Bailiwick of Kreuzberg

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Vogtei Kreuzberg was a territorial administrative unit of the Hersfeld Abbey , which from 1648 belonged completely to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel . From 1685 to 1713 the Vogtei belonged to the paraged Landgraviate of Hesse-Philippsthal . The eastern part came to the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach in 1816 with the Vacha office .

The Vogtei Kreuzberg existed until the administrative and territorial reform of the Electorate of Hesse in 1821.

Geographical location

The Vogtei Kreuzburg was located in a floodplain of the Werra in the confluence of the Oechse and Ulster . The crossing of the Via Regia over the Werra to Vacha was in Kreuzberg, today's Philippsthal . The official area lay between Frauenseer Forst in the northeast, Seulingswald in the northwest and the northernmost foothills of the Rhön in the south. The most important mountains in the area are the Hohe Wart (401.1 m) in the Frauenseer Forst and the Dreienberg ( 525  m above sea  level ), the northernmost mountain of the Rhön. The Neuröder Bach (Starkelsbach) formed the border to the former Hessian office of Friedewald .

Due to the division in 1816, the area of ​​the former Vogtei Kreuzberg is now partly in East Hesse and partly in Thuringia . With the exception of Hillartshausen (zu Friedewald), the Hessian towns belong to the market town of Philippsthal in the Hersfeld-Rotenburg district . The Thuringian places belong to the city of Vacha in the Wartburg district .

The territory of the Bailiwick bordered:

history

prehistory

Since the 9th century, the area around the places Vacha and Kreuzberg was in the border area between the abbeys of Fulda and Hersfeld . In 786 the Dorndorfer Mark was handed over to the Hersfeld Abbey. In the border description, the western border course from Öchsenberg in a northerly direction to today's deserted Schwenge (in the documents Uuihingesboumgarto) with the intermediate point of the Badelachen farm (Badelacha) was described for the first time. The Badelachen farm was probably an unpaved royal court on this important ford through the Werra. The ford, only about one kilometer away, at the location of today's Werra bridge in Vacha, was already in the hands of the Fulda Monastery at that time and, under the protection of Wendelstein Castle, became the starting point for the urban development of Vacha.

Administration by the Hersfeld Abbey

Today's place Philippsthal was originally the seat of the noble family of "Cruceburg", after whom the place Kreuzberg developing there at the Werra crossing of the Via Regia was named. The Fulda Monastery owned the site, and Abbot Burkard von Fulda transferred his allod there to the Landgraves of Thuringia in 1170 . Before that, Hermann I of Weimar-Orlamünde had the property of the abbey as a fief . Possibly the barter deal between Landgrave Ludwig III. von Thuringia and Abbot Hermann von Reinhardsbrunn also the area around Kreuzberg in the possession of the Hersfeld Abbey. A letter of protection from Pope Celestine III proves that the area was under the influence of the Imperial Hersfeld Abbey a few years later . of November 11, 1191, in which the Benedictine convent of Kreuzberg, newly founded by the Hersfeld Abbey , is mentioned for the first time.

The village of Oberzella is probably a foundation of the Hersfeld monastery, which was first mentioned in 1130. The center of the settlement was a "cella" that was transferred to the neighboring Kreuzberg monastery in 1191 and was under the bailiff of the Lords of Frankenstein appointed by the Hersfeld monastery . In 1280 the Frankensteiners ceded their patronage over Oberzella to the monastery in Kreuzberg. Already before 1342 there was a wooden bridge over the Werra near Vacha; In Unterzella a ferryman carried out the transfer of travelers. In a small side valley on the western edge of the Frauenseer Forst , the small settlements Thalhausen, Niederndorf, Heiligenroda and Schwenge were created by clearing, they were economically and administratively connected to Oberzella. Heiligenroda was the most important place and had a parish, which was moved to Oberzella in the 15th century. The neighboring village of Gasteroda also belonged to the parish of Heiligenroda . The first known by name owners of the two places were the Lords of Benhausen . In the document drawn up in 1383, they handed over their properties in Heiligenroda and Gasteroda to the Kreuzberg monastery.

The place Vitzeroda was sold like Oberzella by Heinrich von Frankenstein in the year 1280/83 as part of a real estate transfer to the Kreuzberg monastery.

The place Harnrode originally belonged to the Thuringian court Heringen . In 1432 Margarethe von Heringen sold the court to the Landgraves of Hesse, whereby Harnrode and the deserted Geiderstad came to the Vogtei Kreuzberg. The authorities, however, lay with the Hessian office of Friedewald , to which the rest of the court came.

