora Maira massif. This represents a stacked sequence of the three main tectonic units, namely the Pinerolo, the Venasca and the Dronero units. These three units are separated from each other by diffuse-ductile deformation zones and overprinted by more recent late Eocene processes (approximately 38-35 million years ago). The Dronero unit is interpreted as a volcano-sedimentary sequence between Carboniferous and Permian - Triassic was so roughly some 350 million to 250 million years ago. Geobarometric estimates (35 kbar) indicate that the subduction extended to a depth of 100 km (ultra-high pressure rocks, where Coesite was first discovered in 1984 ). In this process, a terran located in front of Europe was forced under the Adriatic Plate, then part of it came off that rose between the two plates - whereby it picked up a piece of oceanic crust including its mantle and pulled it with it. The latter ended up in the Monviso massif. After moving from another collision, they were exposed by erosion.
fauna and Flora
Livestock farming, familiar with wolves and bears until around 1900, changed with the disappearance of the great predators . In 1921 the last wolf in Piedmont was shot. In Val Barbera 1985 a wolf was first spotted again, but it was only in 1991, the species spread back into the Maritime Alps from. In 2005 wolves were still suspected in the Mairatal, but there were still no stable packs. The presence of the pack changed the systems of transhumance , such as the guarding of the flocks of sheep by dogs, donkeys or llamas , or mobile electric pasture fences. Between 1999 and 2001 alone, canids killed 586 animals in the valleys around Cuneo; in two thirds of the cases the hunters were wolves; In 2009 wolves killed at least 195 animals in the valleys around Cuneo. So the practice of largely leaving the herds to their own devices in the summer months had to be abandoned; on the other hand, herds are brought together again and tended together. So the losses could be drastically reduced. Some wolves got used to the presence of humans more and more. A wolf was registered in Ormea in 2010 .
The pygmy owl, which is otherwise difficult to detect, is documented in the May valley after an investigation between 2006 and 2009.
Oil is obtained from the lavender cultivated in the valley , and absinthe was also distilled, for which a number of herbs are used.
As early as 1932–33 the rush red fescue ( sub Festuca rubra L. var. Genuina Hack. Subvar. Juncea Hack.) Was detected, and in 1999 the hairy red fescue ( Festuca trichophylla subsp. Asperifolia ), which is a sweet grass. The latter is up to 80 cm high and was previously only detected in the south (1982), and since then also in the Apennines .
history
Prehistory and early history
At Roccabruna there were over 20,000 rock carvings from the Bronze Age , dating from around 2000 BC. BC originated on an area of barely 2 hectares. Artifacts from the Late Bronze Age were also found in the frazione San Martino.
At the latest in Roman times, a road was built in the valley as a connection to Gaul , on which the Quadragesima Galliarum was levied, a tax of one fortieth of the value of the goods. An older inscription dates from Etruscan times and was discovered near Busca, and there was also a Latin inscription (CIL V 7833) in the church of Marmora, perhaps from the 1st or 2nd century, with references to the said tax. This levy was probably collected near the later Dronero.
As early as 1777, possibly even earlier, a Roman inscription from the valley was scientifically published for the first time. It was an inscription from Augustan times that was in Elva at the time. Another was discovered at Pagliero and dated to the 2nd century.
A Roman necropolis was discovered on Monte Pagliano in 1950. The colonization of the lower valley started from the Colonia Julia Augusta near Centallo . The wider valley floors were divided into latifundia, with olives and wine being grown. The masters of these large agricultural areas lived in Attissano (named after an Atticius) and in Bovignano (Bebennius). The archaeological finds from the valley are in the archaeological museums of Cuneo and Turin.
The name of Busca possibly goes back to the Celtic Buxilla or the Germanic bush .
Christianization, first mentioned (1028), Occitan culture, Marchesato di Busca
Dronero may first go back to the Byzantine * Draconerius . In late antiquity and in the early Middle Ages , monastic centers arose in Caraglio , Dronero, Busca, Costigliole and Piasco . A village system developed from the Roman villas, where churches were built, such as Santa Maria di Bovignano (today: Madonna del Campanile), Santa Maria di Attissano, San Quintino and Santa Maria del Nerone. Roxius became the later Rossana. The Pieve di San Martino was built before 1000. During the time of Saracen raids, many villages withdrew to areas that were difficult to access or to hills that were easier to defend.
The valley was first mentioned in 1028 in the founding document of the Santa Maria di Caramagna monastery . It was increasingly settled from Provence when Occitan culture was still alive before it was wiped out by the Carthare Wars in the 13th century. The Occitan language and some customs go back to this time. Around 1200 the city of Cuneo built a fortress in what is now Busca, and the place where the Marchesato di Busca had been built since the 12th century slowly grew . Around 1155 Guglielmo, son of Bonifacio del Vasto, ruled there. He was followed by his son Berengario (1158–1211) and this in turn by his son Guglielmo II (1211–1231) and finally, the last of the family, Enrico (1231–1284). While Cuneo became more independent as a municipality in 1198, the Marquis of Saluzzo took over Busca in 1281. The town owed the lords of Busca the church of Santo Stefano and the 'Castellaccio', a ruin of the castle, which may have been built on the ruins of the Roman fort.
