Nightingale colliery (Witten)

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Nightingale colliery
General information about the mine
West view LWL industrial museum Zeche Nachtigall.jpg
Historic colliery building of the Zeche Nachtigall, today the buildings belong to the LWL industrial museum Zeche Nachtigall
other names Zeche Nachtigal in the Hetberge
Zeche Nachtigall in the Hedtberge
Union in the Hedtberge
Kohlenbank in the Hettberger Holtz
Mining technology Underground mining
Funding / year Max. 95,372 t
Information about the mining company
Employees up to 527
Start of operation 1714
End of operation 1892
Successor use Nightingale colliery LWL industrial museum
Funded raw materials
Degradation of Hard coal
Geographical location
Coordinates 51 ° 25 '44 "  N , 7 ° 18' 48"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 25 '44 "  N , 7 ° 18' 48"  E
Nightingale colliery (Ruhr Regional Association)
Nightingale colliery
Location Nightingale colliery
Location Bommern
local community Witten
District ( NUTS3 ) Ennepe-Ruhr district
country State of North Rhine-Westphalia
Country Germany
District Ruhr area

The Nachtigall colliery is a former coal mine in Bommern . The mine was also known as the Zeche Nachtigal in the Hetberge , Zeche Nachtigall in the Hedtberge , the trade union in the Hedtberge and the coal bank in the Hettberger Holtz . The mine is located in Bommern at the entrance to the Muttental valley and is part of the Muttental mining trail . The colliery was one of the largest civil engineering mines in the region. At the mine, lumpy fat coal , which was of good quality, was extracted in civil engineering . Today the LWL industrial museum Zeche Nachtigall is located on the factory premises .

history

The beginnings

The Nachtigall colliery was mentioned in the documents as early as 1645. In 1714 which was presumption under the name carbon bank in Hett Berger wood inserted. Two farmers from the area acted as mother . Extraction began as soon as the mutation was submitted. On August 24 of the year 1716 was a length field at Berghaus, Frielinghaus & Consorten awarded . Following the award, the mining of " lime coals " began. The mining took place in the tunnel . The tunnel mouth hole was located at the confluence of today's street Auf der Martha with Muttentalstraße. In 1739 the tunnel was still in operation, but there was little sale of the coal. Since the mine was founded as a mining union , there was always the possibility that shares in this union were bought up by other people. On September 8th, 1742, Baron von Elverfeldt bought the mine and thus became the main trade of the mine. On January 8, 1743, the Längenfeld was awarded again under the name " Nachtigall am Hettberge ". The mine was in operation in the 1750s. In 1781 a tunnel was set up on the Hedtberg . Subsequently, the mine was out of operation for several years. In 1787 the mine was entered on the Niemeyer's map . In the years 1790 to 1793, five length fields were measured . In 1803 the coal deficit on the Ruhr was almost washed away by the Ruhr floods. In 1805, a 2516 foot long push cart route to the Ruhr was created. On February 15, 1824, a contract was signed with the Zeche Eleonore to form a joint venture under the name Zeche Eleonore & Nachtigall .

Expansion of the mine

By the year 1830, the deposits above the bottom of the tunnel were largely exhausted. At the suggestion of mining entrepreneurs, the Mining Authority developed a plan for the merger of the Hardenstein mines. The mountain jury Jakobs from Bommern worked out a consolidation plan in 1831, which he presented on July 1 of the same year. This plan provided for the amalgamation of 13 tunnels. In addition, a civil engineering shaft with a depth of 28 Lachtern was to be sunk near the Ruhr . On April 25, 1832, the civil engineering area planned under the St. Johannes Erbstollen sole was outsourced by Eleonore & Nachtigall. In the course of 1832 the Nachtigall colliery merged with other small mines . First of all, on April 25 of the same year, a contract was signed between the mines Nachtigall, Eleonore , Theresia , Widerlage , Aufgottgewagen , Braunschweig Nordflügel and Turteltaube Nordflügel in order to move on to civil engineering together . The civil engineering below the St. Johannes Erbstollen sole was planned. In the contract, the mines involved undertook to continue to operate their construction fields on their own account. The dewatering of the entire mine field and the shaft extraction should be done jointly for all mines involved. The costs for sinking the shaft, the machines, the pumps and the shaft building should be borne proportionally by all mines. The amount of the subsidy should be determined according to the amount of coal still pending in the respective construction site. From the top authority, the retention was a ten Lachter as support powerful security pillar required. This pillar should be kept below the level of the bottom of the St. Johannes Erbstollen.

