United States Air Force Security Forces: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Ground combat and military police force of the US Air Force and Space Force}}
{{Cleanup-date|January 2006}}
{{Distinguish|United States Air Force Security Service}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Use American English|date=February 2021}}
|conflict= Air Force Security Forces
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
|image=[[Image:Sflogogun.jpg|300px]]
{{Infobox military unit
|caption=I am a security force member. I hold allegiance to my country, devotion to duty, and personal integrity above all. I wear my shield of authority with dignity and restraint, and promote by example high standards of conduct, appearance, courtesy, and performance. I seek no favor because of my position. I perform my duties in a firm, courteous, and impartial manner.I strive to merit the respect of my fellow airmen and all with whom I come in contact.
| unit_name = United States Air Force Security Forces
|date= 1947– ?
| image = USAF Security Force Shield.jpg
|place= US Air Force
| caption = [[United States Air Force Security Forces Shield|Security Forces Shield]]
|result= AF Code -3P0X1
| dates = 31 October 1997 – present (as Security Forces) <br/>1966 – 31 October 1997 (as Security Police)<br/>2 January 1948 – 1966 (as Air Police)<br/>12 February 1942 – 2 January 1948 (as Military Police)<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu">{{cite web |url=http://govdocs.rutgers.edu/mil/af/AFMAN31-201V1.pdf |title= SECURITY FORCES HISTORY|access-date=2017-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022245/http://govdocs.rutgers.edu/mil/af/AFMAN31-201V1.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| country = {{flagu|United States}}
| branch = {{Nowrap|{{air force|United States}}{{efn|; under current name since 31 October 1997. Formerly part of the [[United States Army]]'s [[Army Air Forces]] from 29 March 1943 to 26 September 47.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/>}}}}
| type = [[Military police]]<br/>[[Air force ground forces and special forces|Ground defense force]]
| role = [[Military police|Military law enforcement]]<br/>[[Air Base Ground Defense|Ground defense]]
| size = 38,000+ <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afsfc.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/901102/colonel-brian-s-greenroad/|title=Col. Brian S. Greenroad Bio|publisher=afsfc.af.mil|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
| command_structure =
| nickname = Defenders<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defendermagazine.com/sf-history/|title=SF History|website=defendermagazine.com|access-date=24 March 2018|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031036/http://www.defendermagazine.com/sf-history/|archive-date=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| motto = ''Defensor Fortis''<br />(Defenders of the Force)<ref>[http://www.latinphrasetranslation.com/translators/latin_to_english Latin phrase translation.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510013735/http://www.latinphrasetranslation.com/translators/latin_to_english |date=10 May 2015 }} Literally, "Protector of the Powerful", but per Pinckney 148, intended as "Defender of the Force".</ref>
| colors = {{legend2|Darkblue|Dark Blue|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
| colors_label = Color of Beret
<!-- Commanders -->| website = {{official website}}
| commander1 = [[Major general (United States)|Maj Gen]] [[Thomas P. Sherman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afsfaonline.com/index.php/gallery/usaf-top-cops-and-their-chiefs/|title=BRIGADIER GENERAL THOMAS P. SHERMAN|publisher=AFSFA}}</ref>
| commander1_label = Director of Security Forces
| commander2 = [[Chief master sergeant|CMSgt]] Donald Gallagher <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.careerinfoclub.com/career-field-manager-air-force/|title=20th Security Forces Career Field Manager Selected|publisher=careerinfoclub.com|date=5 June 2022|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
| commander2_label = Career Field Manager
<!-- Insignia -->| identification_symbol = [[File:USAF Security Forces beret flash.jpg|125px|center]]
| identification_symbol_label = [[United States military beret flash|Enlisted beret flash]]
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:USAF Security Forces flash-Officer.png|125px|center]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = Officer beret flash (superimposed with [[United States Air Force officer rank insignia|polished metal rank insignia]])
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:United States Air Force Force Protection Badge.svg|100px|center]]
| identification_symbol_3_label = [[Badges of the United States Air Force#Occupational Badges|Occupation Badge]]
}}
}}