County of Saluzzo (from 1209), relative independence
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In 1209 the Mairatal became part of the County of Saluzzo , but was able to retain a certain degree of independence. This is confirmed for the first time in a deed from 1254 by the feudal lord Guglielmo von Busca and in 1264 by Count Tommasso von Saluzzo . In the statutes of 1396 ( Statuti della Valmaira ), the twelve municipalities of the Independent Republic of Mairatal ( Repubblica indipendente della Valle Maira ) gave themselves a common constitution for their already functioning valley democracy, which met in Stroppo . The statutes regulated life in the valley in thirteen chapters: the organization of the authorities, the maintenance of the roads, the forms of agricultural use, etc. San Damiano Macra, Pagliero and Dronero elected five deputies who represented the upper valley in a kind of parliament, the possibly dating back to 1020. The Maira was the little sister of the Republic to the valley Varaita reaching federal Briançon , which had its heyday from 1343 to 1713.
The Signori di Saluzzo ruled around Busca and Cuneo from 1281 to 1305, but the Anjou followed. From 1347 to 1358 the lords of Saluzzo returned, then again until 1361 the Anjou. The latter had to realize that they could not protect Busca and allowed the city to choose its master itself. On April 7, 1361, Busca submitted to Amedeo of Savoy, who also assumed the title of Marchese di Busca .
At the latest during this time, a house shape typical of the Mairatal was created, which is characterized by south-facing porches supported by cylindrical columns. The towering roofs that arose in this way were used to dry chestnuts, vegetables and rye. A work from the year 2000 sketched 111 of these houses in the valley, many of which housed several families.
Reformation and Counter Reformation
In 1536, Spanish troops occupied Busca, which in 1537 resisted two French attempts at conquest. But in 1552 the units of the French general De Brissac managed to occupy the city. The now strongly fortified city fell back to Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy with the peace of 1559. In the following decades, irrigation systems were built that used the water of the Maira for agriculture.
During the Reformation , in contrast to France, the valley joined the Calvinists , but the denominations tied to existing religious structures, so that the Reformation and Counter-Reformation in the valley itself only caused minor shocks. Therefore, recent studies have found a surprising plurality. Acceglio was Calvinist as early as 1540. The former Franciscan Gioffredo Varaglia (* around 1507), who came from the town and was placed under house arrest in 1552, preached in Busca. He was burned in Turin on March 25, 1558. His father had taken part in the crusade against the Waldensians in 1484 . Before his execution, Varaglia had a disputation with the Franciscan Angelo Malerba in Brusca. Varaglia's successor was Scipione Lentolo , the author of the only contemporary history of the Waldenses. In 1548 the county of Saluzzo and with it the Mairatal came under the control of France. Convents were founded in San Damiano Macra, Acceglio and Dronero to support the struggle against the reformed groups. The leader of the local Counter-Reformation was the Capuchin Valeriano Berna da Pinerolo. After the stronghold of Calvinism, Dronero was considered to be “Little Geneva” (piccola Ginevra), because of the approximately 3,000 inhabitants there, perhaps more than half were considered “heretics”. Duke Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy , who had come into possession of the Margraviate of Saluzzo in 1601, used the fight against this heresy as a pretext to conquer the valley.
Wars of succession, epidemics, French revolution, annexation to Italy
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the valley was affected by the Spanish and Austrian Wars of Succession. In 1630 the plague halved the population, in Busca alone over 2000 people died; then a civil war ensued in the house of Savoy. In 1693 the French general Catinat occupied Busca. In 1707 the entire army of the emperor, who was in alliance with Savoy, encamped in front of Busca when they were on their way to Nice to fight against Louis XIV. Another plague epidemic followed in 1716. The few surviving inhabitants of San Damiano and Pagliero founded a common village. In 1743 the inhabitants of Busca opened the gates to the advancing French; the troops left the place after a few days.
On December 26, 1798, a tree of freedom was erected in Busca and a city council was named, but on June 6, 1799, Russian and Austrian soldiers ended the uprising. With the return of Napoleon the following year, the entire valley became part of France. After the Napoleonic Wars , the Mairatal was temporarily part of the Stura department , but returned to Savoy after the Restoration in 1815. The first hospital was built in Busca in 1835 after three cholera epidemics had raged in 1830. Such an epidemic last occurred in 1884.
In 1859 the valley became part of the province of Cuneo . The Busca-Costigliole and Busca-Cuneo railway lines were built, for which a new bridge was built over the Maira; the line was extended to Saluzzo and towards Dronero.