Transfer to the Landgraviate of Hesse

In the Peasants' War that began in 1525 , the Servite monastery in Vacha was looted. At the same time, the neighboring Kreuzberg monastery was attacked and destroyed. With the introduction of the Reformation in the Landgraviate of Hesse, the Kreuzberg monastery became increasingly dependent on Hesse. In 1553, Landgrave Philipp I acquired the villages of Vitzeroda and Gasteroda and incorporated them into the Heringen court in the Friedewald office . The Kreuzberg nuns left the monastery in 1568, which was secularized in 1593 . The parish in Heiligenroda was expanded into a manor , which after multiple changes of ownership fell to the noble Donop family , who owned it until 1889. Gasteroda, separated from the parish, was now assigned to the parish in Heringen.

In the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) the area around the Vachaer Werra Bridge was captured and occupied as a strategically important place by changing warring parties. As a result of the Thirty Years' War, the former Hersfeld Abbey was converted into a secular principality, which was granted to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel as an imperial fief in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . Thus, the Vogtei Kreuzberg became part of the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel. The special position of Badelachen as a hersfeld fief was retained until the 19th century.

Administration by Hessen-Kassel and Hessen-Philippsthal

Landgrave Karl (1654–1730) of Hessen-Kassel left the possessions of the former monastery bailiwick of Kreuzberg to his younger brother Philipp (1655–1721) as Paragium in 1685 ; State sovereignty remained with Hessen-Kassel. On the basis of the former Kreuzberg monastery, Philipp had the Philippsthal Palace, named after him, built as a residence and the paraged branch line of the House of Hesse founded by him was therefore called Hesse-Philippsthal . In the course of the 18th century, the name "Philippsthal" became established for the place "Kreuzberg".

Around 1700, Philipp von Hessen-Philippsthal allowed a group of French religious refugees ( Huguenots ) to settle in his country; the new place was founded with the name Gethesemane .

Napoleonic occupation

At the same time as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss concluded in 1803 and the secularization of the clergy, the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel became the Electorate of Hessen . Elector Wilhelm I of Hesse-Kassel did not join the Rhine Confederation , which was dominated by Napoleon , and tried to remain neutral . Thereupon Napoléon occupied the country and after the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 it was almost completely added to the newly formed Kingdom of Westphalia of his brother Jerome .

The Vogtei Kreuzburg was assigned to the Hersfeld district of the Werra department and divided into the following cantons :

After the dissolution of the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1813, the Electorate of Hesse and its administrative structure were restored.

Division of the bailiwick in 1816 and dissolution in 1821

After the Congress of Vienna , the area of ​​the Vogtei Kreuzberg was divided. The eastern part with the village of Oberzella and the courtyards Badelachen, Heiligenroda, Niederndorf, Sachsenhain, Schwenge, Springen and Unterzella were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach in 1816 with the neighboring office of Vacha and incorporated into this office. A curiosity of this time was the continuing connection between the Oberzella parish and the Philippsthal parish.

The western, remaining in Hesse-Cassel part with the places Philippsthal and Hillartshausen and the courts of Gethsemane, Harnrode, Sip, Röhrigshof, Thalhausen and Unterneurode was the in the Hessian administrative reform in 1821 Landeck Office affiliated as a lower judicial authority and politically the district Hersfeld assigned .

Associated places

The Vogtei Kreuzberg consisted of the three villages Kreuzberg, Hillartshausen and Oberzella in 1647, as well as several farms.

Villages
Yards
Villages and farms of the Vogtei Kreuzberg (Philippsthal), which were affiliated to the Vacha office in 1816

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wolfgang Kahl : First mention of Thuringian towns and villages. A manual. Rockstuhl Verlag, Bad Langensalza, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86777-202-0 , p. 25
  2. Oberzella in the Rhön Lexikon
  3. Olaf Dietzel: The time of origin of the city of Vacha . Ott, Bad Hersfeld 1999, p. 20 .
  4. ^ Wilhelm Rein: Archaeological walks. The offices of Creuzburg, Gerstungen, Tiefenort and Vacha on the Werra . In: Journal of the association for Thuringian history and antiquity . tape 4 . Friedrich Frommann, Jena 1859, p. 428 .
  5. Manfred Oertel: Vitzeroda and his church - S. 114f
  6. ^ "Harnrode, Hersfeld-Rotenburg district". Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of November 20, 2015). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  7. Olaf Ditzel: The time when the city of Vacha was created . A look back at the 800th anniversary of the first designation as a city 1186–1986. Ott, Bad Hersfeld 1991. pp. 9, 10, 16, 52, 53, 57.

literature

  • Johannes Burkardt: Kreuzberg (Philippsthal) . In: Friedhelm Jürgensmeier among others: The Benedictine monastery and nunnery in Hessen (Germania Benedictina 7 Hessen), Eos, St. Ottilien 2004, ISBN 3-8306-7199-7 , pp. 732-740
  • Constantin Kronfeld: Thuringian-Saxon-Weimar history. Böhlau, Weimar, 1878. (Regional studies of the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach; T. 1)

Web links