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{{Infobox_University
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|image_name =
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[[Image:Armeniangenocide deadpeople.jpg|thumb|right|250px|]]
|name = New York Law School
{{Armenian Genocide}}
|motto = ''Juris praecepta sunt haec: honeste vivere, autem non laedere, suum cuique tribuere.''<br/>The precepts of the law are these: to live justly, not to injure anyone, and to render to each person what is due.<br/>-''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' (''Justinian Code'')
The '''Armenian Genocide''' ({{Lang-hy|Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւն}}, {{Lang-tr|Ermeni Soykırımı}}), also known as the '''Armenian Holocaust''', the '''Armenian Massacres''' and, by Armenians, the '''Great Calamity''' (Մեծ Եղեռն)&mdash;refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction ([[genocide]]) of the [[Armenian people|Armenian]] population of the [[Ottoman Empire]] during and just after [[World War I]]. It was characterised by the use of [[Wiktionary:massacre|massacres]], and the use of [[deportation]]s involving [[death march|forced marches]] under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees, with the total number of Armenian deaths generally held to have been between one and one-and-a-half million. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Empire during this period, including [[Assyrian Genocide|Assyrians]] and [[Pontic Greek Genocide|Greeks]], and some scholars consider the events to be part of the same policy of extermination.<ref>Schaller, Dominik J. and Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008) '[[DOI:10.1080/14623520801950820|Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction]]', Journal of Genocide Research, 10:1, 7–14</ref>
|established = [[June 11]], [[1891]]

|type = [[Private school|Private]]
It is widely acknowledged to have been one of the first modern, systematic [[genocide]]s,<ref>Ferguson, Niall. ''The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West''. New York: Penguin Press, 2006 p. 177 ISBN 1-5942-0100-5</ref><ref name="IAGS">[http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars]</ref> as many Western sources point to the sheer scale of the [[Ottoman Armenian casualties|death toll]] as evidence for a systematic, organized plan to eliminate the Armenians.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/R?r110:FLD001:S03144|title = Senate Resolution 106 - - Calling on the President to ensure that the foreign policy of the United States reflects appropriate understanding and sensitivity concerning issues related to Human Rights, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocide Documented in the United States Record relating to the Armenian Genocide|publisher = Library of Congress}}</ref>
|endowment = $208,000,000 <ref>[http://tfcny.fdncenter.org/990_pdf_archive/135/135645885/135645885_200606_990.pdf], New York Law School IRS form 990 (2005), line 21</ref>

|dean = Richard A. Matasar
The date of the onset of the genocide is conventionally held to be April 24, 1915, the day that Ottoman authorities arrested some [[Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital in 1915|250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders]] in [[Constantinople]]. Thereafter, the Ottoman military uprooted Armenians from their homes and forced them to march for hundreds of miles, depriving them of food and water, to the desert of what is now [[Syria]]. Massacres were indiscriminate of age or gender, with [[rape]] and other [[sexual abuse]] commonplace. The Armenian Genocide is the second most-studied case of genocide.<ref name="nazi">Rummel R. J. "''The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective''". The Journal of Social Issues. Volume 3, no.2. April 1, 1998. Retrieved April 30, 2007.</ref>
|city = [[New York City]]

|state = [[New York]]
The [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], the [[successor state]] of the Ottoman Empire, does not accept the word ''genocide'' as an accurate description of the events.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070301211630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6045182.stm |title=Q&A: Armenian 'genocide' |author=BBC News Europe |publisher=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=2006-12-29|date=[[2006-10-12]]}}</ref> In recent years, it has faced repeated calls to accept the events as genocide. To date, twenty-one countries have [[Recognition of the Armenian Genocide|officially recognized the events of the period as genocide]], and most scholars<ref>[http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm Letter] from the [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] to [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Prime Minister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], June 13, 2005</ref> and historians<ref>Kamiya, Gary. [http://www.salon.com/opinion/kamiya/2007/10/16/armenian_genocide/ Genocide: An inconvenient truth] salon.com. October 16, 2007.</ref> accept this view.<ref>Jaschik, Scott. [http://hnn.us/articles/43861.html Genocide Deniers]. ''History News Network''. October 10, 2007.</ref><ref>Kifner, John. [http://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html#jumpto Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> The majority of [[Armenian diaspora]] communities were founded as a result of the Armenian genocide.
|country = [[United States|USA]]

|students = 1,480
==Prelude==
|faculty = Full time, 76; Adjunct, 175
{{Main|Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Armenian population}}
|campus = [[urban area|Urban]]

|website= [http://www.nyls.edu/ www.nyls.edu]
===Life under Ottoman rule===
[[Image:Armenians.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Armenian-populated regions in [[Anatolia]] and the [[Transcaucasus]] before the genocide.]]
[[Image:Ethnicturkey1911.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The majority of the Armenian population was concentrated in the east of the Ottoman Empire.]]
In the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Muslim ''[[dhimmi]]'' system, Armenians, as [[Christian]]s, were guaranteed limited freedoms (such as the right to worship), but were treated as [[second-class citizen]]s. Christians and [[Jew]]s were not considered equals to [[Muslim]]s: testimony against Muslims by Christians and Jews was inadmissible in courts of law. They were forbidden to carry weapons or ride atop horses, their houses could not overlook those of Muslims, and their religious practices would have to defer to those of Muslims, in addition to various other legal limitations.<ref>[[Taner Akcam|Akcam, Taner]]. ''A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility''. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006 p. 24 ISBN 0-8050-7932-7</ref> Violation of these statutes could result in punishments ranging from the levying of fines to execution.

The three major European powers, [[Great Britain]], [[France]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]] (known as the Great Powers), took issue with the Empire's treatment of its Christian minorities and increasingly pressured the Ottoman government (also known as the [[Sublime Porte]]) to extend equal rights to all its citizens. Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government implemented the [[Tanzimat]] reforms to improve the situation of minorities, although these would prove largely ineffective. By the late 1870s, [[Greece]], along with several countries of the [[Balkans]], frustrated with conditions, had, often with the help of the Powers, broken free of Ottoman rule. Armenians, for the most part, remained passive during these years, earning them the title of ''millet-i sadıka'' or the "loyal millet."<ref>[[Vahakn Dadrian|Dadrian, Vahakn N]]. ''The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus''. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995 p. 192 ISBN 1-5718-1666-6</ref>

The [[Duke of Argyll]] called the Ottoman government ". . . a Government incurably barbarous and corrupt."<ref>Avetoon Pesak Hacobian, "Armenia and the War: An Armenian's point of view, with an appeal to Britain and the coming Peace Conference", 1918, p. 155</ref>

===Reform implementation, 1860s–1880s ===
{{Main|Armenian Question}}
In the mid-1860s to early 1870s, Armenians began to ask for better treatment from the Ottoman government. After amassing the signatures of peasants from eastern [[Anatolia]], the [[Armenian Communal Council]] had petitioned to the Ottoman government to redress the issues that the peasants complained about: "the looting and murder in Armenian towns by [Muslim] [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] and [[Circassian]]s, improprieties during tax collection, criminal behavior by government officials and the refusal to accept Christians as witnesses in trial."<ref>Akcam. ''A Shameful Act''. p. 36</ref> The Ottoman government considered these grievances and promised to punish those responsible.

Following the violent suppression of Christians in the uprisings in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Serbia]] in 1875, the Great Powers invoked the 1856 [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] by claiming that it gave them the right to intervene and protect the Ottoman Empire's Christian minorities.<ref>Akcam. ''A Shameful Act''. pp. 35ff</ref> Under growing pressure, the government declared itself a constitutional monarchy (which was almost immediately dissolved) and entered into negotiations with the powers. At the same time, the Armenian patriarchate of Constantinople, [[Nerses II]], forwarded Armenian complaints of widespread "forced land seizure&nbsp;...&nbsp;forced conversion of women and children, arson, [[Protection racket|protection extortion]], rape, and murder" to the Powers.<ref>Akcam. ''A Shameful Act''. p. 37</ref>

After the conclusion of the 1877–1878 [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]], Armenians began to look more towards [[Tsarist Russia]] as the guarantors of their security. Nerses approached the Russian leadership during its negotiations with the Ottomans in [[San Stefano]] and in the [[Treaty of San Stefano|eponymous treaty]], convinced them to insert a clause, Article 16, that stipulated that Russian forces occupying the Armenian provinces would only withdraw with the full implementation of Ottoman reforms.<ref>Article 16 stated that "As the evacuation of the Russian troops of the territory they occupy in Armenia ... might give rise to conflicts and complications detrimental to the maintenance of good relations between the two countries, the [[Sublime Porte]] engaged to carry into effect, without further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by Armenians and to guarantee their security from Kurds and [[Circassians]]."</ref> Great Britain was troubled with Russia holding on to so much Ottoman territory and forced it to enter into new negotiations with the convening of the [[Congress of Berlin]] on June 13, 1878. Armenians also entered into these negotiations and stated that they sought [[autonomy]], not independence from the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Akcam. ''A Shameful Act''. p. 38</ref> They partially succeeded as Article 61 of the [[Treaty of Berlin]] contained the same text as Article 16 but removed any mention that Russian forces would remain in the provinces; instead, the Ottoman government was to periodically inform the Great Powers of the progress of the reforms.

===The Hamidian Massacres, 1894–1896 ===
{{main|Hamidian Massacres}}
In 1876, the Ottoman government was led by [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]]. From the beginning of the reform period after the signing of the Berlin treaty, Hamid II attempted to stall their implementation and asserted that Armenians did not make up a majority in the provinces and that Armenian reports of abuses were largely exaggerated or false. In 1890, Hamid II created a [[paramilitary]] outfit known as the ''[[Kurdish-Armenian relations|Hamidiye]]'' which was made up of Kurdish irregulars who were tasked to "deal with the Armenians as he wished."<ref>[[Peter Balakian|Balakian, Peter]]. ''The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response''. New York: Perennial, 2003. p. 40 ISBN 0-0601-9840-0</ref> As Ottoman officials intentionally provoked rebellions (often as a result of over-taxation) in Armenian populated towns, such as the [[Sasun Resistance]] in 1894, these regiments were increasingly used to deal with the Armenians by way of oppression and massacre. Armenians successfully fought off the regiments and brought the excesses to the attention of the Great Powers in 1895 who subsequently condemned the Porte.<ref>Akcam. ''A Shameful Act''. pp. 40–42</ref>

The Powers forced Hamid to sign a new reform package designed to curtail the powers of the ''Hamidiye'' in October 1895 but like the Berlin treaty, was never implemented. On October 1, 1895, 2,000 Armenians assembled in Constantinople to petition for the implementation of the reforms but Ottoman police units converged towards the rally and violently broke it up.<ref>Balakian. ''The Burning Tigris''. pp. 57–58</ref> Soon, massacres of Armenians broke out in Constantinople and then engulfed the rest of the Armenian populated provinces of [[Bitlis]], [[Diyarbekir]], [[Harput]], [[Sivas]], [[Trebizond]] and [[Van]]. Estimates differ on how many Armenians were killed but European documentation of the violence, which became known as the [[Hamidian massacres]], placed the figures from anywhere between 100,000–300,000&nbsp;Armenians.<ref>The German Foreign Ministry operative, [[Ernst Jackh]], estimated that 200,000&nbsp;Armenians were killed and a further 50,000 expelled from the provinces during the Hamidian unrest. French diplomats placed the figures to 250,000 killed. The German pastor [[Johannes Lepsius]] was more meticulous in his calculations, counting the deaths of 88,000&nbsp;Armenians and the destruction of 2,500&nbsp;villages, 645&nbsp;churches and monasteries, and the plundering of hundreds of churches, of which 328 were converted into mosques.</ref>

Although Hamid was never directly implicated for ordering the massacres, he was suspected for their tacit approval and for not acting to end them.<ref>Akcam. ''A Shameful Act''. p. 42</ref> Frustrated with European indifference to the massacres, Armenians from the [[Dashnaktsutiun]] political party [[1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover|seized]] the European managed [[Ottoman Bank]] on August 26, 1896. This incident brought further sympathy for Armenians in Europe and was lauded by the European and American press, which vilified Hamid and painted him as the "great assassin" and "bloody Sultan."<ref>Balakian. ''The Burning Tigris''. p. 35, 115</ref> While the Great Powers vowed to take action and enforce new reforms, these never came into fruition due to conflicting political and economical interests.

==Dissolution of the Empire==
{{Seealso|Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire‎}}
===The Young Turk Revolution, 1908===
{{main|Young Turk Revolution}}
On July 24, 1908, Armenians' hopes for equality in the empire brightened once more when a [[coup d'état]] staged by officers in the [[Turkish Third Army]] based in [[Salonika]], removed Hamid II from power and restored the country back to a constitutional monarchy. The officers were part of the [[Young Turks|Young Turk]] movement that wanted to reform administration of the decadent state of the Ottoman Empire and modernize it to European standards. The movement was an anti-Hamidian coalition made up of two distinct groups: the [[Secularity|secular]] [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[constitutionalism|constitutionalists]] and the [[Nationalism|nationalists]]; the former was more [[democracy|democratic]] and accepted Armenians into their wing whereas the latter was more intolerant in regard to Armenian-related issues and their frequent requests for European assistance.<ref>Balakian. ''The Burning Tigris''. pp. 140–141</ref> In 1902, during a congress of the Young Turks held in [[Paris]], the heads of the liberal wing, [[Sabahheddin Bey]] and [[Ahmed Riza]], partially persuaded the nationalists to include in their objectives to ensure some rights to all the minorities of the empire.

Among the numerous factions of the Young Turks also included the political organization [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP). Originally a [[secret society]] made up of army officers based in Salonika, the CUP proliferated amongst military circles as more army mutinies took place throughout the empire. In 1908, elements of the Third Army and the Second Army Corps declared their opposition to the Sultan and threatened to march on the capital to depose him. Hamid, shaken by the wave of resentment, stepped down from power as Armenians, Greeks, [[Arab]]s, [[Bulgarians]] and Turks alike rejoiced in his dethronement.<ref>Balakian. ''The Burning Tigris''. pp. 143–144</ref>

===The Adana Massacre, 1909===
{{main|Adana Massacre}}
[[Image:Adanamass.PNG|thumb|right|220px|An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed after the massacres in [[Adana]] in 1909.]]

A [[Countercoup of 1909|countercoup]] took place on April 13, 1909. Some Ottoman military elements, joined by [[Islamism|Islamic]] [[theological]] students, aimed to return control of the country to the Sultan and the rule of [[Islamic law]]. Riots and fighting broke out between the reactionary forces and CUP forces, until the CUP was able to put down the uprising and [[court-martial]] the opposition leaders.

While the movement initially targeted the nascent Young Turk government, it spilled over into [[pogrom]]s against Armenians who were perceived as having supported the restoration of the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|constitution]].<ref>Akcam. ''A Shameful Act''. pp. 68–69</ref> When Ottoman Army troops were called in, many accounts record that instead of trying to quell the violence they actually took part in pillaging Armenian enclaves in [[Adana]] province.<ref name=daysof>
{{cite news |title=Days of horror described; American missionary an eyewitness of murder and rapine. |url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50612F63A5512738DDDA10A94DC405B898CF1D3 |author=unnamed |date=1909-04-28 |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |accessdate=2008-03-18}}</ref> 15,000–30,000&nbsp;Armenians were killed in the course of the "[[Adana Massacre]]".<ref>Akcam. ''A shameful act''. p. 69</ref><ref name=30t>
{{cite news |title=30,000 Killed in massacres; Conservative estimate of victims of Turkish fanaticism in Adana Vilayet |url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C10F93C5A15738DDDAC0A94DC405B898CF1D3 |author=unnamed |date=1909-04-25 |publisher=''The New York Times'' |accessdate=2008-03-18 }}</ref>

== The Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917 period==
In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered [[World War I]] on the side of the [[Central Powers]]. Minister of War [[Enver Pasha]] developed a plan to encircle and destroy the Russian [[Caucasus Army]] at [[Sarıkamış]], to regain territories lost to Russia after the [[Russo-Turkish War]] of 1877–1878. Enver Pasha's forces were routed at the [[Battle of Sarikamis]], and almost completely destroyed. Returning to Constantinople, Enver publicly blamed his defeat on Armenians living in the region actively siding with the Russians.<ref>Balakian. ''The Burning Tigris'', p. 200</ref>
{{Seealso|Caucasus Campaign}}

=== Labor battalions, February 25===
{{Further|[[Labour battalion (Turkey)|Labour battalions]]}}
On February 25, 1915, The War minister [[Enver Pasha]] sent an order to all military units that Armenians in the active Ottoman forces be demobilized and assigned to the unarmed [[Labour battalion]] (Turkish: ''amele taburlari''). Enver Pasha explained this decision as "out of fear that they would collaborate with the Russians". As a tradition, the Ottoman Army drafted non-Muslim males only between the ages of 20 and 45 into the regular army. The younger (15–20) and older (45–60) non-Muslim soldiers had always been used as logistical support through the labor battalions. Before February, some of the Armenian recruits were utilized as laborers (''hamals''), though they too would ultimately be executed.<ref>Toynbee, Arnold. ''Armenian Atrocities: The Murder of a Nation''. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1915. pp. 181–2</ref>

Transferring Armenian conscripts from active field (armed) to passive, unarmed logistic section was an important aspect of the subsequent genocide. As reported in "[[The Memoirs of Naim Bey]]", the extermination of the Armenians in these battalions was part of a premeditated strategy on behalf of the [[Committee of Union and Progress]]. Many of these Armenian recruits were executed by local Turkish gangs.<ref>Balakian. ''The Burning Tigris'', p. 178</ref>

===Events at Van, April 1915===
{{Further|[[Van Resistance]]}}
[[Image:Van Defenders.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Armenian troops holding a defense line against Turkish forces in the walled [[city of Van]] in May 1915]]
On April 19, 1915, [[Jevdet Bey]] demanded that the [[city of Van]] immediately furnish him 4,000&nbsp;soldiers under the pretext of [[conscription]]. However, it was clear to the Armenian population that his goal was to massacre the able-bodied men of Van so that there would be no defenders. Jevdet Bey had already used his official writ in nearby villages, ostensibly to search for arms, which had turned into wholesale massacres.<ref>Morgenthau, Henry. ''Ambassador Morgenthau's Story''. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1918.</ref> The Armenians offered five hundred soldiers and to pay exemption money for the rest in order to buy time, however, Djevdet accused Armenians of "rebellion," and spoke of his determination to "crush" it at any cost. "If the rebels fire a single shot," he declared, "I shall kill every Christian man, woman, and" (pointing to his knee) "every child, up to here."