Emigration
Around 1842, as Goffredo Casalis reports in his Dizionario geografico, storico, statistico, commerciale of the states of the Kingdom of Sardinia, a road for carts led from Dronero to San Damiano , from where transports with donkeys and mules had to continue. Festa bridges over the Maira existed only in Dronero, where the Ponte del Diavolo was built in 1428, and Acceglio . Otherwise there were wooden bridges that were torn away with the floods practically every year. The Ponte della catena (chain bridge) was located roughly in the middle of the valley. Whilst wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, chestnuts and hay were harvested in the lower valley, but also corn (granturco), hemp, wine (“di gusto intollerabile” - with an unbearable taste (p. 61)) and mulberries grew above from S. Damiano only small amounts of rye, oats, wheat and potatoes. Only the oats were suitable for export from the valley. However, larch and fir grew there, the wood of which was transported in large quantities down the Maira to Dronero. Many sites had never been cut down before. Chamois, pheasants, partridges were also hunted, and grayling and trout were caught. In addition, different types of cheese were made and coarse cloths were made from the wool of the sheep.
Even at this time, numerous residents migrated. Around 1840, around 27,000 people lived in the valley, 16,000 of whom lived in the lower valley, only 11,000 lived in the communities above S. Damiano. In addition to the larger towns, there were 239 settlements and 12 comuni.
The second half of the 19th and most of the 20th century were characterized by further emigration and emigration as well as aging. The residents initially left the higher places in a first wave and moved into the valleys or the places on the edge of the main valley, especially to Dronero. In a second wave, many residents moved from there to the industrial centers, above all Turin. The population losses were so great that the four neighboring valleys of Varaita, Maira, Grana and Stura di Demonte represented the largest contiguous depopulation area in the Italian Alps. The Mairatal lost around four fifths of its population from 1871, while Dronero only lost one tenth.
Fascism, National Socialism, partisan struggles
During the National Socialist rule in Italy, as in the whole of northern Italy, partisan fights broke out, during which Italo Tibaldi became known as a partisan in the Valle Maira, as he and 49 others were to be arrested in January 1944 and deported to Mauthausen . However, he was liberated in Ebensee and then took on an important role in the Mauthausen International Committee, of which he later became vice-president. He also published an important work on the transports from Italy to the National Socialist concentration camps. In January 1944, Ceretto (Busca) was burned down because of increasing resistance, but mainly because Jews had been hidden there.
From March 1944 there were further partisan fights. In May 1944, a “republic” was founded in the Maira and Varaita valleys, one of a total of 16 liberated zones. This went back to an agreement that had been made at the pass to France by Italian and French (Maquisards) partisans on May 12th at Col Sautron and on May 30th in Saretto on the side of the Maira valley , and in Barcelonnette in France. But in July the German occupiers struck back as part of a counter-invasion on the Po. On July 26, 1944, the Waffen SS and a motorized column of the Wehrmacht gathered in Dronero. They burned several villages and arrested many of the roughly 600 partisans.
stabilization
Although the situation has stabilized somewhat, the area is now one of the most sparsely populated regions in Europe. The population density is around 2 inhabitants / km². At the Colle die Sautron pass , the Comunità montana of the Valle Maira has put up a memorial stone for emigration with the following text (German translation): These bare rocks, blown by wind and hit by storms, preserve a lost echo. The steps, the voices of our emigrants, men, women, children who went to France in search of work and bread that their homeland could not give them. The Valle Stura lost half of its population between 1901 and 1950, the number of which fell from 20,319 to 10,147 residents.
From the 1980s onwards there was an influx of city dwellers, mainly from Turin, and of residents of the plains, which partially reversed the population decline and revitalized areas that had become almost deserted. Initially, it was mainly the Alpine fringes that benefited from this resettlement, which was initially based on old family ties and the need to revive Occitan culture, but the character of immigration soon changed. In 2006 these were mainly Busca, Roccabruna and Villar San Costanzo. In contrast, the population had continued to decline since 1981, especially in the upper valley. Acceglio had lost 54.1% of its population, Prazzo had 48.1%, Elva 47.2, Marmora 46.8, Stroppo 44.1, Celle di Macra 42.5, Macra 37.4, Canosio 34.6 and San Damiano Macra lost 32.8%. While the valley had exactly 20,309 inhabitants in 1981, this number rose to 20,394 by 1991, to reach 20,979 in 2001.
Studies from 2008 to 2013 showed that the idea of realizing one's own concept of life played a significant role. The economic side was often denied by tourism. The Centro culturale tedesco was built in Stroppe, which was able to stop the depopulation process, and the Museo Civico Luigi Mallè di Dronero in Dronero in 1995 . At the same time, the number of commuters increased sharply. While residents of the lower Maira valley drove to Dronero, those of the middle and upper valley tended to work in Cuneo, despite the greater distance. In addition, the circle of areas of origin expanded. In 2008 a Romanian woman first worked as a geriatric nurse in Acceglio, followed by her family, who now run a construction company where other Romanians found work. These Romanians lived in the borgata Vilar in 2012 and with 12 members make up 7% of the village population. This is by no means unusual, because in 2005 the proportion of foreigners in the valley was 5.5% or 1,170 out of 21,302 residents.
