Orneta
| Orneta | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Warmia-Masuria | ||
| Powiat : | Lidzbarski | ||
| Gmina : | Orneta | ||
| Area : | 9.63 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 54 ° 6 ′ N , 20 ° 8 ′ E | ||
| Residents : | 8921 (December 31, 2016) | ||
| Postal code : | 14-510 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 55 | ||
| License plate : | NLI | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Ext. 507 : Braniewo ↔ Dobre Miasto | ||
| Ext. 513 : Pasłęk ↔ Wozławki | |||
| Ext. 528 : Morąg - Miłakowo - Orneta | |||
| Rail route : | PKP line 221: Braniewo ↔ Gutkowo (- Olsztyn ) | ||
| Next international airport : | Danzig | ||
| Kaliningrad | |||
Orneta [ ɔrˈnɛta ] ( German Wormditt ) is a small town in the Powiat Lidzbarski of the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with a little over 12,000 inhabitants. Until 1945 Wormditt belonged to the Prussian province of East Prussia .
Geographical location
The city is located in the historical Warmia on the Drwęca (Drewenz) , a tributary of the Pasłęka (Passarge) , about 47 kilometers east of Elbląg (Elbing) and 70 kilometers southwest of Kaliningrad (Königsberg) .
The height of the city compared to the sea level of the Baltic Sea is 69.5 meters.
history
Prussian settlement and etymology of the place name
The town's roots go back to a Pogesan castle called Orneta, at the feet of which the Prussian settlement Wurmedythin was located. The first written mention comes from a document dated August 12, 1308. The name goes back to Prussian "wors - median": old settlement in the forest. In the Polish names of the 17th century "Horneta / Orneta" the initial W was lost. The name "Wurmedythin" is also the basis for the saga of the dragon, which is why it was included in the later city arms. In subsequent documents the place names "Wormenyt", "Wormditen", "Warmediten" and "Wormendith" were used until 1343.
The city was founded and flourished in the Middle Ages
After the conquest of Warmia by the Teutonic Order was created on the initiative of Warmia Bishop Eberhard of Neisse instead of Prußensiedlung a new place that with Silesia was settled immigrants. Between 1312 and 1313, Bishop Eberhard gave the place a handicap according to Kulmischen law . He left 121 Hufen fields and over 100 Hufen woods to the new establishment. The locator was a likely relative of the bishop named Willus or Wilhelm, who came from Neisse. With the arrival of German-speaking settlers, the place name Wormditt arose.
Around 1320 the order built a new stone castle to replace the former Pogesamen fortress. Bishop Hermann of Prague made it the bishop's residence of Warmia in 1341 instead of Braunsberg . However, his successor, Bishop Johann I von Meißen, designated Heilsberg as the Warmian bishopric as early as 1351 . However, Wormditt was raised to the chamber of commerce and, thanks to its location at the intersection of two trade routes and surrounded by fertile soil, experienced an economic boom. The Gothic town hall, completed in 1373, and the parish church of St. Johann, built between 1338 and 1349, bear witness to the early economic strength. During the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) the city temporarily joined the Prussian Confederation .
In the autonomous Prussia royal share
After the Second Peace of Thorn , Wormditt came under Polish sovereignty in 1466 with the largely autonomous Warmia as part of Prussia's royal share . However, the city's population remained predominantly German. A school in Wormditt was first mentioned in 1565. During the Polish-Swedish War , the Swedes temporarily occupied the city under Gustav Adolf in 1627. In July 1676, a major fire in the city destroyed 34 buildings.
In the Kingdom of Prussia
In the course of the first division of Poland in 1772, the city, which at that time had inhabitants in 1978, became part of the Kingdom of Prussia . Wormditt suffered severe damage during the Napoleonic Wars . In 1807 alone, 643 people died, a quarter of the city's population. 78 houses were destroyed, the total damage was more than 270,000 thalers. After the secularization of the prince-bishopric in 1810 and the Prussian administrative reform of 1815, Wormditt was incorporated into the newly formed Braunsberg district in 1819 . With the beginning of industrialization, the city began to develop steadily. Cloth makers and organ builders dominated the craft. The Wormditter organ builder Johann Wulff created the large organ in what was then the monastery church of Oliva in 1788 , probably the most famous in Poland today. After the first railway line ran from Guttstadt to Allenstein through Wormditt in 1884, the city became an important railway junction, where five railway lines finally met in 1926. In 1868 the connection to the telegraph network followed, and also in 1884 the Ermland farmers' association set up shop in Wormditt. By 1911, electrification and the central water supply had been completed. At the beginning of the 20th century, Wormditt had a Catholic church, a Protestant church, a synagogue and a district court.
20th century
The First World War largely spared the city, although the Russian Nyemen Army had moved close to the city in September 1914, but withdrew again after the lost Battle of the Masurian Lakes . The population rose from 5,559 in 1910 to 7,816 in 1939, with Catholics clearly in the majority. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, a cloth factory, a snuff factory, a cloth weaving mill, a cloth printing shop, a steam sawmill and a beer brewery were located in Wormditt. From 1940 to 1945 the Wormditt Air Base was located northwest of Wormditt .