On April 20, 1915, the armed conflict of the [[Van Resistance]] began when an Armenian woman was harassed, and the two Armenian men that came to her aid were killed by Turkish soldiers. The Armenian defenders protecting 30,000&nbsp;residents and 15,000&nbsp;refugees in an area of roughly one square kilometer of the Armenian Quarter and suburb of Aigestan with 1,500&nbsp;able bodied riflemen who were supplied with 300&nbsp;rifles and 1,000&nbsp;pistols and antique weapons. The conflict lasted until [[General Yudenich]] came to rescue them.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hinterhoff | first = Eugene | title =Persia: The Stepping Stone To India. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol iv | pages = pp.1153–1157}}</ref>

===Arrest and deportation of Armenian notables, April 1915 ===
{{Further|[[Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital in 1915]]}}
[[Image:April24Victims.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Armenian intellectuals who were arrested and later executed ''en masse'' by Ottoman authorities on the night of [[April 24]], 1915.]]
By 1914, Ottoman authorities had already begun a [[propaganda]] drive to present Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire as a threat to the empire's security. An [[Ottoman Navy|Ottoman naval]] officer in the War Office described the planning:

{{quote|In order to justify this enormous crime the requisite propaganda material was thoroughly prepared in Constantinople. [It included such statements as] "the Armenians are in league with the enemy. They will launch an uprising in Istanbul, kill off the Committee of Union and Progress leaders and will succeed in opening the straits (of the [[Dardanelles]])."<ref>Dadrian., ''History of the Armenian Genocide'', p. 220</ref>}}

On the night of April 24, 1915, the Ottoman government rounded-up and imprisoned an estimated [[Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital in 1915|250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders]].<ref>Balakian. ''The Burning Tigris'', pp. 211–2</ref> This date coincided with Allied troop landings at [[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli]] after unsuccessful Allied [[Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign|naval]] attempts to break through the Dardanelles to Constantinople in February and March 1915.

=== The Temporary Law of Deportation (the "Tehcir" law) ===
{{Further|[[Tehcir Law]]}}
In May 1915, [[Mehmed Talat Pasha]] requested that the [[cabinet]] and [[Grand Vizier]] [[Said Halim Pasha]] legalize a measure for relocation and settlement of Armenians to other places due to what Talat Pasha called "the Armenian riots and massacres, which had arisen in a number of places in the country." However, Talat Pasha was referring specifically to events in [[Van Resistance|Van]] and extending the implementation to the regions in which alleged "riots and massacres" would affect the security of the war zone of the [[Caucasus Campaign]]. Later, the scope of the immigration was widened in order to include the Armenians in the other provinces. On 29 May 1915, the CUP Central Committee passed the [[Tehcir Law|Temporary Law of Deportation]] ("Tehcir Law"), giving the Ottoman government and military authorization to deport anyone it "sensed" as a threat to national security.<ref>Balakian. ''The Burning Tigris'', pp. 186–8</ref> The "Tehcir Law" brought some measures regarding the property of the deportees, but during September a new law was proposed. By means of the "Abandoned Properties" Law (Law Concerning Property, Dept's and Assets Left Behind Deported Persons, also referred as the "Temporary Law on Expropriation and Confiscation"), the Ottoman government took possession of all "abandoned" Armenian goods and properties. Ottoman parliamentary representative [[Ahmed Riza]] protested this legislation:

{{quote|It is unlawful to designate the Armenian assets as “abandoned goods” for the Armenians, the proprietors, did not abandon their properties voluntarily; they were forcibly, compulsorily removed from their domiciles and exiled. Now the government through its efforts is selling their goods… If we are a constitutional regime functioning in accordance with constitutional law we can’t do this. This is atrocious. Grab my arm, eject me from my village, then sell my goods and properties, such a thing can never be permissible. Neither the conscience of the Ottomans nor the law can allow it.<ref>Y. Bayur. ''Turk Inkilabz''. vol. III, part 3 op. cit. in Dadrian. ''History of the Armenian Genocide''</ref> }}

On 13 September 1915, the Ottoman parliament passed the "Temporary Law of Expropriation and Confiscation", stating that all property, including land, livestock, and homes belonging to Armenians, was to be confiscated by the authorities.<ref> Vahakn N. Dadrian (2003) "The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus" Berghahn Books page. 224.</ref>

=== The deportation and extermination process ===
{{Seealso|Armenian casualties of deportations}}
{{ImageStackRight|270|[[Image:ArmeniansOnDeportationMarch.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Armenians were driven east, with only what they could carry]]}}
With the implementation of [[Tehcir law]], the confiscation of Armenian property and the slaughter of Armenians that ensued upon the law's enactment outraged much of the [[western world]]. While the Ottoman Empire's wartime allies offered little protest, a wealth of [[Germany|German]] and [[Austria]]n historical documents has since come to attest to the witnesses' horror at the killings and mass starvation of Armenians.<ref>Fisk. ''Great War for Civilisation'', pp. 329–31</ref><ref>Fromkin. ''A Peace to End All Peace'', pp. 212–3</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/chapters/ch2_voices2.html The Great War . Chapter 2 . Etem/Wegner | PBS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In the [[United States]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported almost daily on the mass murder of the Armenian people, describing the process as "systematic", "authorized" and "organized by the government." [[Theodore Roosevelt]] would later characterize this as "the greatest crime of the war."<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/12/15/EDGGA3G8H21.DTL The hidden holocaust] Ruth Rosen in ''The San Francisco Chronicles'' December 15, 2003.</ref>

The Armenians were marched out to the [[Syria]]n town of [[Deir ez-Zor]] and the surrounding desert. A good deal of evidence suggests that the Ottoman government did not provide any facilities or supplies to sustain the Armenians during their deportation, nor when they arrived.<ref name="StarveNYT">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title =Exiled Armenians starve in the desert; Turks drive them like slaves, American committee hears ;- Treatment raises death rate.
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =New York Times
| date= August 8, 1916
| url =http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00C17F73C5F13738DDDA10894D0405B868DF1D3
| accessdate =2007-09-16 }}</ref> By August 1915, ''The New York Times'' repeated an unattributed report that "the roads and the [[Euphrates]] are strewn with corpses of exiles, and those who survive are doomed to certain death. It is a plan to exterminate the whole Armenian people."<ref name="PerishNYT">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title =Armenians are sent to perish in desert; Turks accused of plan to exterminate whole population; people of Karahissar massacred.
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =New York Times
| date= August 18, 1915
| url =http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E6D71E3EE033A2575BC1A96E9C946496D6CF
| accessdate =2007-09-16 }}</ref>

Ottoman troops escorting the Armenians not only allowed others to rob, kill, and rape the Armenians, but often participated in these activities themselves.<ref name="StarveNYT" /> Deprived of their belongings and marched into the desert, hundreds of thousands of Armenians perished.

{{quote|Naturally, the death rate from starvation and sickness is very high and is increased by the brutal treatment of the authorities, whose bearing toward the exiles as they are being driven back and forth over the desert is not unlike that of slave drivers. With few exceptions no shelter of any kind is provided and the people coming from a cold climate are left under the scorching desert sun without food and water. Temporary relief can only be obtained by the few able to pay officials.<ref name="StarveNYT" />}}

It is believed that 25&nbsp;major [[concentration camp]]s existed, under the command of [[Şükrü Kaya]], one of the right hand-men of Talat Pasha.<ref name="Kotek">{{fr icon}} Kotek, Joël and Pierre Rigoulot. ''Le Siècle des camps: Détention, concentration, extermination: cent ans de mal radica''. JC Lattes, 2000 ISBN 2-7096-1884-2</ref> The majority of the camps were situated near Turkey's modern [[Iraq]]i and Syrian borders, and some were only temporary transit camps.<ref name="Kotek" /> Others, such as [[Radjo]], [[Katma]], and [[Azaz]], are said to have been used only temporarily, for [[mass grave]]s; these sites were vacated by autumn 1915.<ref name="Kotek" /> Some authors also maintain that the camps [[Lale]], [[Tefridje]], [[Dipsi]], [[Del-El]], and [[Ra's al-'Ain]] were built specifically for those who had a life expectancy of a few days.<ref name="Kotek" />

Although nearly all the camps, including the primary sites, were open air, the remainder of the mass killing in minor camps was not limited to direct killings, but also to mass burning,<ref>Eitan Belkind was a [[Nili]] member, who infiltrated the Ottoman army as an official. He was assigned to the headquarters of Camal Pasha. He claims to have witnessed the burning of 5,000 Armenians, quoted in Yair Auron, ''The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide''. New Brunswick, N.J., 2000, pp. 181, 183. Lt. Hasan Maruf, of the Ottoman army, describes how a population of a village were taken all together, and then burned. See, British Foreign Office 371/2781/264888, Appendices B., p. 6). Also, the Commander of the Third Army, Vehib's 12 pages affidavit, which was dated December 5, 1918, presented in the Trabzon trial series (March 29, 1919) included in the Key Indictment (published in ''Takvimi Vekayi'', No. 3540, May 5, 1919), report such a mass burning of the population of an entire village near Mus. S. S. McClure write in his work, ''Obstacles to Peace,'' Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917. pp. 400–1, that in Bitlis, Mus and [[Sasun|Sassoun]], ''The shortest method for disposing of the women and children concentrated in tile various camps was to burn them.'' And also that, ''Turkish prisoners who had apparently witnessed some of these scenes were horrified and maddened at the remembering the sight. They told the Russians that the stench of the burning human flesh permeated the air for many days after.'' The Germans, Ottoman allies, also witnessed the way Armenians were burned according to the Israeli historian, Bat Ye’or, who writes: ''The Germans, allies of the Turks in the First World War, …saw how civil populations were shut up in churches and burned, or gathered en masse in camps, tortured to death, and reduced to ashes,…'' (See: B. Ye'or, ''The Dhimmi. The Jews and Christians under Islam,'' Trans. from the French by D. Maisel P. Fenton and D. Liftman, Cranbury, N.J.: Frairleigh Dickinson University, 1985. p. 95)</ref> poisoning<ref>During the Trabzon trial series, of the Martial court (from the sittings between March 26 and May 17, 1919), the Trabzons Health Services Inspector Dr. Ziya Fuad wrote in a report that Dr. Saib, caused the death of children with the injection of morphine, the information was allegedly provided by two physicians (Drs. Ragib and Vehib), both Dr. Saib colleagues at Trabzons Red Crescent hospital, where those atrocities were said to have been committed. (See: Vahakn N. Dadrian, ''The Turkish Military Tribunal’s Prosecution of the Authors of the Armenian Genocide: Four Major Court-Martial Series,'' Genocide Study Project, H. F. Guggenheim Foundation, published in ''[[The Holocaust and Genocide Studies]],'' Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 1997). Dr. Ziya Fuad, and Dr. Adnan, public health services director of Trabzon, submitted affidavits, reporting a cases, in which, two school buildings were used to organize children and then sent them on the mezzanine, to kill them with a toxic gas equipment. This case was presented during the Session 3, p.m., 1 April 1919, also published in the Constantinople newspaper Renaissance, 27 April 1919 (for more information, see: Vahakn N. Dadrian, ''The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians,'' in ''[[The Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]'' 1, no. 2 (1986): 169–192). The Ottoman surgeon, Dr. Haydar Cemal wrote in ''Türkce Istanbul,'' No. 45, 23 December 1918, also published in ''Renaissance,'' 26 December 1918, that ''on the order of the Chief Sanitation Office of the IIIrd Army in January 1916, when the spread of typhus was an acute problem, innocent Armenians slated for deportation at Erzican were inoculated with the blood of typhoid fever patients without rendering that blood ‘inactive’.'' Jeremy Hugh Baron writes : ''Individual doctors were directly involved in the massacres, having poisoned infants, killed children and issued false certificates of death from natural causes. Nazim's brother-in-law Dr. Tevfik Rushdu, Inspector-General of Health Services, organized the disposal of Armenian corpses with thousands of kilos of lime over six months; he became foreign secretary from 1925 to 1938.'' (See: Jeremy Hugh Baron, ''Genocidal Doctors,'' publish in ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,'' November, 1999, 92, pp. 590–3). The psychiatrist, Robert Jay Lifton, writes in a parenthesis when introducing the crimes of NAZI doctors in his book ''Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide,'' Basic Books, (1986) p. xii: ''(Perhaps Turkish doctors, in their participation in the genocide against the Armenians, come closest, as I shall later suggest).'' and drowning.</ref> and drowning.<ref>Oscar S. Heizer, the American consul at Trabzon, reports: ''This plan did not suit Nail Bey…. Many of the children were loaded into boats and taken out to sea and thrown overboard.'' (See: U.S. National Archives. R.G. 59. 867. 4016/411. April 11, 1919 report.) The Italian consul of Trabzon in 1915, Giacomo Gorrini, writes: ''I saw thousands of innocent women and children placed on boats which were capsized in the Black Sea.'' (See: ''Toronto Globe'', August 26, 1915) Hoffman Philip, the American Charge at Constantinople chargé d'affaires, writes: ''Boat loads sent from Zor down the river arrived at Ana, one thirty miles away, with three fifths of passengers missing.'' (Cipher telegram, July 12, 1916. U.S. National Archives, R.G. 59.867.48/356.) The Trabzon trials reported Armenians having been drown in the Black Sea. (''Takvimi Vekdyi'', No. 3616, August 6, 1919, p. 2.)</ref>

=== Teşkilat-i Mahsusa ===
{{Main|Teşkilat-i Mahsusa}}
{{ImageStackRight|270|[[Image:Morgen53.jpg|thumb|250px| The remains of Armenians massacred at [[Erzinjan]].<ref>[http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/morgenthau/Morgen27.htm Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. 1918. Chapter Twenty-Seven<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>]]}}
The [[Committee of Union and Progress]] founded a "special organization" ({{lang-tr|Teşkilat-i Mahsusa}}) that participated in the destruction of the Ottoman Armenian community.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html|title = FACT SHEET: ARMENIAN GENOCIDE|publisher = Knights of Vartan Armenian Research Center, The University of Michigan-Dearborn}}</ref> This organization adopted its name in 1913 and functioned like a special forces outfit, or the later [[Einsatzgruppen]].<ref name="Lewy 2005">{{cite journal|journal = Middle East Quarterly|author = Guenter Lewy|title = Revisiting the Armenian Genocide|date = Fall 2005|url = http://www.meforum.org/article/748}}</ref>
Later in 1914, the Ottoman government influenced the direction the special organization was to take by releasing criminals from central prisons to be the central elements of this newly formed special organization.<ref>{{cite journal|journal = International Journal of Middle East Studies|first=Vahakn|last=Dadrian|authorlink = Vahakn N. Dadrian|title = The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal|volume = 23| url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-7438%28199111%2923%3A4%3C549%3ATDOTWW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2|pages = 549–76 (''560'')|month = November|year = 1991|issue = 4}}</ref> According to the [[Mazhar commissions]] attached to the tribunal as soon as November 1914, 124 criminals were released from [[Pimian prison]]. Many other releases followed; in [[Ankara]] a few months later, 49 criminals were released from its central prison.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Little by little from the end of 1914 to the beginning of 1915, hundreds, then thousands of prisoners were freed to form the members of this organization. Later, they were charged to escort the convoys of Armenian deportees.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NA.BK5.PDF|title = Genocide never again (book 5)|author = R. J. Rummel|publisher = Llumina Press|ISBN 1-59526-075-7|format=PDF}}</ref> [[Vehib Pasha]], commander of the Ottoman Third Army, called those members of the special organization, the “butchers of the human species.”<ref name="Lewy 2005"/>