Tourism plays an important role in economic recovery. In 2006 the valley offered 1,548 beds in 67 companies (382 in Acceglio, 215 in Busca and 190 in Prazzo), which was an increase of 32.7% within five years. At the same time, the number of companies rose by 34; thereafter, however, there was a slight decrease, but also an increase in the number of non-Italian tourists.
Residents
In 2006 there were 21,378 inhabitants in the valley, and since then some communities have seen significant increases, while others have continued to shrink. The dynamic becomes even clearer in comparison with the population figures of 1981. The inhabitants of the valley are spread over 14 communities with the following population figures (as of January 2016, 2006, 1981)
| local community | surface | Residents 2016 |
Residents 2006 |
1981 residents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Busca | 66 | 10197 | 9727 | 8182 |
| Villar San Costanzo | 19th | 1540 | 1464 | 1223 |
| Dronero | 58 | 7097 | 7117 | 7124 |
| Roccabruna | 24 | 1585 | 1506 | 1177 |
| Cartignano | 6th | 187 | 182 | 204 |
| San Damiano Macra | 54 | 435 | 464 | 690 |
| Macra | 24 | 59 | 67 | 107 |
| Celle di Macra | 30th | 99 | 111 | 193 |
| Stroppo | 28 | 102 | 104 | 186 |
| Marmora | 41 | 65 | 92 | 173 |
| Canosio | 48 | 81 | 89 | 136 |
| Elva | 26th | 96 | 105 | 199 |
| Prazzo | 51 | 169 | 187 | 360 |
| Acceglio | 146 | 174 | 163 | 355 |
| total | 621 | 21886 | 21378 | 20309 |
languages
In addition to Italian, the inhabitants of the valley speak Occitan , a Gallo-Roman language whose origins go back to the Middle Ages.
economy
The inhabitants of the Mairatales farmed agriculture and were largely self-sufficient for centuries until the Second World War. The terraced arable land reached up to 2000 meters where grain was still planted. Above 1500 meters, the winter rye took 13 to 15 months to be ready for harvest. The cattle and alpine farming was taken care of on the side. The chestnuts and vines brought into the valley by the Romans grew up to San Damiano at an altitude of 1000 meters. The chestnut and the potato made the valley possible to be densely populated. In the 1930s, maize, wheat, millet, hemp, linen, vines, apple and mulberry trees (silk spinning mill in Caraglio ) were grown at the entrance to the Maira valley . From San Damiano, mainly potatoes, rye, pear and nut trees, oaks, stone beeches, elms, red beeches and hazelnut bushes, pines, firs and larches grew. After the Second World War, the arable land fell to three percent. The cultivation of grain disappeared. Today in the upper valley there is only cattle farming with milk and meat production.
In 2014 there were around 190 farms in the valley, cultivating a total of 15,000 hectares. These can survive economically because they concentrate on products of the highest quality, which is especially true for the production of sheep and goat cheese. The return to Occitan culture and language was also helpful here, which manifested itself in institutions such as the Ecomuseo dell'Alta Valle Maira and the Espaci Occitan and Chambra d'Oc societies .
Maira spa's income , which is primarily generated from the sale of electricity, is used to run projects by the municipality of Acceglio and the Comunità Montana, such as road safety, meeting rooms and tourist projects such as the maintenance of the rifugio Campo Base di Acceglio.
tourism
A circular hiking trail ("Percorsi Occitani") with 13 stages is marked in the valley, from which you can put together an individual circular route in the lower or upper valley area, depending on the season. Accommodation ( posti tappa ) has been set up in the stage towns that offer half board with excellent local cuisine. The five-day “Sentiero Roberto Cavallero”, which is based on Alpine Club bivouacs, runs near the main Alpine ridge.
Several long-distance hiking trails cross the Valle Maira: the Grande Traversata delle Alpi with the standard variant Chiesa Bellino - Chiappera - Chialvetta - Pontebernardo and the variant Chiesa Bellino - Elva Serre - [parts of the valley trail] - Chialvetta. This infrastructure is also used by Via Alpina , whose red and blue paths intersect in Chiappera.
The late Gothic frescoes in the choir of the Church of Elva are a national attraction.
traffic
The nearest airports are Turin and Nice, and there is an airport in Cuneo.
In 1912 the railway line from Busca to Dronero was completed and inaugurated in 1913, which connected the valley with the Cuneo-Saluzzo railway line. The line was taken out of service in 1966 for passenger transport and shut down in 1982; the last services were discontinued in 1988. Although the Associazione Amici della Ferrovia Turistica Valle Maira tried to revive it as a tourist railway in 2009, there have been no results so far.
There are bus connections through the valley between Dronero and Acceglio. In 1928 Strada nazionale 43 became the 75.8 km long Strada Statale 22 di Val Macra . It connects Acceglio with Cuneo, 54 km away, via Dronero and Busca, 17 km from Cuneo, but in 2001 it became the provincial road of the province of Cuneo with the number 422.