Transition to civil engineering

The sinking work for the Neptun shaft began in 1832 . The shaft was within the range set where the Muttenbach empties into the Ruhr Valley. The Neptun shaft was designed as a barrel-length shaft. The expansion of the shaft was done in wood . The wood was supplied by Niederste-Frielinghaus and cut to size by the master carpenter Friedrich. In August of the same year, the sinking work had to be interrupted. The reason for the interruption of the work was the increased water inflow, which could no longer be handled with hand pumps. To pump out the water, a steam-powered dewatering machine was installed in December . The machine had a standing cylinder and had a net power of eight hp . The steam engine , the steam boiler , the pipes and the pressure pump were built by Friedrich Harkort from Wetter. Harkort thus supplied the complete machine system. From January of the following year, the sinking work was resumed. The breakthrough took place with the first sole on August 24 of the same year . This level had already been excavated in advance by cutting and was at a depth of 33 meters (+ 49 m above sea ​​level ). In the same year the Muttentalbahn was extended. It now extended to the Ruhr magazine and the shaft. As of August, the sinking work had to be stopped again due to renewed water inflows. In order to get enough space for the daytime facilities , from 1834 a start was made to remove part of the mountain slope south of the daytime facility. In 1834 a more powerful steam engine was installed for dewatering, the already installed steam engine was used to drive the hoisting machine . This change in function was possible without major modifications, since the hoisting machines at that time were designed in the same way as the steam water retention machines. In order to divert the mine water to the Ruhr, an underground flood was created. In the same year, mining began in the Neptun shaft.

Operation as a civil engineering mine

Former coal defeat of the Nachtigall colliery, 2013

In 1834 and 1835, the disused mines that belonged to the association were put back into operation. These were the partially disused fields Aufgottgewagt, Braunschweig, Turteltaube, Theresia and Widerlage. The fields were opened up by the Nachtigall colliery via a cross passage. The Neptun shaft was sunk deeper and at a depth of 60 meters (+ 22 m above sea level) the machine floor was added as the second floor. In 1836 an enlarged coal deposit on the Ruhr was put into operation. Coke production began in 1837 . After the Neptun shaft had been in operation for a few years, the tradesmen discovered that the shaft had been dimensioned too small. In addition, the water inflow from the construction fields was very strong. Four cubic feet of pit water flowed into the field alone every minute . An even more powerful dewatering machine was required to handle the amount of water.

A coal mine was laid out at the Nachtigall colliery when the Ruhr shipping industry began. This walled-in and flood-proof storage area was necessary because shipping on the Ruhr was usually not possible for several months. When the colliery went over to civil engineering and the production figures increased, the defeat had to be extended. The remains, still visible in 2018, comprised a storage area of ​​around 1,600 m².

In 1837 the contracting community Eleonore & Nachtigall consolidated with the Turteltaube colliery, the western part of the Theresia colliery with main and secondary seam, the north wing of the Braunschweig colliery and parts of the colliery Aufgottgewagen und Gegenlage. As early as January 5th, 1839, the mines below the machine floor consolidated Neptun to form the United Nightingale & Aufgottgewagen union . Because the Neptun shaft was too small, the tradesmen were forced to sink a more efficient shaft. In particular, the need for a larger dewatering machine made it unavoidable to sink a new shaft. For this reason, the mountain jury Lind designed a plan for a new machine shaft . This plan provided for a shaft with a rectangular shaft disc . The seigere shaft was 27.5 by 8 feet and was to be set up 70 pods east of the Neptun shaft. In June 1839, the sinking work for the Hercules shaft began. Some time afterwards, there was a defect in the drainage machine at Neptun shaft. As a result, the incoming pit water could not be pumped out and the mine workings were constantly being filled with pit water. The mine had to be shut down for a long time.