== Contemporaneous reports and reactions ==
{{ImageStackRight|270|[[Image:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|250px|Of this photo, the [[United States]] ambassador wrote [http://books.google.com/books?id=ENsLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=morgenthau%27s+story#PRA1-PA336,M1], "Scenes like this were common all over the Armenian provinces, in the spring and summer months of 1915. Death in its several forms&mdash;massacre, [[starvation]], [[exhaustion]]&mdash;destroyed the larger part of the [[refugee]]s. The Turkish policy was that of [[extermination]] under the guise of [[deportation]]."]]}}
Hundreds of eyewitnesses, including the neutral United States and the Ottoman Empire's own allies, Germany and [[Austria-Hungary]], recorded and documented numerous acts of state-sponsored massacres. Many foreign officials offered to intervene on behalf of the Armenians, including [[Pope Benedict XV]], only to be turned away by Ottoman government officials who claimed they were retaliating against a pro-Russian insurrection. <ref>Ferguson. ''War of the World'' p. 177</ref> On May 24, 1915, the [[Triple Entente]] warned the [[Ottoman Empire]] that "In view of these new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization, the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Governments]] announce publicly to the Sublime Porte that they will hold personally responsible for these crimes all members of the Ottoman Government, as well as those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres."<ref>1915 declaration
* [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/T?&report=hr933&dbname=106& Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution] 106th Congress,,2nd Session, House of Representatives
* [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.RES.316: Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution (Introduced in House of Representatives)] 109th Congress, 1st Session, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HE00316: H.RES.316], June 14, 2005. 15 September 2005 House Committee/Subcommittee:International Relations actions. Status: Ordered to be Reported by the Yeas and Nays: 40–7.
* "Crimes Against Humanity", 23 British Yearbook of International Law (1946) p. 181
* William A. Schabas, ''Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes'', Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 16–7
* [http://www.Armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.160/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html Original source of the telegram sent by the Department of State, Washington containing the French, British and Russian joint declaration]</ref>

The [[American Committee for Relief in the Near East]] (ACRNE, or "Near East Relief") was a charitable organization established to relieve the suffering of the peoples of the [[Near East]].<ref>Sixty-Sixth Congress. Sess. I. Ch. 32. 1919 August 6, 1919. [S. 180.] [Public No. 25] District of Columbia, Near East Relief incorporated.</ref> The organization was championed by [[Henry Morgenthau, Sr.]], American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Morgenthau's eyewitness accounts of the mass slaughter of Armenians galvanized much support for ACRNE.<ref>New York Times Dispatch. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C13F83C5512738FDDAD0994D1405B858DF1D3 Would Send Here 550,000 Armenians; Morgenthau Urges Scheme to Save Them From Turks]. The New York Times, September 13, 1915.</ref>

=== The U.S. mission in the Ottoman Empire ===
The United States had several consulates throughout the Ottoman Empire, including locations in [[Edirne]], [[Elazığ|Kharput]], [[Samsun]], [[İzmir|Smyrna]], [[Trabzon|Trebizond]], [[Van]], [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], and [[Aleppo]]. The United States was officially a neutral party until it joined with the Allies in 1917. As the orders for deportations and massacres were enacted, many consular officials reported to the ambassador what they were witnessing. In September 1915 the American consul in [[Kharput]], [[Leslie Davis]], reported his discovery of the bodies of nearly 10,000 Armenians dumped into several ravines near [[Lake Göeljuk]], later referring to this region as the "slaughterhouse province".<ref>Balakian. ''Burning Tigris'', pp. 244–5, 314</ref>

{{ImageStackRight|230|[[Image:AmbassadorMorgenthautelegram.jpg|thumb|210px|A telegram sent by Ambassador [[Henry Morgenthau Sr.]] to the [[State Department]] on 16 July 1915 describes the massacres as a "campaign of race extermination."]][[Image:They Shall Not Perish.png|210px|thumb|Fundraising poster for the [[American Committee for Relief in the Near East]] - the United States contributed a significant amount of aid to help Armenians during the Armenian Genocide.]][[Image:NY Times Armenian genocide.jpg|210px|thumb|An article by the [[New York Times]] dated 15 December 1915 states that one million Armenians had been either deported or executed by the Ottoman government.]][[Image:World War I- Near East Relief Workers - memory.loc.gov.png|210px|thumb|Workers of the American Committee for Relief in the Near East in [[Sivas]].]]

}}
}}
Similar reports reached Morgenthau from Aleppo and Van, prompting him to raise the issue in person with Talaat and Enver. As he quoted to them the testimonies of his consulate officials, they justified the deportations as necessary to the conduct of the war, suggesting that complicity of the Armenians of Van with the Russian forces that had taken the city justified the persecution of all ethnic Armenians. In his memoirs, Morgenthau wrote, "When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact…"<ref>In his memoirs, Morgenthau noted'' "When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact…. I am confident that the whole history of the human race contains no such horrible episode as this. The great massacres and persecutions of the past seem almost insignificant when compared to the sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915."''</ref>

In addition to the consulates, there were also numerous [[Protestant]] [[missionary]] compounds established in Armenian-populated regions, including Van and Kharput. In memoirs and reports, their staff vividly described the brutal methods used by Ottoman forces and documented numerous instances of atrocities committed against the Christian minority.<ref>See, for example, James L. Barton, ''Turkish Atrocities: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917''. Gomidas Institute, 1998 ISBN 1-8846-3004-9</ref>

The events were reported regularly in newspapers and literary journals around the world.<ref>Balakian. ''The Burning Tigris'', pp. 282–5</ref> Many Americans spoke out against the Genocide, including former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[rabbi]] [[Stephen Wise]], [[William Jennings Bryan]], and [[Alice Stone Blackwell]]. The ''American Near East Relief Committee'' helped donate over $110&nbsp;million to the Armenians.<ref>''[http://www.twocatstv.com/armeniangenocide.php The Armenian Genocide]''. Prod. by Goldberg, Andrew. Two Cats Productions. DVD, 2006</ref> In the United States and the United Kingdom, children were regularly reminded to clean their plates while eating and to "remember the starving Armenians".<ref>Macmillan, Margaret and Richard Holbrooke. ''Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World''. New York: Random House, 2001 p. 378 ISBN 0-3757-6052-0</ref>

=== Allied forces in the Middle East ===
On the [[Middle East]]ern front, the British military engaged Ottoman forces in southern Syria and [[Mesopotamia]]. British diplomat [[Gertrude Bell]] filed the following report after hearing the account of a captured Ottoman soldier:

{{quote|The battalion left Aleppo on 3 February and reached Ras al-Ain in twelve hours… some 12,000 Armenians were concentrated under the guardianship of some hundred [[Kurds]]… These Kurds were called gendarmes, but in reality mere butchers; bands of them were publicly ordered to take parties of Armenians, of both sexes, to various destinations, but had secret instructions to destroy the males, children and old women… One of these gendarmes confessed to killing 100 Armenian men himself… the empty desert cisterns and caves were also filled with corpses…<ref>Fisk, Robert. ''The Great War for Civilisation: the Conquest of the Middle East''. London: Alfred Knopf, 2005. p. 327 ISBN 1-84115-007-X</ref>}}

Reacting to numerous eyewitness accounts, British politician [[Viscount Bryce]] and historian [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] compiled statements from survivors and eyewitnesses from other countries including Germany, [[Italy]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], and [[Switzerland]], who similarly attested to the systematized massacring of innocent Armenians by Ottoman government forces. In 1916, they published ''The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916''. Although the book has since been criticized as British wartime propaganda to build up sentiment against the Central Powers, Bryce had submitted the work to scholars for verification before its publication. [[University of Oxford]] Regius Professor [[Gilbert Murray]] stated of the tome, "…the evidence of these letters and reports will bear any scrutiny and overpower any skepticism. Their genuineness is established beyond question."<ref>Dadrian. ''History of the Armenian Genocide'', p. 228</ref> Other professors, including [[Herbert Fisher]]
of [[Sheffield University]] and former [[American Bar Association]] president [[Moorfield Storey]], affirmed the same conclusion.<ref>Dadrian. ''History of the Armenian Genocide'', pp. 228–9</ref>

[[Winston Churchill]] described the massacres as an "administrative holocaust" and noted that "the [[ethnic cleansing|clearance of race]] from Asia Minor was about as complete as such an act could be… There is no reason to doubt that this crime was planned and executed for political reasons. The opportunity presented itself for clearing Turkish soil of a Christian race opposed to all Turkish ambitions."<ref>Churchill, Winston. ''The World Crisis, 1911–1918''. London: Free Press, 2005. p. 157</ref>

=== The joint Austrian and German mission ===
As allies during the war, the Imperial German mission in the Ottoman Empire included both military and civilian components. Germany had brokered a deal with the [[Sublime Porte]] to commission the building of a railroad stretching from [[Berlin]] to the Middle East, called the [[Baghdad Railway]].

Among the most famous persons to document the massacres was German military medic [[Armin T. Wegner]]. Wegner defied state censorship in taking hundreds of [http://www.armenian-genocide.org/photo_wegner.html#photo_collection photographs] of Armenians being deported and subsequently starving in northern Syrian camps.<ref>Fisk. ''Great War for Civilisation'', p. 326</ref>

German officers stationed in eastern Turkey disputed the government's assertion that Armenian revolts had broken out, suggesting that the areas were "quiet until the deportations began."<ref>[[David Fromkin|Fromkin, David]]. ''[[A Peace to End All Peace|A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East]]''. New York: Owl, 1989 p. 212 ISBN 0-8050-6884-8</ref>

Germany's diplomatic mission was led by Ambassador Baron [[Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim]] (and later Count [[Paul Wolff Metternich]]). Like Morgenthau, von Wangenheim received many disturbing messages from consul officials around the Ottoman Empire. From the province of [[Adana]], Consul Eugene Buge reported that the CUP chief had sworn to kill and massacre any Armenians who survived the deportation marches.<ref>Balakian. ''Burning Tigris'', p. 186</ref> In June 1915, von Wangenheim sent a cable to Berlin reporting that Talat had admitted the deportations were not "being carried out because of 'military considerations alone.'" One month later, he came to the conclusion that there "no longer was doubt that the Porte was trying to exterminate the Armenian race in the Turkish Empire."<ref>Fromkin. ''A Peace to End All Peace'', p. 213</ref>

When Wolff-Metternich succeeded von Wangenheim, he continued to dispatch similar cables: "The Committee [CUP] demands the extirpation of the last remnants of the Armenians and the government must yield…. A Committee representative is assigned to each of the provincial administrations…. [[Turkification]] means license to expel, to kill or destroy everything that is not Turkish."<ref>''Auswärtiges Amt'', West German Foreign Office Archives, K170, no. 4674, folio 63, op. cit. in ''Burning Tigris'', p. 186</ref>

German engineers and laborers involved in building the railway also witnessed Armenians being crammed into cattle cars and shipped along the railroad line. Franz Gunther, a representative for [[Deutsche Bank]] which was funding the construction of the Baghdad Railway, forwarded photographs to his directors and expressed his frustration at having to remain silent amid such "bestial cruelty".<ref>Ibid, p. 326</ref> Major General [[Otto von Lossow]], acting military attaché and head of the German Military Plenipotentiary in the Ottoman Empire, spoke to Ottoman intentions in a conference held in [[Batum]] in 1918:

{{quote|The Turks have embarked upon the "total extermination of the Armenians in [[Transcaucasia]]… The aim of Turkish policy is, as I have reiterated, the taking of possession of Armenian districts and the extermination of the Armenians. Talaat's government wants to destroy all Armenians, not just in Turkey but also outside Turkey. On the basis of all the reports and news coming to me here in [[Tiflis]] there hardly can be any doubt that the Turks systematically are aiming at the extermination of the few hundred thousand Armenians whom they left alive until now.<ref>Dadrian. ''History of the Armenian Genocide'', p. 349</ref>}}

Similarly, Major General [[Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein]] noted that "The Turkish policy of causing starvation is an all too obvious proof… for the Turkish resolve to destroy the Armenians."<ref>Dadrian. History of the Armenian Genocide'', p. 350</ref> Another notable figure in the German military camp was [[Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter]], who documented various massacres of Armenians. He sent fifteen reports regarding "deportations and mass killings" to Germany's chancellor in Berlin. His final report noted that fewer than 100,000 Armenians were left alive in the Ottoman Empire; the rest had been exterminated ({{lang-de|ausgerottet}}).<ref>Fisk. ''Great War for Civilisation'', pp. 329–30</ref> Scheubner-Richter also detailed the methods of the Ottoman government, noting its use of the Special Organization and other bureaucratized instruments of genocide.

Some Germans openly supported the Ottoman policy against the Armenians. As Hans Humann, the German naval attaché in Constantinople said to U.S. Ambassador [[Henry Morgenthau]]:<ref>{{cite book|title=Ambassador Morgenthau's Story|first=Henry|last=Morgenthau|publisher=Doubleday|page=375|chapter=XXVII|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ENsLAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA375&ei=7SwdSKLAHqHayATH0L3YBg|accessdate=2008-05-04}}</ref>

{{quote|I have lived in Turkey the larger part of my life … and I know the Armenians. I also know that both Armenians and Turks cannot live together in this country. One of these races has got to go. And I don't blame the Turks for what they are doing to the Armenians. I think that they are entirely justified. The weaker nation must succumb. The Armenians desire to dismember Turkey; they are against the Turks and the Germans in this war, and they therefore have no right to exist here.|Hans Humann|[[Ambassador Morgenthau's Story]]}}

In a genocide conference in 2001, professor Wolfgang Wipperman of the [[Free University of Berlin]] introduced documents evidencing that the German High Command was aware of the mass killings at the time but chose not to interfere or speak out.<ref>Fisk. ''Great War for Civilisation'', p. 331</ref>

=== Russian military ===
The Russian Empire's response to the bombardment of its Black Sea naval ports was primarily a land campaign through the Caucasus. Early victories against the Ottoman Empire from the winter of 1914 to the spring 1915 saw significant gains of territory, including relieving the Armenian bastion resisting in the city of Van in May 1915. The Russians also reported encountering the bodies of unarmed civilian Armenians in the areas they advanced through.<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70A1FFC395C13738DDDAA0A94DA405B858DF1D3 Massacre By Turks In Caucasus Towns; Armenians Led Out Into the Streets and Shot or Drowned -- Old Friends Not Spared.]</ref> In March 1916, the scenes they saw in the city of [[Erzerum]] led the Russians to retaliate against the Ottoman III<sup>rd</sup> Army whom they held responsible for the massacres, destroying it in its entirety.<ref>New York Times Dispatch. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40E13F93B5B17738DDDAF0894DB405B868DF1D3 Russians Slaughter Turkish III<sup>rd</sup> Army: Give No Quarter to Men Held Responsible for the Massacre of Armenians]. The New York Times, March 6, 1916.</ref>

[[Image:Marcharmenians.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Armenians are marched to a nearby prison in Mezireh by armed Turkish soldiers. Kharpert, Armenia, Ottoman Empire - April, 1915.]]

== The Aftermath ==
===Turkish courts-martial===
{{main|Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-20}}
Domestic courts-martial were designed by Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] to punish members of the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) in Turkish:"''Ittihat Terakki''" for involving the Empire in World War I. The courts-martial blamed the members of CUP for pursuing a war that did not fit into the notion of [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet]]. The Armenian issue was used as a tool to punish the leaders of the CUP. Most of the documents generated in these courts were later moved to international trials. By January 1919, a report to Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] accused over 130 suspects, most of whom were high officials. The military court found that it was the will of the CUP to eliminate the Armenians physically, via its [[Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)|special organization]]. The 1919 pronouncement reads as follows:

{{quote|[[Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-20|The Court Martial]] taking into consideration the above-named crimes declares, unanimously, the culpability as principal factors of these crimes the fugitives [[Talat Pasha]], former Grand Vizir, [[Enver Efendi]], former War Minister, struck off the register of the Imperial Army, Cemal Efendi, former Navy Minister, struck off too from the Imperial Army, and Dr. Nazim Efendi, former Minister of Education, members of the General [[Committee of Union and Progress|Council of the Union & Progress]], representing the moral person of that party;… the Court Martial pronounces, in accordance with said stipulations of the Law the death penalty against Talat, Enver, Cemal, and Dr. Nazim.|[[Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-20]]}}

The term [[Three Pashas]], which include [[Mehmed Talat Pasha]] and [[Ismail Enver]], refers to the triumvirate who had fled the Empire at the end of [[World War I]]. At the trials in Constantinople in 1919 they were sentenced to death in absentia. The courts-martial officially disbanded the CUP and confiscated its assets, and the assets of those found guilty. At least two of the three were later assassinated by [[Operation Nemesis|Armenian vigilantes]].

=== International trials ===
{{Main|Malta exiles|Malta Tribunals}}

Following the [[Armistice of Mudros|Mudros Armistice]], the preliminary [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Peace Conference in Paris]] established "The Commission on Responsibilities and Sanctions" in January 1919, which was chaired by U.S. Secretary of State Lansing. Based on the commission's work, several articles were added to the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], and the acting government of the [[Ottoman Empire]], Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] and [[Damat Adil Ferit Pasha]], were summoned to trial. The Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920) planned a trial to determine those responsible for the "barbarous and illegitimate methods of warfare… [including] offenses against the laws and customs of war and the principles of humanity".<ref name="nazi">Rummel R. J. "''The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective''". The Journal of Social Issues. Volume 3, no.2. April 1, 1998. Retrieved April 30, 2007.</ref> Article 230 of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] required the Ottoman Empire "hand over to the Allied Powers the persons whose surrender may be required by the latter as being responsible for the massacres committed during the continuance of the state of war on territory which formed part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] on August 1, 1914."

Various Ottoman politicians, generals, and intellectuals were [[Malta exiles|transfered to Malta]], where they were held for some three years while searches were made of archives in Constantinople, London, Paris and Washington to investigate their actions.<ref>Türkei By Klaus-Detlev. Grothusen</ref> However, the [[Inter-allied tribunal attempt]] demanded by the Treaty of Sèvres never solidified and the detainees were eventually returned to Turkey in exchange for British citizens held by Kemalist Turkey.