Culture
education
Primary schools and kindergartens exist in Busca and Dronero, Prazzo and San Damiano Macra. Secondary schools exist in Busca and Dronero, the two municipalities in which istituti comprensivi arose, in which pre-school, elementary and middle schools exist under one roof.
Museums, libraries, archives
In relation to the number of inhabitants, there is a considerable number of cultural institutions, such as the eight museums, which deal with art and local history, Occitan, the school system and hair collectors, life and work (in a separate house for women’s work) in the Deal with high valleys and sacred art.
There are three museums in Dronero alone. The Museo Civico Luigi Mallè di Dronero uses the legacies of the family of the art historian Luigi Mallè to deal with local history, as well as with certain aspects of art history. The house of the Confraternità del Gonfalone deals with sacred art , and at the same time keeps the historical documents of the association. It is located in a building that was built in 1712. There is also the Museo sonoro della lingua e della cultura occitana , which uses multimedia formats to convey the history, literature and music of Occitan.
In the Borgata Paschero (Stroppo) there is a school museum in a former school building. This gives a picture of teaching in the mountains between 1900 and 1970.
In the Borgata Serre (Elva) in the Casa della Meridiana from the 19th century a Museo dei "Pelassiers" or "Pels" , the hair collector of Elva (Piemontes .: Caviè) was built. Between the early 19th century and the middle of the 20th century, they bought hair in Lombardy, Piedmont and Veneto, in order to offer it to wig makers all over Europe sorted by length, color and fineness .
In the Borgata Chialvetta (Acceglio) the ethnographic museum La misoun d'en bot was established with its 1500 objects. In a reconstructed hut, it only offers artifacts from the Unerzio Valley. These range from tools for cheese production and for all other economic activities, such as cattle ranching, woodcutting and carpentry, blacksmithing or hunting, to skis and snowshoes to clothing as well as furniture and furnishings.
In the Borgata Villa (Acceglio) there has been another museum for sacred art since 1998, the Museo di Arte Sacra in the oratory of the church of the Confraternita di Acceglio.
Finally, the Museo della canapa e del lavoro femminile was built in Prazzo Inferiore in Via Nazionale 22 , a house that deals with the processing of hemp and women's labor . Women were often the only workers in the upper valley because the men migrated to the lower valley in search of work and were therefore absent for a long time.
There are three libraries in Val Maira, namely the Biblioteca civica di Dronero , then the Biblioteca comunale di Busca and the Biblioteca del Monastero benedettino in Marmora.
The library in Dronero goes back to the biblioteca popolare there in the early 19th century, which was destroyed during the Second World War. The current library opened on February 22, 1970. It started with a pool of 1,000 books. In 1990 she moved to Casa Mallè.
The municipal library in Busca was also established in 1970. In addition to the holdings of a small municipal library, there is a separate room, the Sala Giuseppina Battaglia e Giuseppe Fino , a private library that Pastor Francesco Fino bequeathed to the municipality in 1992 and which is named after his parents. It contains more than 2000 works on Roman history and church history , on the liturgy , on classical and Christian archeology as well as on local art and history. Then there are rarities from the 19th and early 20th centuries.
The most important library, however, is the Biblioteca del Monastero benedettino above Marmora, which is at an altitude of 1548 m (according to other sources 1580 m) and is therefore the highest library in Europe. The highly educated Benedictine Sergio De Piccoli (Padre Ignazio), born on January 7, 1931 in Casorate Primo in the province of Pavia , in Marmora since 1978, where he had reached with 2,000 books, had collected 62,000 works and kept them in five rooms of the monastery . These are exclusively non-fiction and encyclopedic works that the hermit bequeathed to the municipality in 2007. However, the mayor promised to expand the overcrowded library, a promise that was not kept until 2013. Sergio De Piccoli died in 2014 at the age of 83.
The most important municipal archive in the valley is located in Busca. It goes back to a collection of documents that can be documented from 1640, a year in which the house was robbed only to be furnished again in 1662/63. A first inventory of the holdings was compiled in 1703, and in 1704 a first inventory was made. The archive was last rearranged from 2002 to 2006.
literature
Flora and fauna
- Sara Dalmasso, Luca Tavella: Ecomuseo della Valle Maira: ipotesi di recupero e rifunzionalizzazione della borgata di Combe e dei suoi opifici , tesi di laurea, Politecnico di Torino, Faculty of Architecture, Turin 2005/2006.
history
- Piero Camilla, Rinaldo Comba (eds.): Storia di Cuneo e delle sue valli , Vol. 2, Cuneo 1996, p. 196 ff (Valle Maira).
- Celestina Allione: Ricerche di toponomastica della Bassa Valle Maira , tesi di laurea, Turin 1972 ( toponymy of the lower Maira valley).