Further expansion of the civil engineering mine

Hercules Bay
The carrier building inside

The excavation work on the Hercules shaft continued. In 1840 the machine bottom of the Neptun shaft was reached at a depth of 60 meters (+ 22 m above sea level). Construction of the daytime facilities began in the same year. In 1842 the 3rd level was set at a depth of 92 meters (-10 m above sea level). After that, the sinking work was initially stopped and the hoisting machine started up. The inflow of water remained problematic. In 1843 a dewatering machine was put into operation. The machine had a cylinder diameter of 66 inches . This machine was later reinforced by another machine with a cylinder diameter of 91½ inches. The shaft was initially equipped with a headframe made of wood, later the tower was replaced by a brick tower made of rubble stones. In the same year, the sinking work was resumed. At a depth of 109 meters (- 27 m above sea level), the Aufgott daring seam was reached. In the following year, at a depth of 109 meters, the 4th level was set as the machine bottom of the Hercules shaft. From this year underground work was also resumed. In addition, from 1844, coal was extracted from the Hercules mine for the first time. During the excavation work there were again strong water inflows. There were also several breaks in the sump rod and the drainage machine. This led to disruptions in the shaft conveyance . On July 9, 1845, there was a severe water ingress. Because of this water ingress, the entire 4th level sank and had to be swamped . On October 10 of the same year, the bottom was usable again and the swamp work was stopped. In 1846, cutting into the Geitling seam was started from the 4th level near the shaft. In 1847, the cutting off was below the Ruhr ascended . The fifth level was set at a length of 325 meters. The bottom was at a shallower depth of 153 meters (- 71 m above sea level).

Up to this point in time no mine had dared to mine below the Ruhr. The reason for this was the feared water ingress. In order to open up the good seams that were below the Ruhr level, the trades decided to only dismantle these seams to the extent that the hanging wall could not collapse. On the 5th level, several locations were driven to the west. In the ton part of the Neptun shaft, chopping was made between the 2nd and 5th level. Above the 2nd level, the shaft was made seiger. As a result, the shaft has now been sunk into a broken shaft. In 1848 the ton-long part of the Neptun shaft was put into operation. The shaft was split into two conveyor legs, each of which was 80 inches wide. Between the two towers was a wall forty inches thick. Between the 3rd level and the 2nd level, the shaft only had the width of the cut for the rope guide. The promotion took place from the 5th level to the 3rd level. In the same year the mine was connected to the Muttentalbahn . In 1850 a third shaft was started. This shaft was intended to open up the opposite wing of the nightingale trough. The new shaft was named the Catharina shaft. The shaft starting point for the new shaft was near the old Theresiastollen at Haus Steinhausen. Today the narrow-gauge railway is located in this area. With this starting point, it was no longer necessary to cut through the adjacent rock with its water-bearing layers. The shaft was sunk as a ton-length shaft in the Geitling seam. During the sinking work, the water inflows were 1/20 cubic foot per minute . The shaft was sunk to the depths of the trough. As a result, the shaft reached almost below Witten station. In 1852 the Catharina shaft was penetrated with the 5th level . In the same year the 6th level was reached in the Neptun shaft at a shallow depth of 600 meters (- 105 m above sea level). In the same year, the Hercules shaft reached the 7th level at a depth of 221 meters (- 139 m above sea level). Catharina Shaft was provided with a hoisting machine and pumps. For the extraction, the shaft was equipped with a cage on which four 10-bushel wagons could be transported. In order to transport the coal extracted from the Catharina shaft to the main facility, a siding was built above ground. After the expansion, the Nachtigall colliery was now the first large mine in Bommern.

