635–649: After the Tibetans have defeated some border tribes between China and Tibet, which up to this point served as a buffer between the two states, armed conflicts with China now follow. These are resolved through the marriage of Emperor Songtsen Gampo with the Chinese Princess Wen Cheng .
677: After Songtsen Gampo's death, further armed conflicts with the Chinese ensue, with a total of six documented written contracts, which were broken alternately by China and Tibet. At that time, Tibet dominated the entire Tarim Basin .
747: The legendary Indian Padmasambhava introduces Buddhism in its tantric form into Tibet. He built the first Buddhist monastery in Samye . Rapid spread of Buddhist teachings (followers later form the Nyingmapa school ).
763: The Tibetans temporarily conquer the Chinese capital Chang'an (today: Xi'an ).
821: Thri Relpacen signs the final peace treaty with Tang China, in which both sides recognize each other as equals.
836–842: Persecution of Buddhists under King Lang Darma and revival of the old shamanistic Bon religion.
1073: Foundation of the Sangphu Ne'uthog ( Tib . : gsang phu ne'u thog ) monastery, the oldest monastery school in Tibet, about 20 km south of Lhasa. Establishment of the Sakya monastery in Tsang . The Sakya school, which was initially strongly influenced by the teachings of the Nyingma school, was initially only an insignificant Buddhist school of its time.
1189: Foundation of the Tshurphu monastery as the basis of the Karma Kagyüpa school in the central Tibetan area.
1268: The Mongols completely conquer the area of today's Tibet , which up to this point was not a unified state. Kublai Khan gives the abbots of the Sakya monasteries feudal rule over Tibet (viceroyalty).
1290: A Tibetan uprising against the foreign rule of the Mongols is bloodily suppressed, with 10,000 Tibetans losing their lives.
1368: With the collapse of the Yuan , the supremacy of the Sakya ends.
1400–1600: The heyday of Tibetan monastery culture.
1409: Tsongkhapa (1357–1419) founds Ganden Monastery (east of Lhasa) and the Gelugpa school , which soon became the most important religious and political factor.
1447 The astronomer Phugpa Lhündrub Gyatsho completes his famous astronomical work Padma dkar-po'i zhal lung
1556: In the internal skirmishes that have been going on since 1450, the princes of the Tsang province with their center Xigazê prevail and become the kings of central Tibet.
1578: Sönam Gyatsho , the third great abbot of the Gelugpa, receives the title " Dalai Lama " from the Mongolian ruler Altan Khan . The Mongols adopt the Buddhist teaching. Only after this meeting will Sönam Gyatsho's two predecessors be posthumously awarded the title “Dalai Lama”.
17.-18. century
1601: The fourth Dalai Lama leaves for Lhasa with a detachment of mounted warriors and is installed there by the Gelugpa as the fourth Dalai Lama in a splendid ceremony, which is the first time that a Mongol has been allowed to hold the high office of ruler of Tibet.
1605: A ruler standing behind the Kagyüpa sends a force to Lhasa to drive out the eastern Mongolian cavalry of the fourth Dalai Lama.
1617: Ngawang Lobsang Gyatsho (1617–1682), still known today in Tibetan Buddhism as the "great fifth" , is born and was supposed to unite the politically fragmented Tibet around 1630, fundamentally reform the Dalai Lama's institution, a hierocratic " papal state " in Tibet introduce, assert the supremacy of the Gelugpa and have the mighty Potala Palace built in Lhasa, the new capital of Tibet. Until 1959, the Dalai Lamas would remain both the spiritual and political leaders of Tibet.
1642: In early summer the 5th Dalai Lama moves into Samzhubzê , which was conquered with the help of the Mongols, and ascends the throne of the slain King of Tsang Karma Tenkyong Wangpo (Tib .: karma bstan skyong dbang po ; 1606–1643).
1705: Lhabsang Khan , ruler of the Qoshot Mongols, conquers Lhasa, killing the regent Desi Sanggye Gyatsho. Lhabsang Khan deposed the 6th Dalai Lama Tshangyang Gyatsho and installed Yeshe Gyatsho (Tib .: ye shes rgya mtsho ) as the “rightful” 6th Dalai Lama; Tshangyang Gyatsho is deported to China and dies on the way.
1709: The Manchus send the first imperial representative to Lhasa.
1717: Invasion of the Djungars under Tshewang Rabten . The Djungars conquer Lhasa, kill Lhabsang Khan and establish a reign of terror, loot and destroy over 500 Nyingma -pa monasteries, including Dorje Drag and Mindrölling . Tagtsepa takes over the leadership of the Tibetan government.
1720: The 7th Dalai Lama is enthroned in the Potala Palace after a military intervention by the Manchu or China under Kangxi with the support of the Tibetans. Tagtsepa is executed. Establishment of a provisional military government under Chinese leadership in Lhasa.