=== Trial of Soghomon Tehlirian ===
{{Seealso|Operation Nemesis}}
[[Image:Talat Pasha.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Grand Vizier]] [[Talat Pasha]] who was assassinated by [[Soghomon Tehlirian]]]]

On March 15, 1921, former [[Grand Vizier]] [[Talat Pasha]] was assassinated in the [[Charlottenburg]] District of [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], in broad daylight and in the presence of many witnesses. Talat's death was part of "''[[Operation Nemesis]]''", the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]]'s codename for their covert operation in the 1920s to kill the [[Young Turks|planners]] of the Armenian Genocide.

The subsequent trial of the assassin, [[Soghomon Tehlirian]], had an important influence on [[Raphael Lemkin]], a [[lawyer]] of [[Poles|Polish]]-[[Jewish]] descent who campaigned in the [[League of Nations]] to ban what he called "barbarity" and "vandalism", and, in 1943, coined the word [[genocide]].

== Armenian deaths, 1914 to 1918 ==
{{main|Ottoman Armenian casualties}}

[[Image:Order to relocate Armenians.jpg|200px|thumb|Targets of movements from [[Ottoman Archives]]]]

While there is no consensus as to how many Armenians lost their lives during the Armenian Genocide, there is general agreement among western scholars that over 500,000&nbsp;Armenians died between 1914 and 1918. Estimates vary between 300,000 (per the modern Turkish state) to 1,500,000 (per modern Armenia,<ref>{{cite news |title=French in Armenia 'genocide' row |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6043730.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=2006-10-12 |accessdate=2008-03-29 }}</ref> Argentina,<ref>{{cite news |first=Allan |last=Woods |title=Turkey protests Harper's marking of genocide |url=http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=cd6618e1-508d-4d27-a607-18e10e743d28 |work=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |date=2006-05-06 |accessdate=2008-03-29 }}</ref> and other states). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' references the research of [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], an intelligence officer of the [[British Foreign Office]], who estimated that 600,000&nbsp;Armenians "died or were massacred during deportation" in the years 1915–1916.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117457/Armenian-massacres Encyclopædia Britannica: Death toll of the Armenian Massacres]</ref>

== The study of the Armenian Genocide ==
[[Hebrew University]] scholar [[Yehuda Bauer]] suggests of the Armenian Genocide, "This is the closest parallel to the [[Holocaust]]."<ref name=bauer_holocaust>Yehuda Bauer, ''The Place of the Holocaust in Contemporary History'', via ''Holocaust: Religious & Philosophical Implications''</ref> He nonetheless distinguishes several key differences between the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide, particularly in regard to motivation:

{{quote |[T]he Nazis saw the Jews as ''the'' central problem of world history. Upon its solution depended the future of mankind. Unless International Jewry was defeated, human civilization would not survive. The attitude towards the Jews had in it important elements of pseudo-religion. There was no such motivation present in the Armenian case; Armenians were to be annihilated for power-political reasons, and in Turkey only…}}

{{quote|The differences between the holocaust and the Armenian massacres are less important than the similarities&mdash;and even if the Armenian case is not seen as a holocaust in the extreme form which it took towards Jews, it is certainly the nearest thing to it.<ref name=bauer_holocaust/>}}

Bauer has also suggested that the Armenian Genocide is best understood, not as having begun in 1915, but rather as "an ongoing genocide, from 1896, through 1908/9, through World War I and right up to 1923."<ref name="ongoing">Bauer, Yehuda. ''[http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/conference/yahuda_bauer.pdf Can Genocides be Prevented?]'',</ref> [[Lucy Dawidowicz]] also alludes to these earlier massacres as at least as significant as WWI era events:

{{quote |In 1897, when the [[Dreyfus Affair]] was tearing France apart, [[Bernard Lazare]], a French Jew active in Dreyfus's defense, addressed a group of Jewish students in Paris on the subject of anti-Semitism. "For the Christian peoples," he remarked, "an Armenian solution" to their Jew-hatred was available. He was referring to the Turkish massacres of Armenians, which in their extent and horror most closely approximated the murder of European Jews. But, Lazare went on, "their sensibilities cannot allow them to envisage that." The once unthinkable "Armenian solution" became, in our time, the achievable "Final Solution," the Nazi code name for the annihilation of the European Jews.|Lucy Dawidowicz|<ref>{{cite book |last=Dawidowicz |first=Lucy S. |authorlink=Lucy Dawidowicz |title=The Holocaust and the Historians |year=1981 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-40566-8}}</ref><!-- which page of which edition? the 1982/1983 ISBN 0-674-40567-6 of 204 pages or the 1981 hardcover 0-674-40566-8 of 187-200 pages? -->}}

Law professor [[Raphael Lemkin]], who coined the term "genocide" in 1943, has stated that he did so with the fate of the Armenians in mind, explaining that "it happened so many times… First to the Armenians, then after the Armenians, [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] took action."<ref>{{cite news
| last =Stanley
| first =Alessandra
| title =A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate
| work =New York Times
| date= 2006-04-17
| url =http://movies2.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/arts/television/17stan.html
| accessdate =2007-06-30 }}</ref> Several international organizations have conducted studies of the events, each in turn determining that the term "genocide" aptly describes "the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915-1916."<ref name="ictj">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Turkey Recalls Envoys Over Armenian Genocide
| work =
| publisher =International Center for Transitional Justice
| date= 2006-05-08
| url =http://www.ictj.org/en/news/coverage/article/935.html
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}}</ref>
Among the organizations affirming this conclusion are the [[International Center for Transitional Justice]], the [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]], and the United Nations' [[Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities]].<ref name=armeniapediaictj>[http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=International_Center_for_Transitional_Justice Armeniapedia: International Center for Transitional Justice]</ref><ref name="ictj" />

In 2002, the [[International Center for Transitional Justice]] was asked by the Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission to provide a report on the applicability of the Genocide Convention to the controversy. The [http://groong.usc.edu/ICTJ-analysis.pdf ICTJ report] ruled that it was a genocide, and further that the Republic of Turkey was not liable for the event.<ref>http://groong.usc.edu/ICTJ-analysis.pdf</ref>


'''New York Law School''' is a private [[law school]] in the [[TriBeCa]] neighborhood of [[Lower Manhattan]] in [[New York City]].
In 2005, the [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]], in a letter<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =International Association of Genocide Scholars
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Letter to Prime Minister Erdogan
| work =
| publisher =Genocide Watch
| date= 2005-06-13
| url =http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate =2007-06-30
}}</ref> addressed to the Prime Minister of Turkey, affirmed that scholarly evidence revealed the "Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire began a systematic genocide of its Armenian citizens – an unarmed Christian minority population. More than a million Armenians were exterminated through direct killing, starvation, torture, and forced death marches" and condemned Turkish attempts to deny its factual and moral reality.
In 2007, the [http://www.eliewieselfoundation.org/ Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity] produced [http://www.eliewieselfoundation.org/PressReleases/TurkishArmenianReconciliation.pdf a letter] signed by 53 [[Nobel Laureate]]s re-affirming the Genocide Scholars' conclusion that the 1915 killings of Armenians constituted genocide.<ref>{{cite web
| last =Danielyan
| first =Emil
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Nobel Laureates Call For Armenian-Turkish Reconciliation
| work =
| publisher =Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
| date= 2007-04-10
| url =http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/4/F1CACD86-B6BF-413F-B6AD-6C423454F845.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate =2007-06-30
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last =Phillips
| first =David L.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Nobel Laureates Call For Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation
| work =
| publisher =The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity
| date= 2007-04-09
| url =http://www.eliewieselfoundation.org/PressReleases/TA_Press_Release.pdf
| format =
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| accessdate =2007-06-30 }}</ref>


==History==
While some consider denial to be a form of [[hate speech]] or politically-minded [[historical revisionism (political)|historical revisionism]], several western academics have expressed doubts as to the genocidal character of the events.<ref>Gilles Veinstein, "Trois questions sur un massacre", L’Histoire, no. 187 (April 1995), pp. 40–1.</ref><ref>Jeremy Salt, "The Narrative Gap in Ottoman Armenian History, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 39, No 1, January 2003 pp 19–36</ref><ref>Erickons, E.J., 2006. Armenian Massacres: New Records Undercut Old Blame. ''The Middle East Quarterly''. Summer 2006, Vol.13, No.3.</ref> The most important counterpoint may be that of British scholar [[Bernard Lewis]]. While he had once written of "the terrible holocaust of 1915, when a million and a half Armenians perished",<ref>Bostom, Andrew. [http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm?frm=3223&sec_id=3223%22%3EDhimmitude%20and%20The%20Doyen "Dhimmitude and The Doyen"], [[New English Review]], November 10, 2006. Retrieved April 26, 2007.</ref> he later came to believe that the term "genocide" was distinctly inaccurate, because the "tremendous massacres"<ref name="ATA">[http://www.ataa.org/magazine/blewis_statement.pdf Statement of Professor Bernard Lewis, Princeton University], "Distinguishing Armenian Case from Holocaust", Assembly of Turkish American Associations, April 14, 2002 (PDF)</ref> were not "a deliberate preconceived decision of the Turkish government."<ref>Getler, Michael. [http://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2006/04/documenting_and_debating_a_genocide.html "Documenting and Debating a 'Genocide'"], ''The Ombudsman Column'', [[PBS]], April 21, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2006.</ref> This opinion has been joined by [[Guenter Lewy]].<ref>Lewy, Guenter. ''The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide''</ref>
During the winter of 1890, a dispute arose at [[Columbia University|Columbia College]] over an attempt to introduce the [[Case study|Case Method]] of study to [[Columbia Law School]]. The Case Method had been pioneered at [[Harvard Law School]] by [[Christopher Columbus Langdell]]. The dean and founder of Columbia Law School, [[Theodore William Dwight|Theodore Dwight]], opposed this method, preferring the [[Socratic Method]]. Because of this disagreement with Columbia, Dwight and the other faculty and students of Columbia Law School left and founded their own law school in [[Lower Manhattan]] the following year.


On June 11, 1891, New York Law School was chartered by the State of [[New York]], and the school began operation shortly thereafter. By this time, Theodore Dwight was in poor health, and was not able to be actively involved with the Law School, so the position of Dean went to one of the other professors from Columbia Law School, George Chase. New York Law School held its first classes on October 1, 1891, in the [[Equitable Building (Manhattan)|Equitable Building]] at [[Broadway (New York City)|120 Broadway]], in Lower Manhattan's [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]].
Academic views within the Republic of Turkey are often at odds with international consensus: this may partly stem from the fact that to acknowledge the Armenian genocide in Turkey carries with it a risk of criminal prosecution. Many Turkish intellectuals have been prosecuted for characterizing the massacres as genocide,<ref>{{cite news|author=Nouritza Matossian|title=They say 'incident'. To me it's genocide|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1426319,00.html|publisher=[[The Observer]]|date=[[2005-02-27]]|accessdate=2007-02-24}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4527318.stm BBC News — "Author's trial set to test Turkey" — 14 December 2005]</ref> including Turkish-Armenian newspaper editor [[Hrant Dink]], who was prosecuted three times for "[[Article 301 (Turkish penal code)|denigrating Turkishness]]" for his having criticized the Turkish state's denial of the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul
| work =
| publisher =International Press Institute
| date= 2007-01-22
| url =http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1169459655335
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate =2007-09-16
}}</ref> In 2007, Dink was murdered by a Turkish nationalist.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Turkey: Outspoken Turkish-Armenian Journalist Murdered
| work =
| publisher =Human Rights Watch
| date= 2007-01-20
| url =http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/01/20/turkey15135.htm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate =2007-09-16
}}</ref> Later, photographs of the assassin being honored as a hero while in police custody, posing in front of the [[Turkish flag]] with grinning policemen,<ref>[http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=211902 Samast'a jandarma karakolunda kahraman muamelesi], [[Radikal]], [[2007-02-02]]</ref> gave the academic community still more pause in regard to engaging the Armenian issue.<ref name="IPI070122">{{cite web|url=http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1169459655335 |title=IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul|publisher=[[International Press Institute]] | date=2007-01-22|access-date=2007-01-24}}</ref>


In 1892, after only a year in operation, it was the second-largest law school in the United States. Steady increases in enrollment caused the Law School to acquire new facilities in 1899, at 35 Nassau Street, only blocks away from the Law School's previous location. However, because the Law School was still growing, in 1907 it acquired a building of its own at 172 Fulton Street, where it remained until 1917, when it closed because of [[World War I]].
Egyptian-born scholar [[Bat Ye'or]] has suggested, "The genocide of the Armenians was a [[jihad]]."<ref>[http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/08/congress_must_recognize_the_ar_1.html American Thinker: Congress Must Recognize the Armenian Genocide<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Ye'or contends that the [[Islam]]ic concepts of ''[[dhimmitude]]'' and ''jihad'' were among the "principles and values" that led to the Armenian Genocide.<ref>Ye'or, Bat. ''Islam and Dhimmitude'', p. 374. </ref> This perspective is challenged by Fà'iz el-Ghusein, a [[Bedouin]] Arab witness of the Armenian persecution, whose 1918 treatise on the events aimed "to refute beforehand inventions and slanders against the Faith of Islam and against Moslems generally ... [W]hat the Armenians have suffered is to be attributed to the Committee of Union and Progress, who deal with the empire as they please; it has been due to their nationalist fanaticism and their jealousy of the Armenians, and to these alone; the Faith of Islam is guiltless of their deeds."<ref>El-Ghusein, Fà'iz. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=fUY4AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Martyred+Armenia#PPP1,M1 Martyred Armenia]''. 1918, page 49.</ref>


When New York Law School reopened in 1918, it was located in another building at 215 West 23rd Street, in [[Midtown]]. In the following decade, the Law School would see the peak of its early years, and saw some of its most famous alumni graduate. However, in 1925, George Chase died after a long illness that resulted in him running New York Law School for the last three years of his life from his bed. New York Law School continued without Chase, seeing its enrollment peak in the mid 1920s, but it saw a steady decline after that. With fewer students, the Law School moved to smaller facilities at [[Broadway (New York City)|253 Broadway]] in the [[Civic Center, Manhattan|Civic Center]], just opposite [[New York City Hall|City Hall]]. In 1936, the Law School moved to another location at 63 Park Row, on the opposite side of City Hall Park; it also became coeducational that same year. However, because of declining enrollment, as well as [[World War II]], it was forced to close in 1941. The remaining students that were still enrolled finished their studies at [[St. John's University School of Law]], in [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]].
[[Noam Chomsky]] has suggested that, rather than the Armenian Genocide having been relegated to the periphery of public awareness, "more people are aware of the Armenian genocide during the First World War than are aware of the [[Transition to the New Order|Indonesian genocide]] in 1965".<ref>Chomsky, Noam. ''Language and Politics''. 1988, page 625.</ref> [[Taner Akcam]]'s ''A Shameful Act'' has contextualized the Armenian Genocide with the desperate Ottoman struggle at [[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli]], suggesting that panic of imminent destruction caused Ottoman authorities to opt for deportation and extermination.<ref>Akcam, Taner. ''A Shameful Act''. 2006, page 125-8.</ref>


After reopening in 1947, the Law School started a new program that was influenced by a committee of alumni headed by New York State Supreme Court Justice Albert Cohn. The Law School resumed operations in a building at 244 William Street, in the Civic Center. In 1954, New York Law School was accredited by the [[American Bar Association]], and in 1962, moved to its current facilities at 57 Worth Street, in [[TriBeCa]]. In 1974, it received additional accreditation by the [[Association of American Law Schools]].
==The Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide==
{{Main|Denial of the Armenian Genocide}}


The buildings of the Law School underwent renovation during the leadership of Dean James F. Simon, from 1983 to 1992. Under his successor, Dean Harry H. Wellington, who served in that position until 2000, the curriculum was revised to put greater emphasis on the practical skills of a professional attorney. Since the current Dean, Richard A. Matasar, took over, the Law School has continued to grow, with a newly articulated mission statement that centers on three goals: to embrace innovation, to foster integrity and professionalism, and to advance justice for a diverse society. The School has also adopted the motto “Learn Law. Take Action,” which expresses its commitment to teaching students to use the skills and knowledge they gain as lawyers to do something valuable for others.
The [[Republic of Turkey]]'s formal stance is that the deaths of [[Armenians]] during the "relocation" or "[[deportation]]" cannot aptly be deemed "genocide," a position that has been supported with a plethora of diverging justifications: that the killings were not deliberate or were not governmentally orchestrated, that the killings were justified because Armenians posed a Russian-sympathizing threat as a cultural group, that Armenians merely starved, or any of various characterizations recalling marauding "Armenian gangs."<ref>[http://www.turkses.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=521&Itemid=33 TURKSES Voice of Turks - The So-Called Armenian Genocide<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.ataa.org/reference/question_tashan.html Assembly of Turkish American Associations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.anarmenianmyth.com/massacred_turks.htm An Armenian Myth<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some suggestions seek to invalidate the genocide on semantic or anachronistic grounds (the word "[[genocide]]" was not coined until 1943).