The nightingale bridge

Information board for the route of industrial culture to the Nachtigallbrücke
Today's pedestrian bridge Nachtigallbrücke from 1988

In the heyday of Ruhr shipping there was only a bridge between Witten and the Rhine at Hattingen. With the beginning of the railway age, more and more bridges were built, which, however, impaired shipping. As early as 1829, the Nachtigall owner Ludwig von Elverfeldt had participated in the construction of the Muttentalbahn, whose horse-drawn wagons connected the mines with the Ruhr and the road to Elberfeld. In 1849, Witten was connected to the railway, but the Nachtigall colliery was on the wrong side of the Ruhr. A ferry did not solve the transport problem adequately. The application for the construction of a permanent bridge over the Ruhr led to discussions about which mode of transport should be given priority: shipping or rail. It wasn't until 1854 that the nightingale bridge was finally built. As a result, Ruhr shipping was no longer of importance for the Nachtigall colliery.

Takeover of further mine fields

In 1854 the Catharina shaft reached the 7th level at a shallow depth of 690 meters, 222 meters deep. At a shallow depth of 330 laughs, the further sinking work was postponed . On November 30th of the same year, the Nachtigall colliery consolidated together with the Aufgottgewagt, Theresia and Widerlage collieries to form the Nachtigall civil engineering colliery. At that time, the mine belonged to the Märkisches Bergamts district and there to the jury district Hardenstein . The Berechtsame existed at the time of eleven fields and covered an area of 4.4 km 2 . The operation of the mine by was led Obersteiger Neuhaus, a representative of the trade union was director Kollmann. The extraction took place in the Neptun shaft between the 6th level and the 3rd level. From there were tram to the shaft Hercules promoted and there to open pit encouraged. In 1855 pit horses were used in the Catharina construction site to transport the route on the 6th level and the 7th level. This year the Nachtigall colliery was the coal mine with the highest production in Westphalia. However, the mine continued to have severe problems with the incoming pit water. In 1855 the ratio of coal extracted to the amount of water pumped out was 1:12. All this meant that the mine very quickly lost its top position to the more modern mines in the northern Ruhr area. In 1856 a new hoisting machine was put into operation on the Hercules shaft. The steam engine had an output of 500 hp and was the most powerful machine of the time. In the same year mining was carried out under the Ruhr. A carbon copy was made to the Martha colliery . Since the pits at the Brassert shaft of this colliery had flooded , they first had to be swamped. In 1857 the Laura, Martha, Vollmar collieries and the north wing of the Braunschweig colliery were dissolved by the Nachtigall Tiefbau colliery . The coal mined from these mines was extracted from the Hercules mine. In 1860, mining on the upper levels was stopped. Catharina shaft reached a shallow depth of 837 meters. The 8th level was set at a shallower depth of 272 meters (- 190 m above sea level). The mine was merged with the Martha colliery in the same year. In 1861 the Laura, Martha collieries and the north wing of the Braunschweig colliery above the bottom of the tunnel were taken over. In 1863 a cut was made in the area of ​​the Catharina shaft on the 8th level in order to open up the 9th level. In the same year, the 9th level was set in the Catharina shaft at a shallower depth of 368 meters (- 286 m above sea level). In 1864 the 9th level was initially deferred due to strong water inflows and later swamped. In the following year, the sinking work in the Hercules shaft was resumed from the 4th level. In 1866 cutting was started in the area of ​​the Catharina shaft on the 9th level and the 10th level was set in the shaft in the seam hollow at a depth of 418 meters (- 336 m above sea level).

In 1867 the Martha colliery was opened. In the same year Schacht Hercules was penetrated with the 6th level and later also with the 7th level. In the Martha field, coal mining was also started this year on the basis of a contract. From 1868, horse transport was introduced in the southern part of the mine building . In May of the year 1868 there was a defect in the drainage machine at the Hercules shaft. As a result, the pits softened to below the 6th level. In the following year, the mine workings were swamped and the sinking work in the Hercules shaft resumed. The 8th level was set at a depth of 273 meters (- 191 m above sea level). In 1870 it came in the shaft Hercules to a plan of the rope . As a result, the mine was without production for several months. In 1871, mining in the Catharina mine was stopped. In 1873, the excavation work in the Hercules shaft continued. In 1875 the 9th level was set in the Hercules shaft at a depth of 368 meters (- 286 m above sea level). In 1876 the 10th level was set in the Hercules shaft at a depth of 449 meters (-367 m above sea level). The shaft reached a final depth of 94 meters. On November 21 of the same year, the mechanical cableway was introduced in the Hercules shaft . As a result, the miners no longer had to climb through the shaft to reach their workplace.