1721 Assumption of government power in Tibet by a Council of Ministers (Tib .: bka 'shag ) under the leadership of Khangchenne .
1723: The Chinese garrison withdraws from Lhasa.
1727 Khangchenne is murdered by members of the Council of Ministers led by Ngaphöpa Dorje Gyelpo (tib .: nga phod pa rdo rje rgyal po ) and Lumpane Trashi Gyelpo (tib .: lum pa nas bkra shis rgyal po ). Beginning of the Tibetan Civil War.
1728 Miwang Pholhane Sönam Tobgye victoriously ends the Tibetan civil war. A Chinese army called up by him moves into Lhasa. Ngaphöpa Dorje Gyelpo and Lumpane Trashi Gyelpo are executed. The 7th Dalai Lama is for six years after Garthar (Tib .: MGAR thar ) near Lithang brought into exile.
1729 Miwang Pholhane Sönam Tobgye took over government in Tibet.
1735 The 7th Dalai Lama returns to Lhasa.
1747 death of Miwang Pholhane Sönam Tobgye. His son Gyurme Namgyel took over power .
1750 Assassination of Gyurme Namgyel by the Chinese Ambane. Lobsang Trashi organizes a revolt in Lhasa against Chinese domination. Beginning of the short interregnum of Gashi Pandita Gönpo Ngödrub Rabten.
1751 Lobsang Trashi is executed. Arrival of a Chinese occupation force under General Cereng. The 7th Dalai takes over government power in the reorganized Manchu-Chinese protectorate of Tibet.
1751-1910: The emperor of the Manchu -Chinese Qing Dynasty practice the aegis of about Tibet.
1777 Death of the 1st demo regent. The 1st Tshemön Ling regent Ngawang Tshälthrim took over government power (Tib .: tshe smon gling ngag dbang tshul khrims ; 1721–1791).
1789 Assumption of government by the 1st Tatshag regent Yeshe Lobsang Tenpe Gönpo (Tib .: rta tshag ye shes blo bzang bstan pa'i mgon po ; 1760–1810).
1792: At the time of the eighth Dalai Lama , the Gurkha’s second military incursion into Tibet is repulsed with the help of the Chinese army sent by Emperor Qianlong .
19. – 21. century
1876: On May 27th, the 13th Dalai Lama was born in southeastern Tibet and was to lead a policy of reform during his life.
1890: The British negotiate a treaty with representatives of Manchu-China, which claims government power over Tibet, and set the borders between Tibet and Sikkim in the Sikkim-Tibet treaty , but the Tibetans take action when they set the new border posts tear out.
1894: The governor of the Chinese Emperor in Tibet ( Amban ) is expelled by the Dalai Lama. Manchu-China describes this action as the illegal separation of Tibet from China. However, since the Dalai Lama is supported by Great Britain in this action, the Manchu government cannot do anything about the expulsion of the governor.
1897: The Dalai Lama is so sure of his political power that he no longer considers it necessary to consult the representatives of the Manchu Emperor on appointing officials.
1904: The British invade Tibet under the guise of a trade mission with 3,000 men and on the way to Lhasa they encounter a poorly equipped Tibetan army with only 1,500 men. A massacre ensues and most of the Tibetan soldiers are killed by the British Maxim Guns . On August 2, the British arrive in Lhasa, which had previously been abandoned by the Dalai Lama, who fled to Mongolia. In the Treaty of Lhasa, which was made binding for China by an additional agreement of 1907, Great Britain defined the Tibetan borders and claimed trade privileges.
1905: In March there is a Tibetan uprising in which many Manchu officials and two Catholic priests are killed. In response, 2,000 Manchu soldiers marched into the area, had Tibetan officials executed and set fire to a monastery.
1906: Monks in eastern Tibet who surrendered after a siege of the Manchu are executed. Chinese temples are being built in the place of Tibetan ones and Tibetans will now have to pay taxes to Manchu China for the first time.
1908: In September the Thirteenth Dalai Lama visits the capital of the Manchu Empire.
1909: The Dalai Lama is allowed to return to Lhasa, but Zhao Erfeng marches there with 2,000 soldiers. Tibetan sources speak of cruel atrocities committed by this army on their march to Lhasa.
1910: The Thirteenth Dalai Lama lives in India from March.
1911: After the fall of the Qing Dynasty in China, the Chinese garrisons stationed in Tibet are evacuated.
1912: The Chinese Republic is proclaimed in February . Although Tibet is declared a province of China, the Dalai Lama proclaimed its independence in June.
1913: The Dalai Lama returns to Lhasa after 8 years of exile.