In late June of 2006, New York Law School sold its Mendik building at 240 Church Street. This sale enabled the school to move forward with the sale of $135 million in insured bonds, which were issued through the New York City Industrial Development Agency. The school’s securities were given an A3 credit rating by Moody’s and an A-minus rating by S&P, both reflective of the school’s stable market position and solid financial condition. The proceeds from the building sale have been allocated to the school’s endowment, which is now among the top 10 of all American law schools.<ref>[http://www.nyls.edu/pages/4880.asp], New York Law School Launches $190 Million Expansion and Renovation of TriBeCa Campus</ref>
Turkish World War I casualty figures are often cited to mitigate the effect of the number of Armenian dead.<ref>[http://www.turkishembassy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=257 Turkish Embassy.org - Republic of Turkey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The website of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] currently features a section entitled ''Archive Documents about the Atrocities and Genocide Inflicted upon Turks by Armenians'',<ref>[http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/yayinlar/yayin3/atrocity.htm Archive Documents about the Atrocities and Genocide Inflicted upon Turks by Armenians], at the Grand National Assembly of Turkey</ref> suggesting that the Turks of Anatolia experienced a genocide at the hands of the Armenians. This report notes that there were many [[Russian Armenians]] serving in the Russian Army against the Ottoman Army, suggesting that "Armenian soldiers in the Ottoman army deserted with their arms and having joined the Russian forces they formed voluntary units or armed bands."<ref>[http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/yayinlar/yayin3/atrocity.htm Archive Documents about the Atrocities and Genocide Inflicted upon Turks by Armenians], at the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Page 17</ref> It further suggests that the Russian Empire intended "to annex Anatolia by using Armenians",<ref>ibid., page 14</ref> and characterizes several infamous massacres of Armenians in the pre-World War I era as "uprisings", "rebellions" or "incidents".<ref>ibid., page 12</ref> The text suggests that accounts of the Armenian Genocide are anti-Turkish, and argues that the Turkish and Ottoman Archives are of overriding importance and the only source of "true historical information".<ref>ibid., page 24</ref>


The Law School opened its first dormitory in the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] in 2005, and in August 2006, it broke ground on the $190 million expansion and renovation program that will transform its [[TriBeCa]] campus into a cohesive architectural complex that nearly doubles the school's current size.
Turkish governmental sources have asserted that the historically-demonstrated "tolerance of Turkish people"<ref name="TurkishGeneralStaff">[http://www.tsk.mil.tr//eng/uluslararasi/armenianissue.htm Turkish General Staff<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> itself renders the Armenian Genocide an impossibility. One military document leverages 11th century history to disprove the Armenian Genocide: "It was the [[Seljuk Turks]] who saved the Armenians that came under the [[Battle of Manzikert|Turkish domination in 1071]] from the [[Byzantium|Byzantine]] persecution and granted them the right to live as a man should."<ref name="TurkishGeneralStaff" /> A ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' article addressed this modern Turkish conception of history thus:


The centerpiece of the expansion will be a new glass-enclosed, 200,000-square-foot, nine-level building—five stories above ground and four below, which will integrate the Law School’s existing buildings. The new facility is scheduled for completion in 2008, followed by the complete renovation of the Law School’s existing buildings by spring of 2010.
{{quote |Would you admit to the crimes of your grandfathers, if these crimes didn't really happen?" asked ambassador Öymen. But the problem lies precisely in this question, says [[Hrant Dink]], publisher and editor-in-chief of the Istanbul-based Armenian weekly ''[[Agos]]''. Turkey's bureaucratic elite have never really shed themselves of the Ottoman tradition &mdash; in the perpetrators, they see their fathers, whose honor they seek to defend.}}


New York Law School has a 90% New York bar exam pass rate for first-time takers, which places the school in the top five schools in the state in bar passage rate along with Cornell, Columbia University, Cardozo, and NYU<ref>[http://taxprof.typepad.com/taxprof_blog/2007/12/new-york-law-sc.html], New York Law School Rankings by 2007 Bar Exam Results</ref>, <ref>[http://www.nylawyer.com/display.php/file=/news/07/11/113007e], New York Law Journal - Law Schools Report Record Gains in Bar Exam Pass Rate</ref>. However, the school is still only considered "Third Tier" by the US News and World Report Law School Rankings. <ref>[http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/grad/law/search/title+New%20York%20Law], US News and World Report Best Law Schools 2008 - New York Law</ref>
{{quote |This tradition instills a sense of identity in Turkish nationalists &mdash; both from the left and the right, and it is passed on from generation to generation through the school system. This tradition also requires an antipole against which it could define itself. Since the times of the Ottoman Empire, religious minorities have been pushed into this role.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,353274,00.html Turkey's Memory Lapse: Armenian Genocide Plagues Ankara 90 Years On - International - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>}}


==Curriculum==
In 2005, [[Turkish Prime Minister]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] invited Turkish, Armenian and international historians to form a commission to re-evaluate the "events of 1915" (his preferred description<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2007/07/28/haber,C7B8DF9C11C040F785183D0B06FDE27C.html
New York Law School has three divisions:
|accessdate=2008-09-03
*Full Time Day
|title=1915 yılı olayları
*Part Time Day
|date=2007-07-27
*Part Time Evening
|work=[[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]]
|language=Turkish
|quote=Erdoğan, eylülde ABD Kongresi'nin gündemine gelmesi beklenen soykırım iddialarına ilişkin genelgesinde, kamu kurumlarının, '1915 yılı olayları', '1915 yılı olayları ile ilgili Ermeni iddiaları veya varsayımları' ifadelerini kullanmalarını istedi.
}}</ref>) by using archives in Turkey, Armenia and other countries.<ref name="Turkish invitation">{{Cite press release|url = http://www.turkishembassy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=612&Itemid=338|title = Turkey's Initiative to Resolve Armenian Allegations Regarding 1915|publisher = Embassy of Turkish Republic at Washington, D.C.|accessdate = 2008-06-29 }}</ref> Armenian president [[Robert Kocharian]] responded,


It offers the following degrees:
<blockquote>
*[[Juris Doctor|J.D.]]
It is the responsibility of governments to develop bilateral relations and we do not have the right to delegate that responsibility to historians. That is why we have proposed and propose again that, without pre-conditions, we establish normal relations between our two countries.<ref name="Oskanian Comments">{{Cite web|url = http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/pr_06/061104_vo_gul.html|title = Minister Oskanian Comments on Turkish Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul's Recent Remarks|publisher = Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date = November 4, 2006|accessdate = 2007-04-23 }}</ref></blockquote>
*[[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] in [[Taxation]].
*Joint [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]]/[[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] in [[Taxation]].
*Joint [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]]/J.D. with [[Baruch College]].


Besides these degrees, New York Law School also has "Three + Three Programs," which allow Undergraduate students to start at the Law School after only three years of Undergraduate education, and then receive their Undergraduate degree after successfully completing the first year at the Law School. The programs also allow students to continue receiving comparable financial aid to that which they received during their Undergraduate education provided they maintain their academic performance. They also are not required to take the [[Law School Admission Test]] before entering the Law School. These programs are with the following schools:
The Turkish government continues to protest the formal recognition of the genocide by other countries, and to dispute that there ever was a genocide.
*Joint [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]]/J.D. with [[Stevens Institute of Technology]].
*Joint [[Bachelor's Degree]]/J.D. with [[Adelphi University]].
*Joint [[Bachelor's Degree]]/J.D. with [[New England College]].
*Joint [[Bachelor's Degree]]/J.D. with [[Southern Vermont College]].


The School’s curriculum focuses on integrating the study of theory and practice and on including the perspectives of legal practitioners. The Law School’s Lawyering Skills Center offers clinics, simulation courses, and externships to carry out that goal. Through a number of other new initiatives and programs, the School has expanded its offerings in order to provide “the Right Program for Each Student.”
===Controversies===


New York Law School operates on the standard semester basis. 86 credits are required for graduation, 38 of which are for required courses. The first and second years have mandatory studies, and the third year is all elective courses. Students must maintain a minimum 2.0 GPA for all courses. Required first-year courses are Civil Procedure, Contracts I and II, Criminal Law, Evidence, Lawyering, Legal Reasoning, Writing and Research, Property, Torts, and Written and Oral Advocacy. Required second-year courses are Constitutional Law I and II, and the Legal Profession. An upper-division writing requirement is also necessary study.
Efforts by the Turkish government and its agents to quash mention of the genocide have resulted in numerous scholarly, diplomatic, political and legal controversies. Prosecutors acting on their own initiative have utilized [[Article 301 (Turkish penal code)|Article 301]] of the Turkish Penal Code prohibiting "insulting Turkishness" to silence a number of prominent Turkish intellectuals who spoke of atrocities suffered by Armenians in the last days of the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Corley, Felix. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20020214/ai_n12598598 Obituary: Ayse Nur Zarakolu]," ''[[The Independent|Independent]]'', February 14, 2002.</ref> These prosecutions have often been accompanied by hate campaigns and threats, as was the case for [[Hrant Dink]], the Turkish-Armenian intellectual murdered in 2007. The leading lawyer behind the prosecutions, [[Kemal Kerincsiz]], is under investigation for complicity in the underground [[Ergenekon network]].


The areas of concentration offered for study by New York Law School are Civil Liberties, Constitutional Law, Corporate and Securities Law, Criminal Law, International Law, Information and Media Law, Labor and Employment Law, Professional Values and Practice, Real Estate Law and Taxation. New York Law School has five clinics: Criminal Law, Elder Law, Mediation, Securities Arbitration and Urban Law. The stimulation courses offered are Advocacy of Criminal Cases, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Negotiating, Counseling and Interviewing (NCI), Trial Advocacy, and The Role of the Government Attorney.
In 1982, the [[Israeli]] Foreign Ministry attempted to prevent an international conference on genocide, held in [[Tel Aviv]], from including any mention of the Armenian Genocide. Several reports suggested that Turkey had warned that [[Turkish Jews]] might face "reprisals", if the conference permitted Armenian participation.<ref>"[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70C1EFD355C0C778CDDAF0894DA484D81&scp=2&sq=jews+armenian+genocide+reprisals&st=nyt Genocide Parley with Armenians to Proceed]," ''[[New York Times]]'', June 4, 1982.</ref> This charge was "categorically denied" by Turkey;<ref>Howe, Marvine. "[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50610F8355C0C768CDDAF0894DA484D81&scp=4&sq=jews+armenian+genocide&st=nyt Turkey Denies it Threatened Jews Over Parley on Genocide]," ''[[New York Times]]'', June 5, 1982.</ref> the Israeli Foreign Ministry supported Turkey in this protestation that there had been no threats against Jews, suggesting that its misgivings as to the genocide conference were based on considerations "vital to the Jewish nation".<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E3DB173BF935A25755C0A964948260&scp=6&sq=jews+armenian+genocide&st=nyt Armenians to Take Part In Tel Aviv Seminar]," ''[[New York Times]]'', June 16, 1982.</ref>


==Academic centers==
A 1989 U.S. Senate proposal to recognize the Armenian Genocide stoked the ire of Turkey. The proposal occurred in the context of the publication of internal U.S. documents which laid out a State Department official's eyewitness report that "thousands and thousands of Armenians, mostly innocent and helpless women and children, were butchered", in the last days of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=nyttsp>McKenna, Kate. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE3DE1F3BF930A35751C1A96F948260&scp=1&sq=%22the+slaughterhouse+province%22&st=nyt Account of Armenian Massacre Provokes Diplomatic Storm]," ''[[New York Times]]'', December 3, 1989.</ref> Turkey responded by blocking [[U.S. Navy]] visits to Turkey and suspending some U.S. military training facilities on Turkish territory.<ref name=nyttsp /> The American scholar who assembled the U.S. archive documents for publication went into hiding after a series of anonymous threats.<ref name=nyttsp />
The faculty has established seven academic centers which provide specialized study and offer prime opportunities for exchange between the students, faculty, and expert practitioners. These seven academic centers engage many students in advanced research through the John Marshall Harlan Scholars Program, an academic honors program designed for students with the strongest academic credentials. Harlan Scholars have the opportunity, through affiliation with a center to focus on a particular field of study, gaining depth and substantive expertise beyond the broad understanding of the law that is gained in the J.D. program.


===Center for Business Law and Policy===
In 1990, psychologist [[Robert Jay Lifton]] received a letter from the Turkish Ambassador to the United States, questioning his inclusion of references to the Armenian Genocide in one of his books. The ambassador inadvertently included a draft of the letter, presented by scholar [[Heath Lowry]], advising the ambassador on how to prevent mention of the Armenian Genocide in scholarly works.<ref>Honan, William H. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05EFDB1039F931A15756C0A960958260&scp=1&sq=lifton+lowry&st=nyt Princeton Is Accused of Fronting For the Turkish Government]," ''[[New York Times]]'', May 22, 1996.</ref> In 1996, Lowry was named to a chair at [[Princeton University]], which had been financed by the Turkish government, sparking a debate on ethics in scholarship.<ref name=Smith1995>{{citation
The Center on Business Law & Policy is designed to provide its Harlan Scholars honors students an enriched educational experience in the business, securities, and commercial law areas. The Center's goal is to prepare a motivated, hard-working corps of students to excel as planners and counselors in general advising, litigation and especially deal-making situations where businesses and other commercial entities are clients. Center graduates will have a firm grounding in the fundamentals needed to enter business-oriented law firms, law departments in corporations, investment banks, financial services and brokerage firms, institutional investors, as well as regulators and other commercially oriented governmental offices, and will be exposed to the areas of law that are relevant to these types of practices.
| author = Smith, Roger W.; Markusen, Eric; Lifton, Robert Jay
| year = 1995
| title = Professional Ethics and the Denial of Armenian Genocide
| journal = Holocaust and Genocide Studies
| volume = 9
| issue = 1
| pages = 1-22
| doi = 10.1093/hgs/9.1.1
| url = http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Professional_Ethics_and_the_Denial_of_Armenian_Genocide
}}</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E5DD1F39F931A35755C0A960958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/L/Lifton,%20Robert%20Jay Armenian Genocide Cannot Be Denied]," ''[[New York Times]]'', June 2, 1996</ref>


===Center for International Law===
==Armenia and the Armenian Genocide==
New York Law School, aided by a grant from the C.V. Starr Foundation, created the Center for International Law. The Center supports teaching and research in all areas of international law but concentrates on the law of international trade and finance, deriving much of its strength from interaction with New York’s business, commercial, financial, and legal communities. The Center organizes symposia events to engage students and faculty in discussions of important and timely issues with experts and practitioners in the field. For professional development, the Center offers extensive resources for studying and researching careers in international law.
{{see also|Nagorno-Karabakh War|Sumgait pogrom}}


The Center publishes [http://www.nyls.edu/pages/272.asp The International Review], an award-winning academic newsletter. The International Review is the only academic newletter published by an ABA-accredited law school that reports on a broad range of contemporary international and comparative law issues. The Newsletter on Newsletters awarded The International Review with its 2007 Gold Award for "Best Edited Organization Newsletter." It is published twice a year by the Center, and is free through email subscription or on the website.
[[Armenia]] has been involved in a protracted ethnic-territorial conflict with [[Azerbaijan]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] state, since they became independent in 1991. The conflict has featured several pogroms, massacres, and waves of [[ethnic cleansing]], by both sides. Some foreign policy observers and historians have suggested that Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have sought to affect policy-making in the modern [[Caucasus]] conflict, by suggesting that the modern conflict is a continuation of the Armenian Genocide.<ref name=ambrosio12>Ambrosio, Thomas. ''Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy''. 2002, page 12.</ref><ref name=blox>Bloxham, Donald. ''The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians''. 2005, page 232-3.</ref> According to [[Thomas Ambrosio]], the Armenian Genocide furnishes "a reserve of public sympathy and moral legitimacy that translates into significant political influence... to elicit congressional support for anti-Azerbaijan policies."<ref name=ambrosio12 />


===Center for New York City Law===
The rhetoric leading up to the onset of the conflict, which unfolded in the context of several pogroms of Armenians, was dominated by references to the Armenian Genocide, including fears that it would be, or was in the course of being, repeated.<ref>Atabaki, Touraj and Mehendale, Sanjyot. ''Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora''. 2005, page 85-6.</ref><ref>Kaufman, Stuart J. ''Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War''. 2001, page 55.</ref> During the conflict, the Azeri and Armenian governments regularly accused each other of genocidal intent, although these claims have been treated skeptically by outside observers.<ref name=blox />
The Center for New York City Law is the only program of its kind in the country. Its objectives are to gather and disseminate information about New York City’s laws, rules, and procedures; to sponsor publications, symposia, and conferences on topics related to governing the city; and to suggest reforms to make city government more effective and efficient. The Center’s bimonthly publication, City Law, tracks New York City’s rules and regulations, how they are enforced, and court challenges to them. Its Web site, [http://www.citylaw.org www.citylaw.org], contains a searchable library of more than 40,000 administrative decisions of New York City agencies. The Center publishes three newsletters: CityLaw, CityLand and CityReg.


===Center for Professional Values and Practice===
== Recognition of the Armenian Genocide ==
The School’s Center for Professional Values and Practice provides a vehicle through which to examine the role of the legal profession and approaches to law practice. The Center’s work supports the development of lawyering skills and reflective professionalism, including consideration of how these have evolved over the decades, even as business and ethical pressures have intensified and become more complex, and the roles of lawyers in society have multiplied.
{{Main|Recognition of the Armenian Genocide}}
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:GenocideMemorialLebanon.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Genocide memorial in Bikfaya, [[Lebanon]].{{deletable image-caption}}]] -->
As a response to the continuing denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish State, many activists among [[Armenian Diaspora]] communities have pushed for formal recognition of the Armenian genocide from various governments around the world. 21 countries and 42&nbsp;[[U.S. state]]s have adopted resolutions acknowledging the Armenian Genocide as a ''bona fide'' historical event.