- G. Rossetti: Nascità ed estinzione di villaggi nella bassa valle Maira dal secolo XI al XIV. L'abbandono di Ripoli e di Surzana e l'origine di Dronero , Tesi, Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Turin 1972-73.
- Renata Allio: Da Roccabruna a Grasse. Contributo per una storia dell 'emigrazione cuneese nel sud-est della Francia , Bonacci editore, Rome 1984.
- Renata Allio: Emigrazione dalla Valle Maira tra Ottocento e Novecento , in: Bollettino della Societa per gli Studi Storici, Archeologici e Artistici della Provincia di Cuneo, 93 (1985) 131-136.
- Mario Giovana: Storia di una formazione partigiana , Einaudi, Turin 1964.
- Marcello Garino (ed.): Indagine storico culturale sulla valle Maira , Turin 1983.
- Giuseppe Manuel di S. Giovanni: Memorie storiche di Dronero e della valle di Maira , Turin 1868 ( digitized version ).
- Giuseppe Manuel di San Giovanni: Memorie storiche di Dronero e della Valle di Maira , vol. 3: Cartario , Tipografia subalpina di Marino e Gantin, Turin 1868 (source collection, documents from 1163). ( Digitized version )
- Nuto Revelli : Il mondo dei vinti , 2 vols., 1977 (analogously: 'The world of the vanquished'; collection of surveys, central work on the perception of the drastic changes by the valley inhabitants themselves)
- Nuto Revelli: Il prete giusto , 1998 (Raimondo Viale (1907–1984), his reports on helping Jews who fled France).
- Nuto Revelli: La guerra dei poveri , 1977.
Arts and Culture
- Luigi Massimo: L'Architettura della valle Maíra , Il draco / Ousitanio Vivo, 1993.
- Luigi Massimo: Architettura primitiva in Val Maira , in: Cuneo. Provincia Granda , 1983, Vol. 1, pp. 29-33.
- Marco Piccat: Affreschi quattrocenteschi in Alta Val Maira: il "Transitus Beatae Mariae Virginis" della parrocchiale di Paglieres in: Studi Piemontesi VI, 1 (1977) 125-132.
- Ursula Bauer / Jürg Frischknecht: Antipasti and old ways (Valle Maira - hiking in the other Piedmont), Rotpunktverlag, 7th edition, Zurich 2011, ISBN 3-85869-175-5
- Jörg Waste / Giorgio Alifredi: I am staying in the Valle / Rimango in Valle Maira - life prospects in a rough country / Prospettive di vita in una terra rude, Rotpunktverlag, 1st edition Zurich 2015, ISBN 978-3-85869-647-2
travel Guide
- Ursula Bauer, Jürg Frischknecht: Antipasti and old ways. Valle Maira hiking in the other Piemont , Rotbuchverlag, Zurich 1999, revised. 7th edition, 2011.
- Sabine Bade, Wolfram Mikuteit: Piedmont hiking . Michael-Müller-Verlag, Erlangen 2010. ISBN 978-3-89953-566-2
- Iris Kürschner: Piedmont South. From Monviso to the Ligurian Alps . Bergverlag Rother , 2nd edition, Munich 2012. ISBN 978-3-7633-4359-1
- Jörg Waste / Giorgio Alifredi: I am staying in the Valle / Rimango in Valle Maira - life prospects in a rough country / Prospettive di vita in una terra rude, Rotpunktverlag, 1st edition Zurich 2015, ISBN 978-3-85869-647-2
Web links
- Homepage of the Comunità Montana Valle Maira
- Comune di Cartignano
- Birds in the Mairatal , ital.
- Adventure marked in yellow , in: daily newspaper, June 7, 2003
- Hiking in the Maira Valley
Individual evidence
- ↑ Giacomo Pettenati: Area 3. Valle Maira , in: Federica Corrado, Giuseppe Dematteis, Alberto Di Gioia (ed.): Nuovi montanari. Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo: Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo , FrancoAngeli, 2014, pp. 87–99, here: p. 87.
- ↑ Height information according to Giacomo Pettenati: Area 3. Valle Maira , in: Federica Corrado, Giuseppe Dematteis, Alberto Di Gioia (ed.): Nuovi montanari. Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo: Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo , FrancoAngeli, 2014, pp. 87–99, here: p. 88.
- ↑ Michael Kleid: The market town of Dronero (Piedmont): Central place for the alpine hinterland or suburb of Cuneo? , in: Mitteilungen der Fränkische Geographische Gesellschaft 49 (2002) 177-191. S. 177 (summary of a master's thesis, Erlangen-Nürnberg from 2001).
- ↑ Hans-Peter Schertl, Werner Schreyer : Geochemistry of coesite-bearing "pyrope quartzite" and related rocks from the Dora-Maira Massif, Western Alps , in: European Journal of Mineralogy 20.5 (2008) 791-809.
- ↑ Michael RW Johnson, Simon L. Harley: Orogenesis. The Making of Mountains , Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 134.