The last few years until the shutdown

In 1878 there were major dewatering problems in the mine, as a result of which the mine workings were temporarily under water up to the 8th level. In the same year, the mining activities at the Catharina shaft below the Ruhr valley were stopped. In the years 1880 and 1882 there were again problems with the dewatering. Although the mine was equipped with two dewatering machines, the problems could hardly be controlled. The rods of the dewatering machines broke several times. As a result, regular operation of the mine was hardly feasible. On January 27, 1883 , the Nachtigall colliery consolidated with the Helene colliery to form the United Helene-Nachtigall colliery. In 1892 the deposits in the Nachtigall construction site were largely exhausted. The coal seams that were still there were no longer worth building . Added to this were the constant problems with drainage. All of this made the mine unprofitable. The Nachtigall colliery was therefore closed in 1892. The Hercules shaft was closed with a vault and only filled with concrete towards the end of the 20th century . The connection to the Helene colliery was cut off . Funding could continue there until 1896.

Promotion and workforce

The first known production figures date back to 1803, this year 66,000 were ringed coal promoted. The first known workforce figures come from 1805, when ten miners were employed at the mine who produced 43,000 ringlets of hard coal. The workforce consisted of four coal miners , two stone hunters and four cart runners . In 1824 50,000 bushels and in 1828 90,000 bushels of hard coal were mined. In 1832 the production amounted to 87,667 bushels of hard coal. In 1834, 15,065 tons of hard coal were mined. In 1835, 21,260 tons of hard coal were mined. In 1837 the workforce was 136 and the production was 26,723 tons of hard coal. In 1840 the production sank to 20,765 tons of hard coal. In 1843 there was a slight increase in production to 22,622 tons of hard coal. In 1845 the workforce fluctuated between 60 and 74 employees, the production was 14,408 tonnes of hard coal. In 1847 the production sank to 11,799 tons of hard coal, the workforce was 32 to 62 employees. In 1854 there were 359 employees in the mine, 79,273 tons of coal were extracted.

In 1855 460 people were employed at the mine, the production amounted to 463,691 ½ Prussian tons of hard coal. In 1857, 95,372 tons of hard coal were extracted from the mine, this was the maximum extraction of the mine. The workforce was 467 this year. In 1858 451 people were employed at the mine, the production amounted to 87,145 tons of hard coal. In the year 1860 71,170 tons of hard coal were produced in the mine, the workforce was 387 employees. In 1865 76,012 tons of hard coal were mined, the workforce was 383 employees. In 1867 77,301 tons of hard coal were mined, the workforce was 464 employees. In 1870 the workforce was 570, despite a long disruption in the Hercules mine, 56,233 tons of hard coal were mined that year. In 1875, 85,497 tons of hard coal were mined, the workforce was 527 employees. In 1877, 81,247 tons of hard coal were mined. In 1880, 66,464 tons of hard coal were mined, the workforce was 269 employees. The last known production figures before the consolidation to the United Helene Nachtigall colliery date from 1882, when 286 employees produced 52,665 tonnes of hard coal.

Successor use

The building of the brick factory

Some time after the colliery was closed, the entrepreneur Wilhelm Dünkelberg took over the site. First he had a large part of the building demolished, then he built a brick factory on the former colliery site. In 1897, Dünkelberg had two ring kilns built. The ovens were built in the area of ​​the former Hercules shaft. Some buildings of the former colliery, such as the workshop building and the hoisting machine building, were still used. To supply the brickworks with fuel, Dünkelberg put the United Nightingale into operation. In 1964, the Dünkelberg brickworks was closed. Subsequently, the site was also used as a scrapyard for a while. In 1982 the Westphalian Industrial Museum took over the former company premises. Today the LWL-Industriemuseum Zeche Nachtigall is located on the site of the former Nachtigall colliery .