===Center for Real Estate Studies===
== Commemoration ==
The recently established Center for Real Estate Studies at New York Law School aims to become one of the leading academic research centers devoted to the study of both the private practice and public regulation of real estate. The Center will sponsor conferences, symposia, and continuing legal education programs on these issues and will host distinguished lawyers and other real estate professionals to speak on developments in the practice of real estate law.
=== Memorials ===
[[Image:Rowan williams garegin ii IMG 2506.JPG|thumb|300px|Catholicos [[Karekin II]] and Archbishop [[Rowan Williams]] at the Armenian Genocide monument in [[Yerevan]].]]
The Center for Real Estate Studies will also be a leader in developing innovative legal education programs, creating partnerships with leading real estate lawyers in NYC, and better training our students pursuing real estate careers. The new Center will help bridge the existing gap between the private practice and academic study of real estate, and will become one of the premier places in the country for the study of real estate.
{{main|Tsitsernakaberd}}
In 1965, the 50th anniversary of the genocide, a [[1965 Yerevan demonstrations|24-hour mass protest]] was initiated in [[Yerevan]] demanding recognition of the Armenian Genocide by Soviet authorities. The memorial was completed two years later, at [[Tsitsernakaberd]] above the [[Hrazdan]] gorge in Yerevan. The {{convert|44|m|ft}} [[Stela|stele]] symbolizes the national rebirth of Armenians. Twelve slabs are positioned in a circle, representing 12&nbsp;lost provinces in present day [[Turkey]]. At the center of the circle there is an [[eternal flame]]. Each April 24, hundreds of thousands of people walk to the genocide monument and lay flowers around the eternal flame.


===Institute for Information Law and Policy===
Another memorial, at [[Alfortville]], [[Paris]], was bombed on May 3, 1984, by a hit-team headed by [[Grey Wolves]] member [[Abdullah Catli]] and paid by the Turkish [[MIT]] intelligence agency <ref name=Zaman_Ergenekon> [http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=150621 Ergenekon document reveals MİT’s assassination secrets], ''[[Today's Zaman]]'', 19 August 2008 {{en icon}}</ref>.
The Institute for Information Law and Policy is New York Law School’s home for the study of information, communication and law in the global digital age. The goal of the Institute is to apply the theory and technology of communications and information to strengthening democratic institutions and the rule of law as technology evolves. Through its curriculum, ongoing conference and speaker series and a variety of original projects, the Institute investigates the emerging field of information law, which encompasses intellectual property, privacy, free speech, information access, communications, and all areas of law pertaining to information and communication practices.


=== Art ===
===Justice Action Center===
The Justice Action Center brings together New York Law School faculty and students in an ongoing critical evaluation of public interest lawyering. Through scholarship and fieldwork, the Center seeks to evaluate the efficacy of law as an agent of change and social betterment. Through a focused curriculum, symposia, clinical experience, and research opportunities, the Center seeks to instill in students a deeper intellectual understanding of the law regardless of their final career goals, and to present opportunities to maintain their ties to the social justice community beyond law school.
{{See also|Armenian Genocide Related Music}}
The earliest example of the Armenian genocide on art was a medal issued in [[St. Petersburg]], signifying Russian sympathy for Armenian suffering. It was struck in 1915, as the massacres and deportations were still raging. Since then, dozens of medals in different countries have been commissioned to commemorate the event.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Sarkisyan
|first = Henry
|title = Works of the State History History Museum of Armenia, Vol. IV:Armenian Theme in Russian Medallic Art.
|publisher = Hayastan
|year= 1975
|location = Yerevan
|pages = 136
}}</ref>
[[Image:1915medal.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Armenian-Russian "Hour of Trial" Medal, issued in 1915]]
Several eyewitness accounts of the events were published, notably those of Swedish missionary [[Alma Johansson]] and U.S. Ambassador [[Henry Morgenthau, Sr.]] German medic [[Armin Wegner]] wrote several books about the events he witnessed while stationed in the Ottoman Empire. Years later, having returned to Germany, Wegner was imprisoned for opposing Nazism,<ref>[http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/395 Document: Armin T. Wegner's Letter to German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, Berlin, Easter Monday, April 11, 1933 - Gerlach and Templer 8 (3): 395 - Holocaust and Genocide Studies<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and his books were subjected to [[Nazi book burnings]].<ref>[http://www.aktion-patenschaften.de/autoren/w02.htm Aktion Patenschaften für verbrannte Bücher e.V.: Autorenseite Wegners]</ref> Probably the best known literary work on the Armenian Genocide is [[Franz Werfel]]'s 1933 ''[[The Forty Days of Musa Dagh]]''. It was a bestseller that became particularly popular among the youth of the Jewish ghettos during the Nazi era.<ref>Auron, Yair. ''The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide''. 2000, page 302–4.</ref>


In 2006, the School's Labor & Employment Law Program became part of the Justice Action Center. Ever since New York Law School alumnus Senator Robert F. Wagner—the “legislative pilot of the New Deal”—wrote and led the fight to enact the National Labor Relations Act, New York Law School has remained on the cutting edge of labor and employment law and public policy. In the tradition of Senator Wagner, New York Law School’s Labor & Employment Law Program seeks to advance and influence law and public policy with an action-oriented, public-interested agenda.
[[Kurt Vonnegut]]'s 1988 novel ''[[Bluebeard (book)|Bluebeard]]'' features the Armenian Genocide as an underlying theme. Other novels incorporating the Armenian Genocide include [[Louis de Berniéres]]' ''Birds without Wings'', [[Edgar Hilsenrath]]'s German-language ''[[The Story of the Last Thought]]'', and Polish [[Stefan Żeromski]]'s 1925 ''[[The Spring to Come]]''. A story in Edward Saint-Ivan's 2006 anthology "The Black Knight's God" includes a fictional survivor of the Armenian Genocide.


==Notable faculty==
The first film about the Armenian Genocide appeared in 1919, a Hollywood production entitled ''[[Ravished Armenia]]''. It resonated with acclaimed director [[Atom Egoyan]], influencing his 2002 ''[[Ararat (film)|Ararat]]''. There are also references in [[Elia Kazan]]'s ''America, America'' or [[Henri Verneuil]]'s ''[[Mayrig]]''. At the [[Berlin Film Festival]] of 2007 Italian directors [[Paolo and Vittorio Taviani]] presented another film about the events, based on Antonia Arslan's book, ''La Masseria Delle Allodole'' (''The Farm of the Larks'').<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,466427,00.html|title = Armenian Genocide at the Berlin Film Festival: "The Lark Farm" Wakens Turkish Ghosts|author = Wolfgang Höbel and Alexander Smoltczyk|publisher = Spiegel Online|accessdate = 2007-09-06}}</ref> Richard Kalinoski's play, ''Beast on the Moon'', is about two Armenian Genocide survivors.
===Former===
The works of [[Arshile Gorky]], an Armenian expatriate whose mother starved to death in the genocide, were often speculated to have been informed by the suffering and loss of the period.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_n2_v84/ai_18004719 Arshile Gorky and the Armenian genocide]</ref> Gorky was a seminal figure of [[Abstract Expressionism]].
*[[Albert Blaustein]], assistant professor (1948-1955), constitutional expert that helped draft the Fijian and Liberian constitutions, as well as consulting on the constitutions of for Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Peru. To a lesser extent, he was involved in the constitutions of Poland, South Africa, Hungary, Romania, Niger, Uganda and Trinidad and Tobago. He was the editor of the 20-volume encyclopaedia Constitutions of the Countries of the World.
*[[Charles Evans Hughes]], [[Secretary of State]] and [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].
*[[William Kunstler]], associate professor; director of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].
*[[Theodore R. Kupferman]], assistant professor (1954-1964), later elected U.S. Congress (1966-1969).
*President [[Woodrow Wilson]] taught Constitutional Law at NYLS before becoming President of Princeton University, and then Governor of [[New Jersey]].
*Cyril Means, prominent scholar on the history of abortion laws whose work was cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade.


===Present===
[[Image:Armenian Genocide Memorial Montreal.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The Armenian Genocide memorial in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]].]]
*Deborah Archer, Director of the Racial Justice Project; former attorney at NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc.
*Richard Beck, Co-director, Gradaute Tax Program
*Andrew Berman, Director of the Center for Real Estate Studies; former partner at Sidley Austin Brown & Wood's Real Estate Group.
*Robert Blecker, nationally known retributivist advocate of the death penalty.
*[[Tai-Heng Cheng]], Associate Director of the Center for International Law, and Honorary Fellow, Foreign Policy Association.
*Sydney M. Cone III, C.V. Starr Professor of Law, Founder and Director of the Center for International Law, former partner and now senior counsel with [[Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton]].
*Aleta G. Estreicher, authority in corporate and securities law.
*Brandt Goldstein, author of Storming the Court.
*Annette Gordon-Reed, renowned presidential scholar, expert in American legal history.
*Seth Harris, director of the Labor and Employment Law Program; former Counselor to Alexis Herman, U.S. Secretary of Labor in the Clinton Administration.
*Jeffrey Hass, expert in corporate finance, securties and mutual fund law.
*Arthur S. Leonard, pioneering scholar and activist on sexual orientation law.
*Faith Kahn, Director of the Center on Business Law & Policy, authority on corporate governance and securities law.
*Beth Simone Noveck, founder of [[Peer to patent]] public review of pending US patents and named “Top 50 in IP” in 2008 by '''Managing IP Today'''.
*Michael L. Perlin, award-winning author on mental disability law.
*Rudolph J.R. Peritz, expert in antitrust law, as well as economic regulation, jurisprudence, and information technology and the law. Author of "Competition Policy in America: 1888–1992", and co-author of casebook "U.S. Antitrust Law in Global Perspective".
*Edward A. Purcell Jr., leading authority on U.S. legal history. Award winning author, his book, "The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism & the Problem of Value", was awarded the Frederick Jackson Turner Prize by the Organization of American Historians. His most recent book, "Brandeis and the Progressive Constitution: Erie, the Judicial Power, and the Politics of the Federal Courts in Twentieth-Century America" won the Triennial Griswold Prize from the Supreme Court Historical Society, and the Coif Triennial Book Award from the Association of American Law Schools.
*Ross Sandler, Director of the Center for New York City Law; Editor ''CityLaw'', ''CityLand'' and ''CityRegs''; former partner Jones Day.
*David S. Schoenbrod, pioneer in the field of environmental law.
*Richard K. Sherwin, expert on use of visual persuasion in litigation.
*James F. Simon, author of seven books on American history, law, and politics.
*[[Nadine Strossen]], President of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].
*Ruti Teitel, authority on international law, human rights, and constitutional law, member of [[Council on Foreign Relations]].
*Henry H. Wellington, Sterling Professor of Law, former Dean of [[Yale Law School]].
*William P. LaPiana, Rita and Joseph Solomon Professor of Wills, Trusts, and Estates


===Present - Adjunct===
In 1975, famous French-Armenian singer [[Charles Aznavour]] recorded the song "[[Ils Sont Tombés (Charles Aznavour Song)|Ils sont tombés]]" ("They Fell"), dedicated to the memory of Armenian Genocide victims.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.azad-hye.net/article/article_view.asp?rec=84|title = The status of Armenian communities living in the United States|author = Mari Terzian|publisher = Azad-Hye|accessdate = 2007-09-06}}</ref>
*Judith Bresler, expert in Art Law; co-author of Art Law: The Guide for Collectors, Artists, Investors, Dealers, and Artists.
*[[Richard B. Bernstein]], distinguished adjunct professor of constitutional law and legal history.
*Lawrence Lederman, Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Law; Chairman of Global Corporate Practice at Milbank, Tweed.
*Zuhayr A. Moghrabi, expert in Islamic & Middle Eastern Law.
*Hon. Evan Wallach, judge on [[U.S. Court of International Trade]], law of war.


==Notable alumni==
American composer and singer [[Daniel Decker]] has achieved critical acclaim for his collaborations with Armenian composer [[Ara Gevorgyan]]. The song "Adana", named for the province of [[Adana massacre|a 1909 pogrom]] of the Armenian people, tells the story of the Armenian Genocide. "Adana" has been translated into 17 languages and recorded by singers around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.evangelicalnews.org/indiv_pr.php?action=display&pr_id=3554|title = Gospel Artist Given Standing Ovation By Armenian Government Officials|publisher = ANS|accessdate = 2007-09-06}}</ref>
In addition to more than 100 sitting judges and many partners of prominent law firms, New York Law School graduates have achieved success working in business, education, and the arts.


===Academic===
The band [[System of a Down]], composed of four descendants of Armenian Genocide survivors, has promoted awareness of the Armenian Genocide, through its lyrics and concerts.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.readersdigest.ca/mag/2006/10/genocide.php|title = Talking With Turks and Armenians About the Genocide|author = Line Abrahamian|publisher = [[Reader's Digest]] Canada|accessdate = 2007-04-23}}</ref>
*[[Philip Milledoler Brett]], President of [[Rutgers University]].
*Edward Duffield, President of [[Princeton University]]. At one time he was also President of the Prudential Life Insurance Company.
*[[Francis Patrick Garvan]], Dean of [[Fordham University School of Law]]. Later became head of the Chemical Foundation, which played a role in the founding of the [[American Institute of Physics]], and the [[National Institutes of Health]]. Remains the only non-scientist to win the Priestley Medal, the highest honor conferred by the [[American Chemical Society]] (ACS) for distinguished service in the field of chemistry.


===Business===
In late 2003, [[Diamanda Galás]] released the album ''Defixiones, Will and Testament: Orders from the Dead'', an 80-minute memorial tribute to the Armenian, Assyrian and Greek victims of the genocide in Turkey. "The performance is an angry meditation on genocide and the politically cooperative denial of it, in particular the Turkish and American denial of the Armenian, Assyrian, and Anatolian Greek genocides from 1914 to 1923".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.diamandagalas.com/defixiones/|title = Defixiones: Orders from the Dead by Diamanda Galas|publisher = The San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate = 2007-10-05}}</ref>
*[http://alumni.american.edu/content.cfm?id=154 Ken Biberaj] - Vice President of The [[Russian Tea Room]]
*[[Chester Carlson]], a physicist and former engineer at Bell Labs, while a student at New York Law School in 1938 invented the [[xerography]] photocopy process.
*Blanche Lark Christerson, currently Managing Director at Deutsche Bank Private Wealth Management.
*Susan E. Cohig, presently Group Vice President for Club Services for the [[National Hockey League]].
*Gregory D. Frost, Chairman, CEO and General Counsel of Able Energy, Inc. ([[Nasdaq]]).
*[[Maurice R. Greenberg]], former chairman and CEO of [[American International Group]] (AIG); current chairman and CEO of C.V. Starr and Company.
*[[Richard LaMotta]], inventor of [[Chipwich]] ice cream sandwich, co-founder of Chipwich Inc., later sold to CoolBrands, and then Dreyer's ([[Nestle]]).
*Lawrence S. Huntington, former Chairman of Fiduciary Trust Company.
*Christopher Johnson Jr., currently VP and General Counsel of [[General Motors]] North America.
*J. Bruce Llewellyn, Chairman of Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Philadelphia, among the five largest minority-owned businesses in the nation.
*Marc Lasry, Founder and Managing Partner, Avenue Capital Group. Founder and Senior Managing Director, Amroc.
*John McMahon, currently President and CEO, Orange & Rockland Utilities.
*Bernard H. Mendik, former chairman of the Real Estate Board of New York, CEO of Mendik Properties which he sold to Steve Roth for $654 million and became co-chairman of Vornado. Later left Vornado to start another real estate company.
*[[Charles Phillips (businessman)]], currently President of [[Oracle Corporation]]; former Managing Director of [[Morgan Stanley]].
*Alfred Swayne, Chairman of General Motors Acceptance Corporation.
*Kenneth D. Werner, currently President of [[Warner Brothers]] Domestic Television Distribution.
*[[Zygmunt Wilf]], head of Garden Commercial Properties, and principal owner of the [[Minnesota Vikings]] of the [[NFL]].


=== Documentary films ===
===Civic===
*[[Leo Cherne]], executive director of the Research Institute of America; chairman of the executive committee of [[Freedom House]]; chairman of the [[International Rescue Committee]]. Served on U.S. Select Committee for Western Hemisphere Immigraions and the U.S. Advisory Commission on International Education and Cultural Affairs, as well as, the U.S. President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB), and the [[Intelligence Oversight Board]]. Was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1984.
*Cynthia Price Cohen, executive director Child Rights International Research Institute.
*Raymond B. Fosdick, former President of the Rockefeller Foundation.
*[[Meir Kahane]], founder of the [[Jewish Defense League]].
*Christina M. Storm, founder and president of Lawyers Without Borders.