- ↑ Florian Neukirchen: Moving mountains. Mountains and how they are formed , Spektrum-Springer, 2011, p. 135.
- ^ Progetto Lupo - Regione Piemonte. Report 2005 , p. 10 ( online ( memento of the original from June 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. , PDF) .
- ↑ This section after: M. Verona, M. Corti, LM Battaglini: L'impatto della predazione lupina sui sistemi pastorali delle valli cuneensi e torinesi , in: Quaderni SoZooAlp 6 (2010) 149-167 ( online , PDF).
- ↑ Pierluigi Beraudo, Bruno Caula, Massimo Pettavino: La civetta nana, Glaucidium passerinum, nelle valli della provincia di Cuneo (alpi sud-occidentali) , in: Rivista italiana di Ornitologia 80.2 (2012) 73-78.
- ↑ Archive for the Study of Modern Languages and Literatures 169-170 (1989), p. 81.
- ^ G. Gola: Le piante vascolari della val Maira (Alpi Cozie) . Part I. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere e Arti , 2, Scienze Matematiche, 92 (1932-33) 1283-1335.
- ↑ A. Selvaggi, A. Soldano, M. Pascale, R. Dellavedova: Note floristiche piemontesi n. 604-705 , in: Rivista piemontese di Storia naturale, 36, 2015: 275-340, here: p. 285.
- ↑ Bruno Foggi, Graziano Rossi: A survey of the genus Festuca L. (Poaceae) in Italy. I. The species of the summit flora in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines and Apuan Alps In: Willdenowia. 26, 1996, p. 183, doi: 10.3372 / wi.26.2605 .
- ^ Coppelle e Antropomorfi. Valle Maira - Cuneo - Italia. Sito Ufficiale dell'Associazione Amici del RocceRe ' .
- ↑ Daniela Cabella, Dimitri Brunetti, Daniela Bello (eds.): Archivio storico. Inventario (1266-1967) , Busca 2006, p. 9.
- ↑ More details can be found in Giovanni Mennella: La Quadragesima Galliarum nelle Alpes Maritimae , in: Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Antiquité 104.1 (1992) 209-232 ( online ).
- ↑ CIL 42 = TLE 721. Cf. Giovanni Mennella: La Quadragesima Galliarum nelle Alpes Maritimae , in: Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Antiquité 104.1 (1992) 209-232, here: p. 231 note 38.
- ^ Giovanni Mennella: La Quadragesima Galliarum nelle Alpes Maritimae , in: Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Antiquité 104.1 (1992) 209-232, here: p. 220 f.
- ^ Giovanni Mennella: La Quadragesima Galliarum nelle Alpes Maritimae , in: Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Antiquité 104.1 (1992) 209-232, here: p. 231.
- ↑ Francesco Agostino Della Chiesa: Corona reale di Savoia , Vol. II, 1777, p. 229 (Vol. I is digitally available .).
- ↑ Daniela Cabella, Dimitri Brunetti, Daniela Bello (eds.): Archivio storico. Inventario (1266-1967) , Busca 2006, p. 9 f.
- ↑ Daniela Cabella, Dimitri Brunetti, Daniela Bello (eds.): Archivio storico. Inventario (1266-1967) , Busca 2006, p. 9.
- ↑ Mariamaddalena Negro Ponzi: Romani, Bizantini e Longobardi: Le fortificazioni tardo-antiche e altomedievali nelle alpi occidentali , in: Bollettino della Società Piemontese di Archeologia e Belle Arti, ns L (1998) 137-154 p. 141 ( online , PDF) .
- ↑ Daniela Cabella, Dimitri Brunetti, Daniela Bello (eds.): Archivio storico. Inventario (1266-1967) , Busca 2006, p. 10.
- ↑ Chiese e cappelle , Comune di Marmora.
- ↑ Gustavo Straffobello: La patria. Geografia dell 'Italia , Vol. IV: Provincia di Cuneo , Rome, Turin, Naples 1891, p. 58 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Lorenzo Mamino: Recupero di una casa - villaggio a Canosio in alta Valle Maira (CN) , in: ARCHALP 1 (2011) 14 f. ( online , PDF)
- ↑ Marco Battistoni: Coesistenza religiosa e vita pubblica locale nella prima età moderna. Il Marchesato di Saluzzo tra Riforma e Controriforma, 1530-1630 , in: Quaderni storici (2010) 83-106.
- ↑ Giorgio Beltrutti: Rossana nella storia del Piemonte sud-occidentale , L'artistica, 1975, p. 312 (a street in Busca is named after him, in Turin there is a memorial at the place of execution).
- ↑ Varaglia, Gioffredo (o Goffredo o Giaffredo) (c. 1507-1558)
- ↑ Historia delle grandi e crudeli persecutioni fatte ai tempi nostri in Provenza, Calabria e Piemonte contro il popolo che chiamano valdese . It was not edited until 1906.