literature

  • Gerhard Koetter: Hard coal under Witten. From the tunnels on Helenenberg to the Hamburg & Franziska mine (=  contributions to the history of the city of Witten . Volume 6 ). VOHM , Witten 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-029412-9 .
  • Gerhard Koetter: Mining in the Muttental. Geology and history of the Witten mining trail . G. Koetter, Witten 2001 ISBN 3-00-008659-5
  • Ingrid Telsemeyer (Ed.): Nightingale colliery. Museum guide . LWL industrial museum. Regional Association of Westphalia-Lippe . Klartext, Essen 2005, ISBN 3-89861-179-5 , (Westfälisches Industriemuseum: Kleine Reihe 26).
  • Gerhard Koetter: When coal was still the future. Mining history and geology of the Muttental and the Nachtigall colliery. Klartext, Essen 2017

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Joachim Huske : Die Coal mine in the Ruhr area. Data and facts from the beginning to 2005 (= publications from the German Mining Museum Bochum 144) 3rd revised and expanded edition. Self-published by the German Mining Museum, Bochum 2006, ISBN 3-937203-24-9 .
  2. ↑ Baedeker (Ed.): Allianz Travel Guide Ruhr Area. 1st edition, Verlag Karl Baedeker GmbH, Ostfildern 2010, ISBN 978-3-8297-1182-1 .
  3. ^ Susanne Christ: HB Bildatlas Ruhrgebiet. HB Verlag, Ostfildern 2007, ISBN 978-3-616-06367-6 .
  4. ↑ The coal of the Ruhr area . Compilation of the most important mines in the Ruhr coal mining area, specifying the quality of the coal mined, the rail connections, as well as the mining and freight rates. Second completely revised and completed edition, publishing bookstore of the M. DuMont-Schauberg'schen Buchhandlung, Cologne 1874.
  5. ↑ a b c d Olaf Schmidt-Rutsch: The way into the depth. A new permanent exhibition in the LWL-Industriemuseum Zeche Nachtigall . In: Museum Aktuell, July 2007
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: The old collieries on the Ruhr. 4th edition. Publishing house Karl Robert Langewiesche, successor Hans Köster, Königstein i. Taunus 1994, ISBN 3-7845-6992-7 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Olaf Schmidt-Rutsch: Cradle of the Ruhr mining industry: The nightingale colliery in Witten - the digital reconstruction of the nightingale colliery . In: Conference proceedings (old) mining and research in NRW 2012
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h Nightingale colliery . In: Witten Tourist Office. (Ed.): Mining circuit Muttental, 7th edition, Witten 1988
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Gustav Adolf Wüstenfeld: Early sites of the Ruhr mining industry. Monograph on the history of the Ruhr area, Gustav Adolf Wüstenfeld-Verlag, Wetter-Wengern 1975, ISBN 3-922014-01-1
  10. ↑ a b c d Nightingale colliery . In: City of Witten. (Ed.): Open Monument Day, Witten 2011
  11. ↑ a b Kammerer-Charlottenburg: The technology of load handling then and now. Study of the development of hoisting machines and their influence on economic life and cultural history, printing and publishing by R. Oldenbourg, Munich and Berlin.
  12. ↑ Ingrid Telsemeyer (Ed.): Zeche Nachtigall. Museum guide . 1st edition. Westfälisches Industriemuseum, Dortmund 2005, ISBN 3-89861-179-5 , p. 118 .
  13. ↑ a b c d e Ludwig Herrmann Wilhelm Jacobi : The mining, metallurgy and trade of the government district Arnsberg in statistical representation. Published by Julius Bädeker, Iserlohn 1857.
  14. ↑ Ingrid Telsenmeyer (ed.): Zeche Nachtigall. Museum guide . 1st edition. Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Dortmund 2005, ISBN 3-89861-179-5 , p. 119 .
  15. ↑ a b c d Thomas Parent: The Ruhr area; From the golden middle ages to industrial culture. 5th edition. DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern 2011, ISBN 978-3-7701-3159-4 .

Web links

Commons : Zeche Nachtigall  - Collection of images, videos and audio files