===Cultural===
* 1975 – ''The Forgotten Genocide'' (dir. J. Michael Hagopian)
*[[Arnold Kopelson]], won Best Picture Academy Award, a [[Golden Globe]], and an Independent Spirit Award, all for his production of ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]'' (1986). Received a Best Picture Academy Award nomination for his production of ''[[The Fugitive]]'' (1993), and his films have been collectively responsible for 17 Academy Award nominations.
* 1983 – ''Assignment Berlin'' (dir. Hrayr Toukhanian)
*[[Jerry Masucci]], record producer, concert and boxing promoter and film maker. Founded Fania Records (later owned 10 record companies).
* 1988 – ''An Armenian Journey'' (dir. Theodore Bogosian)
*Michael Rego, producer of Tony Award-winning plays, [[Urinetown]] (2002), and [[Wicked]] (2004).
* 1988 – ''Back To Ararat'' (dirs. Jim Downing, Göran Gunér, Per-Åke Holmquist, Suzanne Khardalian)
*[[Elmer Rice]], Pulitzer Prize–winning playwright, ''[[The Adding Machine]]'' (1923) and ''[[Street Scene]]'' (1929), Class of 1912.
* 1990 – ''[[Andranik Toros Ozanian|General Andranik]] (dir. [[Levon Mkrtchyan]])
*[[Judith Sheindlin]] ("[[Judge Judy]]"), New York family court judge, author, and television personality.
* 2000 – ''I Will Not Be Sad in This World'' (dir. Karina Epperlein)
*[[Wallace Stevens]], [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning poet, ''Collected Works'' (1955), Class of 1903.
* 2002 - ''Ararat'' (dir. [[Atom Egoyan]])
*[[Matt Windman]], ''[[amNewYork]]'' theater critic
* 2003 – ''Germany and the Secret Genocide'' (dir. J. Michael Hagopian)
* 2003 – ''Voices From the Lake: A Film About the Secret Genocide'' (dir. J. Michael Hagopian)
* 2003 – ''Desecration'' (dir. Hrair "Hawk" Khatcherian)
* 2003 – ''The Armenian Genocide: A Look Through Our Eyes'' (dir. Vatche Arabian)
* 2005 – ''[[Hovhannes Shiraz]]'' (dir. [[Levon Mkrtchyan]])
* 2006 – ''The Armenian Genocide'' (dir. [[Andrew Goldberg]])
* 2006 – ''[[Screamers (2006 film)|Screamers]]'' (dir. [[Carla Garapedian]])
* 2007 - ''[[La Masseria Delle Allodole]] (dir. [[Taviani brothers]])


== See also ==
===Government===
*[[Bainbridge Colby]], U.S. Secretary of State under [[Woodrow Wilson]] (1920-1921).
{{sisterlinks|Armenian Genocide}}
*[[James W. Gerard]], U.S. Ambassador to Germany during World War I, and New York Supreme Court justice.
* [[Armenian-Turkish relations]]
*Kathleen Grimm, Deputy Chancellor, Finance and Administration for the New York City Department of Education.
* [[Denial of the Armenian Genocide]]
*[[Seymour Glanzer]], First Chief of the Anti-Fraud Section of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Washington D.C., and one of three original prosecutors in the [[Watergate Scandal]].
* [[Recognition of the Armenian Genocide]]
*Charles Maikish, former director of the [[World Trade Center]], more recently head of the Lower Manhattan Command Center - the government entity that has been overseeing all public and private construction post - 9/11.
* [[Anti-Armenianism]]
*Randolph E. Paul, General Counsel U.S. Treasury Department, founder Paul, Weiss Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison.
* [[Fall of the Ottoman Empire]]
*[[Ferdinand Pecora]], appointed Chief Counsel to the U.S. Senate's Committee on Banking and Currency following the 1932 election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He led Senate hearings, known as the Pecora Commission into the causes of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 which launched a major reform of the American financial system, that resulted in the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Became one of the first members of the Securities Exchange Commission.
* [[Armenian diaspora]]
*Laura Simone Unger, member of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (1997-2001), acting Chairman (2001).
* [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire]]
*Barbara M. Watson, daughter of James S. Watson (judicial), U.S. Ambassador to Malaysia, and first female Assistant Secretary of State of the United States.
* [[Operation Nemesis]]
* ''[[Ararat (film)|Ararat]]'', a film by [[Atom Egoyan]]
* ''[[The Forty Days of Musa Dagh]]'', a novel by [[Franz Werfel]]
* [[Assyrian Genocide]]
* [[Pontic Greek Genocide]]


== References ==
===Judicial===
*Hon. [[Clarence E. Case]], Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court.
{{reflist|2}}
*Hon. [[Albert C. Cohn]], New York State Supreme Court justice, and father of lawyer [[Roy Cohn]].
*Hon. [[Charles William Froessel]], New York Court of Appeals (1949-1962).
*Hon. [[John Marshall Harlan II]], United States Supreme Court Justice from 1955 to 1971.
*Hon. [[Robert Alexander Inch]], Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
*Hon. [[Roger J. Miner]], Chief Judge United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
*Hon. Francis T. Murphy, Presiding Justice New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, 1977-97.
*Hon. Emilio Nuñez, became the first Latino judge in New York City.
*Hon. Samuel Seabury, associate justice of the Court of Appeals.
*Hon. Jonah Triebwasser, Justice of the Village and Town of Red Hook, New York
*Hon. Nicholas Tsoucalas, former chief judge, now senior judge [[U.S. Court of International Trade]].
*Hon. James S. Watson, became a judge and was the first African American admitted to membership in the American Bar Association.


== Bibliography ==
===Political===
*[[Henry C. Allen]], U.S. Congressman from New Jersey (1905-1907).
*[[Michael Arcuri]], present U.S. Congressman, New York's 24th district.
*[[Mario Biaggi]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1969-1988).
*Julio Brady, a former lieutenant governor, United States attorney, Attorney General and Territorial Court Judge in the United States Virgin Islands, presently a judge on the Superior Court.
*[[Harry H. Dale]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1913-1919).
*[[Isidore Dollinger]]. U.S. Congressman from New York (1949-1959).
*[[Eliot L. Engel]], presently U.S. Congressman, New York's 17th district.
*[[Otto G. Foelker]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1908-1911).
*[[John J. Fitzgerald]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1899-1917).
*[[Franklin W. Fort]] (1880-1937), represented [[New Jersey's 9th congressional district]] from 1925-1931.<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000287 Franklin William Fort], [[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]. Accessed [[August 22]], [[2007]].</ref>
*[[Benjamin A. Gilman]], former U.S. Congressman (1973-2003), Chair of House Committee on International Relations. Previously New York Attorney General.
*[[Elmer H. Geran]], U.S. Attorney, and U.S. Congressman for New Jersey.
*[[Daniel J. Griffin]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1913-1917).
*[[Clarence E. Hancock]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1927-1947).
*[[Francis Burton Harrison]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1903-1913) and Governor-General of the [[Philippines]] (1913-1921) under Woodrow Wilson.
*[[G. Murray Hulbert]]. U.S. Congressman from New York (1915-1918), resigning to become commissioner of docks and director of the port of New York City; elected president of the Board of Aldermen of New York City (1921), and served as acting mayor during the long illness of Mayor Hylan.
*[[John F. Hylan]], New York City mayor (1918-1925).
*Conrad A. Johnson, an immigrant from Barbados, became the first black Republican alderman in New York City.
*[[Eugene W. Leake]], U.S. Congressman from New Jersey (1907-1909).
*[[Warren I. Lee]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1921-1923).
*[[Frederick R. Lehlbach]], U.S. Congressman from New Jersey (1915-1937).
*[[John Purroy Mitchel]], youngest person ever elected Mayor of New York City (1914-1917).
*[[Guy Molinari]], former U.S. Congressman from New York (1981-1989). Father of [[Susan Molinari]], former U.S. Congresswoman from New York.
*[[Frederick W. Mulkey]], U.S. Senator from Oregon, twice elected to finish out term of other Senators that died in office. (1907, and 1918 - both times did not seek re-election).
*[[Charles F.X. O'Brien]] (1879-1940), represented [[New Jersey's 12th congressional district]] from 1921 to 1925.<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000008 Charles Francis Xavier O'Brien], [[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]. Accessed [[August 16]], [[2007]].</ref>
*[[James Oddo]], currently New York City Council Member and Republican Minority Leader.
*[[Thomas Francis Smith]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1916-1921).
*[[Oscar W. Swift]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1915-1919).
*[[John Taber]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1923-1963).
*[[William L. Tierney]], U.S. Congressman from Connecticut (1931-1933).
*[[Robert F. Wagner]], Chairman of the National Labor Board, and then United States Senator from New York from 1927 to 1949, introduced and won passage of the [[National Labor Relations Act]], or Wagner Act. Father of [[Robert F. Wagner, Jr.]] mayor of New York City.
*[[Alton R. Waldon, Jr.]], U.S. Congressman from New York (1986-1987).
*[[James J. Walker]], New York Assemblyman, Senate Majority Leader, and New York City Mayor (1926-1932).
*[[Royal H. Weller]], U.S Congressman form New York (1923-1929).


===Sports===
* [[Taner Akçam|Akçam, Taner]], ''From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide'', Zed Books, 2004
*[[Walter Dukes]], all-American basketball player at Seton Hall University, while averaging 26.1 points and 22.2 rebounds per game (still an NCAA record for rebounds in a season). The 2-time NBA All-Star played 8 seasons for the Knicks, Lakers and Pistons, as well as 2 seasons for the Harlem Globetrotters.
* [[Taner Akçam|Akçam, Taner]]. ''A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility''. Metropolitan Books, 2006
* [[Peter Balakian|Balakian, Peter]]. ''The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response.'' New York: Perennial, 2003
* [[Omer Bartov|Bartov, Omer]], Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide and Modern Identity, Oxford Univ. Press, 2000
* [[Vahakn Dadrian|Dadrian, Vahakn, N.]] ''The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus'' Berghahn Books, 1995
* Dündar, Fuat, Ittihat ve Terakki'nin Müslümanlari Iskan Politikasi (1913–18), Iletisim, 2001
* [[Robert Fisk|Fisk, Robert]], ''[[The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East]]'' London: Alfred Knopf, 2005
* Gaunt, David. ''Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I'' Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59333-301-3.
* [[Wolfgang Gust|Gust, Wolfgang]], Der Völkermord an den Armeniern, Zu Klampen, 2005
* [[Johannes Lepsius|Lepsius, Johannes]]. ''Deutschland und Armenien 1914–1918, Sammlung diplomatischer Aktenstücke''. Donat & Temmen Verlag, 1986
* [[Robert Melson|Melson, Robert]], Revolution and Genocide. On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust, The University of Chicago Press, 1996
* Power, Samantha. ''"A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide''. Harper, 2003
* Wallimann, Isidor (ed.): Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death, Syracuse Univ. Press, 2000
* Graber, G.S. ''Caravans to Oblivion: The Armenian Genocide 1915.'' New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996
* {{cite web | title=The Armenian Genocide: A Bibliography | work=University of Michigan, Dearborn: Armenian Research Center | url=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib1.html | accessdate=January 27 | accessyear=2008}}


===Name partners in prominent firms===
* {{cite web | title=The Armenian Genocide: A Supplemental Bibliography, 1993–1996 | work=University of Michigan, Dearborn: Armenian Research Center | url=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib2.html | accessdate=January 27 | accessyear=2008}}</div>
*Abbey Spanier Rodd Abrams & Paradis: Arthur N. Abbey.
*Breed, Abbott & Morgan: Henry Hurlbut Abbott.
*[[Chadbourne & Parke]]: William Parke.
*[[Davis Polk]]: Edwin Sunderland.
*Heraty Law: Quinn Heraty.
*[[Kaye Scholer]]: Jacob Scholer.
*[[Kelley Drye & Warren]]: Reid Carr.
*[[LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae]]: Cameron R. MacRae.
*[[Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy]]: Albert Milbank and Walter Hope.
*[[Parker Chapin Flattau & Klimpl]]: Albert Parker.
*[[Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison]]: Randolph E. Paul and John F. Wharton.
*Pegalis & Erickson: Steven E. Pegalis.
*[[Proskauer Rose]]: Alfred Rose.
*[[Walter, Conston, Alexander & Green]]: Otto Walter.


==References==
* [[Christopher J. Walker|Walker, Christopher J.]] Armenia: The Survival of a Nation, Revised Second Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1990. 476 pp.
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.nyls.edu New York Law School Official Website]
*[http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide Armenian Genocide] on the Armeniapedia.org website ([http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide_Photos Wegner photos])
*[http://www.nyls.edu/pages/4355.asp Center for Business Law & Policy]
*[http://www.theforgotten.org The Armenian Genocide], at www.theforgotten.org, has videos of interviews with survivors
*[http://www.nyls.edu/pages/225.asp Center for International Law]
*[http://www.citylaw.org Center for New York City Law]
*[http://www.nyls.edu/pages/502.asp Center for Professional Values and Practice]
*[http://www.nyls.edu/pages/5271.asp Center for Real Estate Studies]
*[http://www.nyls.edu/pages/765.asp Institute for Information Law & Policy]
*[http://www.nyls.edu/pages/500.asp Justice Action Center]


{{Law schools in New York City}}
{{Armenia topics}}
{{World War I}}
{{NYC Colleges}}


[[Category:Anti-Armenianism]]
[[Category:Law schools in New York]]
[[Category:Armenian Genocide| ]]
[[Category:Education in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:New York Law School alumni| ]]
[[Category:History of Armenia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1891]]
[[Category:History of Turkey]]
[[Category:Law schools in New York City]]
[[Category:Ottoman Empire and World War I]]
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment]]
[[Category:Nationalism]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing]]
[[Category:Religion and politics]]
[[Category:Islamic history]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies]]


[[fr:New York Law School]]
[[af:Armeense volksmoord]]
[[ar:مذابح الأرمن]]
[[bs:Armenski genocid]]
[[bg:Арменски геноцид]]
[[ca:Genocidi armeni]]
[[cs:Arménská genocida]]
[[da:Det armenske folkedrab]]
[[de:Völkermord an den Armeniern]]
[[el:Γενοκτονία των Αρμενίων]]
[[es:Genocidio armenio]]
[[eo:Armena genocido]]
[[fa:نسل‌کشی ارامنه]]
[[fr:Génocide arménien]]
[[ga:Cinedhíothú na nAirméanach]]
[[gl:Xenocidio armenio]]
[[ko:아르메니아인 학살 사건]]
[[hy:Հայոց Ցեղասպանություն]]
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[[it:Genocidio armeno]]
[[he:שואת הארמנים]]
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[[ku:Komkujiya Ermeniyan]]
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[[no:Folkemordet på armenerne]]
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[[tr:1915-1918 Osmanlı'da Ermeni olayları]]
[[uk:Геноцид вірмен у Туреччині]]
[[ur:آرمینیائی قتل عام]]
[[zh:亚美尼亚种族大屠杀]]

Revision as of 04:10, 13 October 2008

New York Law School
MottoJuris praecepta sunt haec: honeste vivere, autem non laedere, suum cuique tribuere.
The precepts of the law are these: to live justly, not to injure anyone, and to render to each person what is due.
-Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian Code)
TypePrivate
EstablishedJune 11, 1891
Endowment$208,000,000 [1]
DeanRichard A. Matasar
Academic staff
Full time, 76; Adjunct, 175
Students1,480
Location
New York City
,
New York
,
USA
CampusUrban
Websitewww.nyls.edu

New York Law School is a private law school in the TriBeCa neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City.

History

During the winter of 1890, a dispute arose at Columbia College over an attempt to introduce the Case Method of study to Columbia Law School. The Case Method had been pioneered at Harvard Law School by Christopher Columbus Langdell. The dean and founder of Columbia Law School, Theodore Dwight, opposed this method, preferring the Socratic Method. Because of this disagreement with Columbia, Dwight and the other faculty and students of Columbia Law School left and founded their own law school in Lower Manhattan the following year.

On June 11, 1891, New York Law School was chartered by the State of New York, and the school began operation shortly thereafter. By this time, Theodore Dwight was in poor health, and was not able to be actively involved with the Law School, so the position of Dean went to one of the other professors from Columbia Law School, George Chase. New York Law School held its first classes on October 1, 1891, in the Equitable Building at 120 Broadway, in Lower Manhattan's Financial District.

In 1892, after only a year in operation, it was the second-largest law school in the United States. Steady increases in enrollment caused the Law School to acquire new facilities in 1899, at 35 Nassau Street, only blocks away from the Law School's previous location. However, because the Law School was still growing, in 1907 it acquired a building of its own at 172 Fulton Street, where it remained until 1917, when it closed because of World War I.

When New York Law School reopened in 1918, it was located in another building at 215 West 23rd Street, in Midtown. In the following decade, the Law School would see the peak of its early years, and saw some of its most famous alumni graduate. However, in 1925, George Chase died after a long illness that resulted in him running New York Law School for the last three years of his life from his bed. New York Law School continued without Chase, seeing its enrollment peak in the mid 1920s, but it saw a steady decline after that. With fewer students, the Law School moved to smaller facilities at 253 Broadway in the Civic Center, just opposite City Hall. In 1936, the Law School moved to another location at 63 Park Row, on the opposite side of City Hall Park; it also became coeducational that same year. However, because of declining enrollment, as well as World War II, it was forced to close in 1941. The remaining students that were still enrolled finished their studies at St. John's University School of Law, in Brooklyn.

After reopening in 1947, the Law School started a new program that was influenced by a committee of alumni headed by New York State Supreme Court Justice Albert Cohn. The Law School resumed operations in a building at 244 William Street, in the Civic Center. In 1954, New York Law School was accredited by the American Bar Association, and in 1962, moved to its current facilities at 57 Worth Street, in TriBeCa. In 1974, it received additional accreditation by the Association of American Law Schools.

The buildings of the Law School underwent renovation during the leadership of Dean James F. Simon, from 1983 to 1992. Under his successor, Dean Harry H. Wellington, who served in that position until 2000, the curriculum was revised to put greater emphasis on the practical skills of a professional attorney. Since the current Dean, Richard A. Matasar, took over, the Law School has continued to grow, with a newly articulated mission statement that centers on three goals: to embrace innovation, to foster integrity and professionalism, and to advance justice for a diverse society. The School has also adopted the motto “Learn Law. Take Action,” which expresses its commitment to teaching students to use the skills and knowledge they gain as lawyers to do something valuable for others.