- ↑ G. Garaffi: Cuneo e le sue valli , Giuseppe Salomone, Cuneo 1887, p. 199 ( online ).
- ↑ On the bridges in the Mairatal cf. Aldo Baglione: Il Ponte Mosca. Verifica strutturale e statica di un ponte di pietra , Politecnico di Torino, Facoltà di Architettura, Corso di laurea in architettura, 2012, Section 1.5.1: I ponti della Valle Maira .
- ↑ Goffredo Casalis: Dizionario geografico, storico, statistico, commerciale degli stati di SM il re di Sardegna , Vol. 10, G. Maspero, Turin 1842, pp. 56-90.
- ↑ Giovanni Baima Besquet: Deportati a Mauthausen 1943-1945 , Bologna 2007, p 63rd
- ↑ In 2006 the place received the Medaglia d'argento al merito civile ( Busca Comune di - Medaglia d'argento al merito civile , Presidenza della Repubblica).
- ↑ There is no unanimous opinion about their character or the number of republics. The Valsesia , the Repubblica di Torriglia in Liguria (Val Trebbia, Val d'Aveto, Val Borbera) come into question from the beginning of July; the Valle Staffora in Oltrepò pavese (July to September / November, finally March 27th); the upper Val Ceno from June 10th; the Repubblica di Montefiorino ; then Carnia and the Cansiglio in Veneto; the Valle di Lanzo in the Torinese; the said valleys of Maira and Varaita; the Langhe ; the Monferrato ; western Liguria between Savona and Sanremo ; the Canavese and the Aosta Valley , the Sassera and Mosso valleys in the Biellese , and finally the Ossola (Mirco Carrattieri: I confini della libertà. La cartografia delle "Repubbliche partigiane" nella storiografia sulla resistenza italiana ( online )).
- ↑ Marisa Diena: Guerriglia e autogoverno , Guanda, 1970, p 127th
- ↑ Giorgio Beltrutti: Rossana nella storia del Piemonte sud-occidentale , L'artistica, 1975, pp 406 et seq.
- ^ A. Giuffrè: Rapporto della Commissione Italiana di Studio sulle Aree Arretrate Italiane , Milan a. a. 1954, p. 61.
- ↑ Giacomo Pettenati: Area 3. Valle Maira , in: Federica Corrado, Giuseppe Dematteis, Alberto Di Gioia (ed.): Nuovi montanari. Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo: Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo , FrancoAngeli, 2014, pp. 87–99, here: p. 91.
- ↑ Agenzia Regionale per gli insediamenti montani: Insediarsi in Valle Maira , Turin 2008, p 9 ( online , PDF).
- ↑ Tab. 3 on the population of the mountain communities, website of the Piedmont region.
- ↑ Giacomo Pettenati: La Val Maira (Piemonte): laboratorio territorial di un nuovo popolamento montano. In: Revue de geographie alpine. 2014, doi: 10.4000 / rga.2201 .
- ↑ Giacomo Pettenati: Area 3. Valle Maira , in: Federica Corrado, Giuseppe Dematteis, Alberto Di Gioia (ed.): Nuovi montanari. Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo: Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo , FrancoAngeli, 2014, pp. 87–99, here: p. 93.
- ↑ Agenzia Regionale per gli insediamenti montani: Insediarsi in Valle Maira , Turin 2008, p. 10
- ↑ Agenzia Regionale per gli insediamenti montani: Insediarsi in Valle Maira , Turin 2008, p 34th
- ↑ ISTAT , Piedmont region
- ↑ Agenzia Regionale per gli insediamenti montani: Insediarsi in Valle Maira , Turin 2008, p. 9
- ↑ Agenzia Regionale per gli insediamenti montani: Insediarsi in Valle Maira , Turin 2008, p. 10
- ↑ Height information according to Giacomo Pettenati: Area 3. Valle Maira , in: Federica Corrado, Giuseppe Dematteis, Alberto Di Gioia (ed.): Nuovi montanari. Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo: Abitare le Alpi nel XXI secolo , FrancoAngeli, 2014, pp. 87–99, here: p. 90.
- ↑ Luigi Ballatore: Storia delle Ferrovie in Piemonte , Il Punto, Savigliano 2002, p. 156 f.
- ↑ Museo dei cavie Museo di "Pels" (Maira) , Ministero dei Beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo.
- ↑ Misoun den bot , Comune di Acceglio.
- ^ Museo di Arte Sacra , Comune di Acceglio.
- ^ Il museo della canapa e del lavoro femminile , Comune di Prazzo.
- ^ Biblioteca Civica di Dronero , Cuneo.
- ^ Biblioteca Don Francesco Fino , Comune di Busca along with the list of works there (PDF).
- ↑ In centinaia all'addio a padre Sergio De Piccoli , in La Stampa Cuneo, September 8, 2014.
- ↑ Daniela Cabella, Dimitri Brunetti, Daniela Bello (eds.): Archivio storico. Inventario (1266-1967) , Busca 2006 ( online , PDF).