The '''United States Air Force Security Forces''' ('''SF''') are the [[Land warfare|ground combat force]] and [[military police]] service of the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] and [[United States Space Force|U.S. Space Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2045979/space-force-briefing/|title=Space Force Briefing}}</ref> The USAF [[Security Forces]] were formerly known as '''Military Police''' ('''MP'''), '''Air Police''' ('''AP'''), and '''Security Police''' ('''SP''') at various points in their history. <!--The wording of the following section was determined and agreed to after debate on the talk page. Please do not remove without first gaining consensus on the talk page.--> Due to its significant ground combat mission, Security Forces are sometimes regarded as [[Air force infantry|Air Force infantry]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rempfer|first=Kyle|date=2018-11-26|title=Air Force base defenders upgrade weapons, training and fitness standards to meet near-peer threats|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2018/11/26/air-force-base-defenders-upgrade-their-weapons-training-and-fitness-standards-to-meet-near-peer-threats/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=Air Force Times|language=en-US}}</ref> within the Air Force<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1018633.pdf|last=Lt Col, USAF |first=Jack L. Sine II|date=15 February 2012|title=Discovering Air Force Identity: Airpower and Innovators|publisher=[[USAF Air War College]], [[Air University (United States Air Force)]]|access-date=26 July 2019|quote= Security Forces Airmen, the Air Force's infantry, operate with an air-mindedness that incorporates the implications of airpower |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726024629/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1018633.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a601613.pdf|last=Secrest |first= Justin D.|date=27 March 2013|title=Air Force Security Forces Professionalism for Leaders |publisher=USMC Command and Staff College|access-date=26 July 2019|page=S-14|quote= Their performance during the 1968 Tet Offensive was praised universally and transformed its image from a police and security organization to one of the Air Force's infantry. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726031635/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a601613.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2019}}</ref> and were formed on the premise of being the Air Force's "Marine Corps", in that they would provide security for the Air Force similar to how the [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] provide security for the [[United States Navy|Navy]].<ref name="citeseerx">{{Cite web|title= DEFENDERS OF THE FORCE: THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE SECURITY FORCES 1947 – 2006|quote=Luper shared Col H. G. Reynolds's earlier vision of the Air Police as the Air Force's 'Marine Corps.'|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.692.5000&rep=rep1&type=pdf|access-date=2020-07-15|citeseerx= 10.1.1.692.5000}}</ref>
'''Air Force Security Forces''', 3P0X1 - Security Forces is the military police and base infantry branch of the [[United States Air Force]].


==Duties==
== Mission ==


As outlined in [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]] publications, Security Forces are responsible to protect, defend, and fight to enable [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]], Joint, and Coalition mission success. Not only are they responsible for installation law and discipline enforcement, but Security Forces are the Air Force's base defense and ground combat force.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFMAN 31-201 v3|url=https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a4/publication/afman31-201v3/afman31-201v3.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=AFI 36-2646|url=https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a4/publication/afi36-2646/afi36-2646.pdf}}</ref>
Air Force Security Forces members provide resource protection for vital [[national security]] assets, including [[fighter jet]]s, [[bomber]]s, [[nuclear bomb]]s and [[nuclear missile]]s. Their main function is protection for all Air Force personnel, property, and operations. They are well trained in ground combat skills, including land navigation, crew served weapons systems, [[claymore]] mines, fragmentation [[hand grenade]] use, "LAWS" (light anti-tank weapon) deployment, hand and arm signals, squad movement, and many other skills. The Air Force Security Forces also provide the [[law enforcement]] function on all [[military base|US Air Force base]]s to include response to emergencies, response to building alarms, traffic direction, traffic regulations enforcement, initial investigations, and crime scene securing for major crimes.