1914 (3.7.): The British-Tibetan-Chinese Agreement of Shimla , in which the sovereignty of China over Tibet and the autonomy of the "Outer Tibet" are established. China does not ratify this convention, but still claims its sovereignty over Tibet. Britain and Tibet are negotiating the border between India and Tibet without the participation of China. Great Britain will previously receive Tibetan territory and annex it to India.
1939: In July Tendzin Gyatsho (born July 6, 1935) is officially confirmed as the 14th Dalai Lama by the Tibetan government.
1940: On February 22nd, Tendzin Gyatsho is enthroned as the 14th Dalai Lama at the age of 4½ years. He received education and training in the Potala Palace in Lhasa.
1950 In October 40,000 soldiers of the People's Liberation Army march into Eastern Tibet and liquidate 5,000 Tibetan soldiers, whereupon the Tibetan army surrenders. (Nov. 17): In view of the Chinese threat, the 15-year-old Dalai Lama takes over the business of government prematurely.
1951 (May 23): The Tibetans are forced to sign the 17-point agreement with the People's Republic of China, which guarantees Tibet autonomy and freedom of worship. Chinese civil and military authorities are increasingly being used in Tibet. The first Chinese troops arrive in Lhasa in October.
1954: On September 12, the Dalai Lama in Beijing holds first talks with Mao Zedong about a peaceful settlement of the Tibet conflict and leaves in June 1955 without having reached a mutually satisfactory agreement.
1957–1961: A total of eight small guerrilla teams, which were trained by the Americans, are deployed via Tibet by the CIA . However, these efforts ended with little success.
1958: The communists take complete control of Kham and Amdo and fight some battles with the nomads who live there. On June 16, 1958, Chushi Gangdrug is proclaimed.
1959: The Tibet uprising breaks out in Lhasa , behind which China suspects the machinations of the CIA. According to Chinese sources, the People's Liberation Army kills 86,000 Tibetans. The 14th Dalai Lama flees to India , where he forms a government in exile in Dharmshala ( Himachal Pradesh ) . During the escape in Lhüntse Dzong and again in Mussoorie on June 20, the "17-point agreement" with the People's Republic of China was declared invalid. To this day, hundreds of thousands of Tibetans have followed the Dalai Lama into exile.
1960: Power is gradually transferred from the People's Liberation Army to the local CCP authorities.
1962: The 10th Panchen Lama criticizes the mismanagement and destructive policies of the People's Republic of China after an inspection tour through Tibet. He submitted a so-called "70,000-mark petition" to the CCP, exposing certain abuses in the belief that the CCP wanted to reform itself.
1963 (March 10th): The 14th Dalai Lama proclaims a democratic constitution for Tibet while in exile in India.
1965 (Sep 9): Establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region . Half of the original national territory (Amdo and Kham ) is annexed to Chinese provinces.
1966–1976: During the Chinese " Cultural Revolution ", most of the cultural monuments and religious centers (monasteries, schools, libraries, etc.) in Tibet are destroyed, and monks and opponents of the regime are persecuted, tortured and executed. While in the West the estimate of more than one million Tibetan (fatal) victims assumes, other estimates, which mainly take account of demographic developments, assume around 100,000 to a maximum of 200,000 fatalities. In addition, almost all of the approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed. Only eight monasteries remained intact.
Since 1976: After Mao's death there is a “capitalist counterrevolution” by Deng Xiaoping . The people's communes established during and after the Cultural Revolution of 1966 , in which many Tibetans had to live forcibly, will be dissolved and the residents will be able to return home. Since then, a revival of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions has been tolerated under Chinese supervision. Monasteries are being rebuilt.
1987: In June, the US House of Representatives accuses China of "invading and occupying" Tibet in 1950.
1988: In June the Dalai Lama declared in front of the European Parliament in Strasbourg that he was ready to negotiate with China about real autonomy from Tibet.
1989: On January 17th, the Panchen Lama, who has since been released, speaks out in favor of cooperation with the Dalai Lama and dies five days later, according to official reports, of a heart attack. On March 7th, Hu Jintao declared martial law after two days of protests in which 70 Tibetans were killed. On December 10th, the 14th Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, among other things, because he propagated the non-violent struggle of the Tibetans against the oppression of China.
1992 (September 22): The Chinese government publishes a white paper on Tibet, in which the country is identified as an inseparable part of China .
1995 (May 15): The 14th Dalai Lama recognizes Gendün Chökyi Nyima as the reincarnation of the 10th Penchen Lama (d. 1989). China reacts to this with the installation Gyeltshen Norbus as the 11th Penchen Lama (November 29th) and abducts Gendün Chökyi Nyima and his family to an unknown location.
↑ Fahu Chen, Frido Welker, Chuan-Chou Shen, […] and Jean-Jacques Hublin : A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. In: Nature. Online pre-publication from May 1, 2019, doi: 10.1038 / s41586-019-1139-x