In late June of 2006, New York Law School sold its Mendik building at 240 Church Street. This sale enabled the school to move forward with the sale of $135 million in insured bonds, which were issued through the New York City Industrial Development Agency. The school’s securities were given an A3 credit rating by Moody’s and an A-minus rating by S&P, both reflective of the school’s stable market position and solid financial condition. The proceeds from the building sale have been allocated to the school’s endowment, which is now among the top 10 of all American law schools.[2]

The Law School opened its first dormitory in the East Village in 2005, and in August 2006, it broke ground on the $190 million expansion and renovation program that will transform its TriBeCa campus into a cohesive architectural complex that nearly doubles the school's current size.

The centerpiece of the expansion will be a new glass-enclosed, 200,000-square-foot, nine-level building—five stories above ground and four below, which will integrate the Law School’s existing buildings. The new facility is scheduled for completion in 2008, followed by the complete renovation of the Law School’s existing buildings by spring of 2010.

New York Law School has a 90% New York bar exam pass rate for first-time takers, which places the school in the top five schools in the state in bar passage rate along with Cornell, Columbia University, Cardozo, and NYU[3], [4]. However, the school is still only considered "Third Tier" by the US News and World Report Law School Rankings. [5]

Curriculum

New York Law School has three divisions:

  • Full Time Day
  • Part Time Day
  • Part Time Evening

It offers the following degrees:

Besides these degrees, New York Law School also has "Three + Three Programs," which allow Undergraduate students to start at the Law School after only three years of Undergraduate education, and then receive their Undergraduate degree after successfully completing the first year at the Law School. The programs also allow students to continue receiving comparable financial aid to that which they received during their Undergraduate education provided they maintain their academic performance. They also are not required to take the Law School Admission Test before entering the Law School. These programs are with the following schools:

The School’s curriculum focuses on integrating the study of theory and practice and on including the perspectives of legal practitioners. The Law School’s Lawyering Skills Center offers clinics, simulation courses, and externships to carry out that goal. Through a number of other new initiatives and programs, the School has expanded its offerings in order to provide “the Right Program for Each Student.”

New York Law School operates on the standard semester basis. 86 credits are required for graduation, 38 of which are for required courses. The first and second years have mandatory studies, and the third year is all elective courses. Students must maintain a minimum 2.0 GPA for all courses. Required first-year courses are Civil Procedure, Contracts I and II, Criminal Law, Evidence, Lawyering, Legal Reasoning, Writing and Research, Property, Torts, and Written and Oral Advocacy. Required second-year courses are Constitutional Law I and II, and the Legal Profession. An upper-division writing requirement is also necessary study.

The areas of concentration offered for study by New York Law School are Civil Liberties, Constitutional Law, Corporate and Securities Law, Criminal Law, International Law, Information and Media Law, Labor and Employment Law, Professional Values and Practice, Real Estate Law and Taxation. New York Law School has five clinics: Criminal Law, Elder Law, Mediation, Securities Arbitration and Urban Law. The stimulation courses offered are Advocacy of Criminal Cases, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Negotiating, Counseling and Interviewing (NCI), Trial Advocacy, and The Role of the Government Attorney.

Academic centers

The faculty has established seven academic centers which provide specialized study and offer prime opportunities for exchange between the students, faculty, and expert practitioners. These seven academic centers engage many students in advanced research through the John Marshall Harlan Scholars Program, an academic honors program designed for students with the strongest academic credentials. Harlan Scholars have the opportunity, through affiliation with a center to focus on a particular field of study, gaining depth and substantive expertise beyond the broad understanding of the law that is gained in the J.D. program.

Center for Business Law and Policy

The Center on Business Law & Policy is designed to provide its Harlan Scholars honors students an enriched educational experience in the business, securities, and commercial law areas. The Center's goal is to prepare a motivated, hard-working corps of students to excel as planners and counselors in general advising, litigation and especially deal-making situations where businesses and other commercial entities are clients. Center graduates will have a firm grounding in the fundamentals needed to enter business-oriented law firms, law departments in corporations, investment banks, financial services and brokerage firms, institutional investors, as well as regulators and other commercially oriented governmental offices, and will be exposed to the areas of law that are relevant to these types of practices.

Center for International Law

New York Law School, aided by a grant from the C.V. Starr Foundation, created the Center for International Law. The Center supports teaching and research in all areas of international law but concentrates on the law of international trade and finance, deriving much of its strength from interaction with New York’s business, commercial, financial, and legal communities. The Center organizes symposia events to engage students and faculty in discussions of important and timely issues with experts and practitioners in the field. For professional development, the Center offers extensive resources for studying and researching careers in international law.

The Center publishes The International Review, an award-winning academic newsletter. The International Review is the only academic newletter published by an ABA-accredited law school that reports on a broad range of contemporary international and comparative law issues. The Newsletter on Newsletters awarded The International Review with its 2007 Gold Award for "Best Edited Organization Newsletter." It is published twice a year by the Center, and is free through email subscription or on the website.

Center for New York City Law

The Center for New York City Law is the only program of its kind in the country. Its objectives are to gather and disseminate information about New York City’s laws, rules, and procedures; to sponsor publications, symposia, and conferences on topics related to governing the city; and to suggest reforms to make city government more effective and efficient. The Center’s bimonthly publication, City Law, tracks New York City’s rules and regulations, how they are enforced, and court challenges to them. Its Web site, www.citylaw.org, contains a searchable library of more than 40,000 administrative decisions of New York City agencies. The Center publishes three newsletters: CityLaw, CityLand and CityReg.

Center for Professional Values and Practice

The School’s Center for Professional Values and Practice provides a vehicle through which to examine the role of the legal profession and approaches to law practice. The Center’s work supports the development of lawyering skills and reflective professionalism, including consideration of how these have evolved over the decades, even as business and ethical pressures have intensified and become more complex, and the roles of lawyers in society have multiplied.

Center for Real Estate Studies

The recently established Center for Real Estate Studies at New York Law School aims to become one of the leading academic research centers devoted to the study of both the private practice and public regulation of real estate. The Center will sponsor conferences, symposia, and continuing legal education programs on these issues and will host distinguished lawyers and other real estate professionals to speak on developments in the practice of real estate law.

The Center for Real Estate Studies will also be a leader in developing innovative legal education programs, creating partnerships with leading real estate lawyers in NYC, and better training our students pursuing real estate careers. The new Center will help bridge the existing gap between the private practice and academic study of real estate, and will become one of the premier places in the country for the study of real estate.

Institute for Information Law and Policy

The Institute for Information Law and Policy is New York Law School’s home for the study of information, communication and law in the global digital age. The goal of the Institute is to apply the theory and technology of communications and information to strengthening democratic institutions and the rule of law as technology evolves. Through its curriculum, ongoing conference and speaker series and a variety of original projects, the Institute investigates the emerging field of information law, which encompasses intellectual property, privacy, free speech, information access, communications, and all areas of law pertaining to information and communication practices.

Justice Action Center

The Justice Action Center brings together New York Law School faculty and students in an ongoing critical evaluation of public interest lawyering. Through scholarship and fieldwork, the Center seeks to evaluate the efficacy of law as an agent of change and social betterment. Through a focused curriculum, symposia, clinical experience, and research opportunities, the Center seeks to instill in students a deeper intellectual understanding of the law regardless of their final career goals, and to present opportunities to maintain their ties to the social justice community beyond law school.

In 2006, the School's Labor & Employment Law Program became part of the Justice Action Center. Ever since New York Law School alumnus Senator Robert F. Wagner—the “legislative pilot of the New Deal”—wrote and led the fight to enact the National Labor Relations Act, New York Law School has remained on the cutting edge of labor and employment law and public policy. In the tradition of Senator Wagner, New York Law School’s Labor & Employment Law Program seeks to advance and influence law and public policy with an action-oriented, public-interested agenda.

Notable faculty

Former

  • Albert Blaustein, assistant professor (1948-1955), constitutional expert that helped draft the Fijian and Liberian constitutions, as well as consulting on the constitutions of for Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Peru. To a lesser extent, he was involved in the constitutions of Poland, South Africa, Hungary, Romania, Niger, Uganda and Trinidad and Tobago. He was the editor of the 20-volume encyclopaedia Constitutions of the Countries of the World.
  • Charles Evans Hughes, Secretary of State and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • William Kunstler, associate professor; director of the American Civil Liberties Union.
  • Theodore R. Kupferman, assistant professor (1954-1964), later elected U.S. Congress (1966-1969).
  • President Woodrow Wilson taught Constitutional Law at NYLS before becoming President of Princeton University, and then Governor of New Jersey.
  • Cyril Means, prominent scholar on the history of abortion laws whose work was cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade.

Present

  • Deborah Archer, Director of the Racial Justice Project; former attorney at NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc.
  • Richard Beck, Co-director, Gradaute Tax Program
  • Andrew Berman, Director of the Center for Real Estate Studies; former partner at Sidley Austin Brown & Wood's Real Estate Group.
  • Robert Blecker, nationally known retributivist advocate of the death penalty.
  • Tai-Heng Cheng, Associate Director of the Center for International Law, and Honorary Fellow, Foreign Policy Association.
  • Sydney M. Cone III, C.V. Starr Professor of Law, Founder and Director of the Center for International Law, former partner and now senior counsel with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton.
  • Aleta G. Estreicher, authority in corporate and securities law.
  • Brandt Goldstein, author of Storming the Court.
  • Annette Gordon-Reed, renowned presidential scholar, expert in American legal history.
  • Seth Harris, director of the Labor and Employment Law Program; former Counselor to Alexis Herman, U.S. Secretary of Labor in the Clinton Administration.
  • Jeffrey Hass, expert in corporate finance, securties and mutual fund law.
  • Arthur S. Leonard, pioneering scholar and activist on sexual orientation law.
  • Faith Kahn, Director of the Center on Business Law & Policy, authority on corporate governance and securities law.
  • Beth Simone Noveck, founder of Peer to patent public review of pending US patents and named “Top 50 in IP” in 2008 by Managing IP Today.
  • Michael L. Perlin, award-winning author on mental disability law.
  • Rudolph J.R. Peritz, expert in antitrust law, as well as economic regulation, jurisprudence, and information technology and the law. Author of "Competition Policy in America: 1888–1992", and co-author of casebook "U.S. Antitrust Law in Global Perspective".
  • Edward A. Purcell Jr., leading authority on U.S. legal history. Award winning author, his book, "The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism & the Problem of Value", was awarded the Frederick Jackson Turner Prize by the Organization of American Historians. His most recent book, "Brandeis and the Progressive Constitution: Erie, the Judicial Power, and the Politics of the Federal Courts in Twentieth-Century America" won the Triennial Griswold Prize from the Supreme Court Historical Society, and the Coif Triennial Book Award from the Association of American Law Schools.
  • Ross Sandler, Director of the Center for New York City Law; Editor CityLaw, CityLand and CityRegs; former partner Jones Day.
  • David S. Schoenbrod, pioneer in the field of environmental law.
  • Richard K. Sherwin, expert on use of visual persuasion in litigation.
  • James F. Simon, author of seven books on American history, law, and politics.
  • Nadine Strossen, President of the American Civil Liberties Union, member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Ruti Teitel, authority on international law, human rights, and constitutional law, member of Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Henry H. Wellington, Sterling Professor of Law, former Dean of Yale Law School.
  • William P. LaPiana, Rita and Joseph Solomon Professor of Wills, Trusts, and Estates

Present - Adjunct

  • Judith Bresler, expert in Art Law; co-author of Art Law: The Guide for Collectors, Artists, Investors, Dealers, and Artists.
  • Richard B. Bernstein, distinguished adjunct professor of constitutional law and legal history.
  • Lawrence Lederman, Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Law; Chairman of Global Corporate Practice at Milbank, Tweed.
  • Zuhayr A. Moghrabi, expert in Islamic & Middle Eastern Law.
  • Hon. Evan Wallach, judge on U.S. Court of International Trade, law of war.

Notable alumni

In addition to more than 100 sitting judges and many partners of prominent law firms, New York Law School graduates have achieved success working in business, education, and the arts.

Academic

Business

  • Ken Biberaj - Vice President of The Russian Tea Room
  • Chester Carlson, a physicist and former engineer at Bell Labs, while a student at New York Law School in 1938 invented the xerography photocopy process.
  • Blanche Lark Christerson, currently Managing Director at Deutsche Bank Private Wealth Management.
  • Susan E. Cohig, presently Group Vice President for Club Services for the National Hockey League.
  • Gregory D. Frost, Chairman, CEO and General Counsel of Able Energy, Inc. (Nasdaq).
  • Maurice R. Greenberg, former chairman and CEO of American International Group (AIG); current chairman and CEO of C.V. Starr and Company.
  • Richard LaMotta, inventor of Chipwich ice cream sandwich, co-founder of Chipwich Inc., later sold to CoolBrands, and then Dreyer's (Nestle).
  • Lawrence S. Huntington, former Chairman of Fiduciary Trust Company.
  • Christopher Johnson Jr., currently VP and General Counsel of General Motors North America.
  • J. Bruce Llewellyn, Chairman of Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Philadelphia, among the five largest minority-owned businesses in the nation.
  • Marc Lasry, Founder and Managing Partner, Avenue Capital Group. Founder and Senior Managing Director, Amroc.
  • John McMahon, currently President and CEO, Orange & Rockland Utilities.
  • Bernard H. Mendik, former chairman of the Real Estate Board of New York, CEO of Mendik Properties which he sold to Steve Roth for $654 million and became co-chairman of Vornado. Later left Vornado to start another real estate company.
  • Charles Phillips (businessman), currently President of Oracle Corporation; former Managing Director of Morgan Stanley.
  • Alfred Swayne, Chairman of General Motors Acceptance Corporation.
  • Kenneth D. Werner, currently President of Warner Brothers Domestic Television Distribution.
  • Zygmunt Wilf, head of Garden Commercial Properties, and principal owner of the Minnesota Vikings of the NFL.

Civic

  • Leo Cherne, executive director of the Research Institute of America; chairman of the executive committee of Freedom House; chairman of the International Rescue Committee. Served on U.S. Select Committee for Western Hemisphere Immigraions and the U.S. Advisory Commission on International Education and Cultural Affairs, as well as, the U.S. President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB), and the Intelligence Oversight Board. Was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan in 1984.
  • Cynthia Price Cohen, executive director Child Rights International Research Institute.
  • Raymond B. Fosdick, former President of the Rockefeller Foundation.
  • Meir Kahane, founder of the Jewish Defense League.
  • Christina M. Storm, founder and president of Lawyers Without Borders.

Cultural

Government

  • Bainbridge Colby, U.S. Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson (1920-1921).
  • James W. Gerard, U.S. Ambassador to Germany during World War I, and New York Supreme Court justice.
  • Kathleen Grimm, Deputy Chancellor, Finance and Administration for the New York City Department of Education.
  • Seymour Glanzer, First Chief of the Anti-Fraud Section of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Washington D.C., and one of three original prosecutors in the Watergate Scandal.
  • Charles Maikish, former director of the World Trade Center, more recently head of the Lower Manhattan Command Center - the government entity that has been overseeing all public and private construction post - 9/11.
  • Randolph E. Paul, General Counsel U.S. Treasury Department, founder Paul, Weiss Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison.
  • Ferdinand Pecora, appointed Chief Counsel to the U.S. Senate's Committee on Banking and Currency following the 1932 election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He led Senate hearings, known as the Pecora Commission into the causes of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 which launched a major reform of the American financial system, that resulted in the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Became one of the first members of the Securities Exchange Commission.
  • Laura Simone Unger, member of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (1997-2001), acting Chairman (2001).
  • Barbara M. Watson, daughter of James S. Watson (judicial), U.S. Ambassador to Malaysia, and first female Assistant Secretary of State of the United States.

Judicial

  • Hon. Clarence E. Case, Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court.
  • Hon. Albert C. Cohn, New York State Supreme Court justice, and father of lawyer Roy Cohn.
  • Hon. Charles William Froessel, New York Court of Appeals (1949-1962).
  • Hon. John Marshall Harlan II, United States Supreme Court Justice from 1955 to 1971.
  • Hon. Robert Alexander Inch, Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
  • Hon. Roger J. Miner, Chief Judge United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
  • Hon. Francis T. Murphy, Presiding Justice New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, 1977-97.
  • Hon. Emilio Nuñez, became the first Latino judge in New York City.
  • Hon. Samuel Seabury, associate justice of the Court of Appeals.
  • Hon. Jonah Triebwasser, Justice of the Village and Town of Red Hook, New York
  • Hon. Nicholas Tsoucalas, former chief judge, now senior judge U.S. Court of International Trade.
  • Hon. James S. Watson, became a judge and was the first African American admitted to membership in the American Bar Association.

Political

Sports

  • Walter Dukes, all-American basketball player at Seton Hall University, while averaging 26.1 points and 22.2 rebounds per game (still an NCAA record for rebounds in a season). The 2-time NBA All-Star played 8 seasons for the Knicks, Lakers and Pistons, as well as 2 seasons for the Harlem Globetrotters.

Name partners in prominent firms

References

  1. ^ [1], New York Law School IRS form 990 (2005), line 21
  2. ^ [2], New York Law School Launches $190 Million Expansion and Renovation of TriBeCa Campus
  3. ^ [3], New York Law School Rankings by 2007 Bar Exam Results
  4. ^ [4], New York Law Journal - Law Schools Report Record Gains in Bar Exam Pass Rate
  5. ^ [5], US News and World Report Best Law Schools 2008 - New York Law
  6. ^ Franklin William Fort, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed August 22, 2007.
  7. ^ Charles Francis Xavier O'Brien, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed August 16, 2007.

External links

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