==Specialty Summary:==
== Personnel ==
=== Leadership ===
The director of Security Forces is a [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] and the highest-ranking Security Forces officer, sometimes referred to as the "Top Cop". The director of Security Forces reports to the deputy chief of staff of the Air Force for logistics, engineering and force protection.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFSFA {{!}} Air Force Security Forces Association - Top Cops & Chiefs|url=https://www.afsfaonline.com/index.php/gallery/usaf-top-cops-and-their-chiefs|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.afsfaonline.com}}</ref> The director of Security Forces has the responsibility to develop policy, doctrine, and guidance for Security Forces and serves as the executive agent for the Department of Defense Military Working Dog Program.<ref name=":0" />


The deputy director of Security Forces acts as the second-in-command to the director of Security Forces. The Security Forces Career Field Manager is a [[chief master sergeant]] and the senior enlisted Defender, acting as an adviser to the director of Air Force Security Forces.<ref name=":0" />
Leads, manages, supervises, and performs security force (SF) activities, including installation, weapon system, and resource security; antiterrorism; [[law enforcement]] and investigations; military working dog function; [[air base defense]]; [[armament]] and [[equipment]]; training; pass and registration; information security; and combat arms/ [[Airman]] [[infantry]]. Related [[DoD]] Occupational Subgroup: 070.


==History==
==Duties and Responsibilities:==
=== Military Police (Aviation) and Air Base Defense Battalions ===
[[File:Army MP.jpg|thumb|Army Air Force Military Police "colored" unit at Columbus, GA, in April 1942]]


The USAF Security Forces lineage can be traced to its beginning in WWII with the German [[blitzkrieg]]. Blitzkrieg relied on swift attacks by land and air. One of the tactics employed by blitzkrieg was the use of paratroops and airborne forces to capture, or destroy in advance, air bases. A key turning point in air base defensive thinking came with the loss of the [[Battle of Crete]] to German forces and capture of the British air base at [[Maleme]] in 1941. This single action led then Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] to study British air base defense policy, and in a condemning memo to the Secretary of State for Air and to the Chief of the Air Staff dated 29 June 1941, Churchill stated he would no longer tolerate the shortcomings of the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF), in which half a million RAF personnel had no combat role. He ordered that all airmen be armed and ready "to fight and die in defense of their air fields" and that every airfield should be a stronghold of fighting air-ground men and not "uniformed civilians in the prime of life protected by detachments of soldiers."<ref name="autogenerated278">{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Roger P.|title=Air Base Ground Defense in the Republic of Vietnam 1961–1973|year=1979|publisher=Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=141022256X|page=278}}</ref> Churchill's directive resulted in formation of the [[RAF Regiment]].
Leads, manages, supervises, and performs force protection duties, including use of deadly force. Protects nuclear and conventional weapons systems and other resources. Performs air base defense functions contributing to the force protection mission. Controls and secures terrain inside and outside military installations.
Defends personnel, equipment, and resources from hostile forces. Operates in various field environments, performs individual, and team patrol movements, both mounted and dismounted, tactical drills, battle procedures, convoys, [[military operations]] other than war, [[antiterrorism]] duties, and other special duties. Operates [[communications equipment]], vehicles, intrusion detection equipment, crew-served weapons, and other special purpose equipment.Supports Air Force Fire Fighters with self-aid buddy care, life saving procedures, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as first responder to accident and disaster scenes.


On 12 February 1942 the United States adopted the British air defense philosophy. The Army Chief of Staff, Gen. [[George C. Marshall]], approved the allocation of 53,299 African-Americans to the Army Air Forces with the "stipulation that air base defense 'for the number of air bases found necessary' be organized and that 'Negro personnel' be used for this purpose as required." This order formed the [[Army Air Forces]] (AAF) air base security battalions in June 1942. Units were deployed throughout the European, Asian and African theaters and designed to defend against local ground attacks. These units were armed with rifles, machine guns and 37mm guns.<ref name="autogenerated278"/>
Provides armed response and controls entry. Detects and reports presence of unauthorized personnel and activities. Implements security reporting and alerting system. Enforces standards of conduct, discipline, and adherence to laws and directives. Directs vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Investigates motor vehicle accidents, minor crimes, and incidents. Operates speed measuring, drug and alcohol, and breath test devices. Apprehends and detains suspects. Searches persons and property. Secures crime and incident scenes. Collects, seizes, and preserves evidence. Conducts interviews of witnesses and suspects. Obtains statements and testifies in official judicial proceedings. Responds to disaster and relief operations. Participates in contingencies.