Towards the end of the Second World War , Wormditt was captured by the Red Army on February 11, 1945 . Compared to other East Prussian cities, the city was destroyed less, the cityscape remained almost intact. On May 23, 1945, before the Potsdam Agreement , the city was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet commander . In the following years the place got the name of the former Pogesan castle. The remaining German residents were expelled .
The city currently has around 8900 inhabitants.
Population development until 1945
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1802 | 2,251 | |
| 1810 | 1,793 | |
| 1816 | 2.016 | thereof 1,904 Catholics, 88 Evangelicals and 24 Jews |
| 1821 | 2,372 | |
| 1852 | 3,800 | |
| 1858 | 4,314 | of which 3,748 Catholics, 452 Protestants, 110 Jews and four Mennonites |
| 1875 | 4,637 | |
| 1880 | 4,720 | |
| 1890 | 5.118 | of which 4,404 Catholics, 551 Evangelicals and 159 Jews |
| 1905 | 5,593 | including 690 Protestants and 87 Jews |
| 1933 | 6,813 | |
| 1939 | 7,816 |
Religions
Before the Second World War there was a Catholic and a Protestant parish in Wormditt.
The history of the Catholic parish, which was made up of a town and country parish, goes back to the beginning of the 14th century. According to a church book, a Henricus pastor was in Wormditt in 1312 , and a pastor named Katti is mentioned in 1406 . From 1715 to the spring of 1738, Archpriest Johann Michael Braun worked as a pastor, who left the community a significant fortune, around 1823 Archpriest Sigmanski held the office.
The Protestant parish in Wormditt had a new church building since the end of 1830.
Attractions
- Johanniskirche, 14th century, the oldest church in Warmia after the Frauenburg Cathedral, three-aisled brick basilica without a choir, historically significant, valuable furnishings
- Town hall, Gothic, with stepped gable, partly surrounded by hook stalls (market houses)
- Marketplace with numerous arbor houses
- Jerusalem Chapel, 19th century, with valuable furnishings
- 18th century granary on Browarna Street
- Remains of the city wall
- Foundations and cellars of the bishop's castle under the buildings of the municipal elementary school.
- Evangelical church from the circle of Karl Friedrich Schinkel , middle of the 19th century, today Orthodox.
- New synagogue
Gmina
The urban-and-rural municipality Orneta has a total of 11,980 inhabitants (June 30, 2019).
Partnerships
In 2001 a town twinning agreement was signed with the Thuringian town of Bleicherode in the southern Harz region. A partnership with the Herzlake community has existed since 2006 .
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
- Petrus Zwicker († 1403), Cölestiner and Inquisitor
- Toni Koy (1896–1990), German goldsmith and amber worker
- Jochen Schmauch (1924–1984), German educator, development worker and non-fiction author
- Hans Joachim Albrecht (* 1938), German sculptor, art historian and university lecturer
- Anatol Feid (1942–2002), Dominican and writer
- Adrian Kasnitz (* 1974), German writer
Connected to the city
- Ferdinand von Schau (1768–1840), officer and district administrator, was born on the Korbsdorf manor near Wormditt
- Carl Gotthilf Büttner (1848–1893), German missionary and linguist, pastor in Wormditt from 1880 to 1886
- Hans Schmauch (1887–1966), German historian and teacher at the Progymnasium in Wormditt
literature
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, No. 82 .
- Franz Buchholz: From six centuries. Images from Wormditt's past . Commission publisher by Arnold Dargel successor, Wormditt 1912. Second, increased and improved edition under the title: Pictures from Wormditt's past . Bruno Kraft publishing house, Wormditt 1931.
- Georg Hermanowski , Heinz Georg Podehl: East Prussia Lexicon. Geography, history, culture. License issue. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-186-4 .
- Gerhard Reifferscheid: The St. John's Basilica in Wormditt, 1379–1979. Parish, city and deanery . Königswinter 1979.
- Erich Weise (Hrsg.): Handbook of historical places . Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X .
Web links
- Orneta in Polish at www.ornecianka.pl
- Orneta in Polish at www.orneta.net
- Wormditt at www.ostpreussen.net
- Population figures 1910
- Population numbers 1875–1939
Footnotes
- ↑ a b c Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, volume 20, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 750
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Franz Buchholz: Pictures from Wormditt's past . Bruno Kraft publishing house, Wormditt 1931.
- ↑ Rozalia Przybytek: place names of Baltic origin in the southern part of East Prussia (= Hydronymia Europaea , special volume 1). Steiner, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-515-06449-4 , p. 198.
- ↑ Latest communications from October 9, 1884.
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 410–411, item 826.
- ^ Leopold Kraatz: Topographical-statistical manual of the Prussian state . Berlin 1856, p. 5692.
- ↑ Adolf Schlott: Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Königsberg, based on official sources . Hartung, Königsberg 1861, p. 46, paragraph 194.
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. braunsberg.html # ew33brbgwormditt. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Sigmanski: Directory of the Catholic parish Wormditt born, dared and who died in the following years . In: Preußische Provinzial-Blätter , Volume 14, Königsberg 1835, pp. 68–70.
- ^ News of the inauguration of the new church in Wormditt on December 19, 1830 . In: Preussische Provinzial-Blätter , 5th volume, Königsberg 1831, pp. 143–146.