On 29 March 1943, General [[Hap Arnold]], the commander of the Army Air Forces, established the [[Provost marshal|Office of the Air Provost Marshal]], which established three separate organizations for the law enforcement and security role: Guard Squadrons, Military Police Companies (Aviation), and Air Base Security Battalions. Guard Squadrons were assigned to provide interior law enforcement and security to bases within the continental United States, with a technical guard school at Miami Army Air Field and a military police school at Buckley Field. Outside the United States the duties of law enforcement and internal security were carried out by Military Police Companies (Aviation), which, while a part of the Army Air Forces, were still part of the Army's [[Military Police Corps (United States)|Military Police Corps]]. Their training was conducted at [[Camp Ripley]].
Develops plans, policies, procedures, and detailed instructions to implement SF programs. Plans, organizes, and schedules SF activities. Provides oversight, guidance, and assistance to commanders with the application of information, personnel, and industrial security programs. Operates pass and registration activities. Supervises and trains SF augmentees. Provides on-scene supervision for security forces. Inspects and evaluates effectiveness of SF personnel and activities. Analyzes reports and statistics.


When the Air Force was created with the signing of the [[National Security Act of 1947]], all members of the AAF were transferred to the new branch, to include military police attached to the Army Air Forces.<ref name="citeseerx" />
Provides guidance on employment and utilization of military working dog teams. Ensures proficiency training and certification standards are maintained. Employs military working dogs to support worldwide security force operations and executive agency requirements. Ensures health and welfare of military working dogs. Trains handlers and military working dogs on all aspects of military working dog training. Acts as an intruder in dog bite and hold training. Reports and reacts to dog alerts. Maintains dog training and usage records. Responsible for storage, handling, and security of drug and [[explosive]] training aids.


=== Air Police ===
Leads, manages, supervises, and implements ground [[weapons]] training programs. Operates SF armories. Controls and safeguards [[arms]], [[ammunition]], and equipment. Instructs ground weapons qualification training. Provides guidance on weapons placement to security forces and ground defense force commanders. Inspects ground weapons and replaces unserviceable parts. Analyzes malfunctions by inspection and serviceability testing. Uses precision gauges, testing instruments, and special tools to adjust parts and operating mechanisms. Function-fires weapons for accuracy and serviceability. Controls and operates firing ranges and associated facilities to include supervising construction and [[rehabilitation]].


[[File:Historical USAF Air Police Badge.png|thumb|right|200px|Former Air Police badge]]
==Knowledge==
[[File:USAF Security Force Ford PIU with airman in 2019 Police Week Retreat Ceremony (2-5).jpg|thumb|USAF Security Forces [[Ford Police Interceptor Sedan|FPIS]] with an airman in 2019 Police Week Retreat Ceremony]]


On 2 January 1948 the Military Police were reformed into the Air Police and established the Air Provost Marshal. Immediately twenty-two military police companies were predesignated Air Police squadrons, however the term Air Police did not come into full usage until November 1948. The transfer of personnel fully from the Army to the Air Force was supposed to be completed by December 1948, however it was not fully completed until 1953. In April 1952 Army grade titles and MOS designations were replaced with Air Force AFSCs.
Knowledge is mandatory of: Weaponry, laws, directives, programs, policies, and procedures governing SF activities; installation security; weapon system and resource security; [[anti-terrorism]]; [[law enforcement]] and [[investigations]]; [[military]] working dog function; [[air base]] defense; armament and equipment; training; pass and registration; information [[security]]; and combat arms.


In June 1950 the Air Force began urgent operations focused on air base defense with the outbreak of the [[Korean War]]. A buildup of ground combat forces began. The center of this buildup was the expansion of the Air Force Air Police from 10,000 in July 1950 to 39,000 in December 1951. Still, one year into the war the Air Provost Marshal reported that "the Air Force is without policy or tactical doctrine for Air Base Ground Defense." In haste, Air Police serving as the cadre of this force were outfitted with armored vehicles, machine guns and recoilless rifles. Air base defense was officially implemented by Air Force Regulation (AFR) 355–4 on 3 March 1953. AFR 355-4 defined air base defense "as all measures taken by the installation commander to deny hostile forces access to the area encompassing all buildings, equipment, facilities, landing fields, dispersal areas and adjacent terrain." However, the regulation did not include provisions for sustained ground defense operations. Performance of this mission fell to the provisional base defense task forces to be organized and equipped like infantry. It was the [[Strategic Air Command]]'s (SAC) October 1952 edition of the SAC Manual 205-2 that rejected the notion that the USAF's ground defense mission conflicted with Army functions. SAC officials felt that success of the Air Force mission might require point defense elements that the Army could not afford to protect, much less have the Air Force rely on the Army to come to the rescue. After the Korean War, General [[Curtis LeMay]] had the Air Police begin the Combat Arms Program, to better train airmen in the use of weapons.<ref name="autogenerated278"/>
==Education==


On 1 September 1950 the Air Police School was established at [[Tyndall Air Force Base]]. In 1952 the Air Police school was transferred to [[Parks AFB]], California, and re-designated the "Air Base Defense School" to emphasize on air base defense capabilities. It soon became evident the emphasis on air base defense was not making much headway. On 13 October 1956 Air Police training was transferred to [[Lackland AFB]], [[Texas]], where it evolved into Security Police training and eventually became the [[343d Training Squadron|US Air Force Security Forces Academy.]]
For entry into this specialty, completion of high school with courses in government, [[behavioral science]], [[computer]], and [[communicative]] skills is desirable.


Toward the end of the 1950s and into the 1960s, the Air Police began to reemphasize the security aspect of their mission, with a strong focus being given to protecting the Air Force's strategic nuclear weapons, and a greater amount of centralization regarding training occurred. The Air Provost Marshal was also redesignated the Director of Security and Law Enforcement.
==Advancement and Specialties==


On 1 November 1964, between 12:25 and 12:33&nbsp;am, [[Viet Cong|Vietnamese Communist]] (VC) troops attacked Bien Hoa Air Base with six 81mm mortars positioned about 400 meters north, outside the air base. The VC fired 60-80 rounds into parked aircraft and troop billets, then withdrew undetected and unabated. The attack killed four US military personnel, wounded 30 and destroyed and/or damaged 20 [[Martin B-57 Canberra|B-57]] bombers. U.S. air bases had become targets and became routine targets thereafter. The Air Force was not allowed to patrol the perimeter of their bases. That role was left up to the Vietnamese Air Force. Also, the U.S. Army was cited as being tasked to control the security of the area around the air base, and after-action scrutiny along with politics served to foster distrust and jealousy between services, chains of command and the U.S. and Vietnamese services. As a result, air bases in South Vietnam were left vulnerable. By striking at USAF air bases the [[North Vietnamese Army]] (NVA) and VC employed [[Giulio Douhet]]'s military concept, which stated the only effective way to counter air power was to destroy its bases on the ground. This concept has also been proven effective during the [[Indochina War]] from 1946 to 1954, when the [[Viet Minh]] regularly and successfully attacked French air bases.<ref name="autogenerated278"/>
Members in this career field can later move on to other specialties like the [[Phoenix Raven]] program, consisting of highly trained Airmen who secure [[air strip]]s in dangerous or combat zones that do not already have adequate security. Security Forces also deploy close precision engagement teams, also known as [[counter-sniper]]s, who go through an extensive close precision engagement course (cpec) by [[US Army]] training personnel at [[Camp Robinson]]. A large section of the US Air Force Security Forces consists of Combat Arms Training and Maintenance (CATM) personnel who train base personnel in the use of [[small arms]] weaponry and maintain and repair all of the bases' weaponry. The [[Military Working Dog]] (MWD) program is another program available to members in this career field. Military Working Dog teams deploy [[explosive detection]] and [[narcotics]] detection dogs throughout the base. Also, a limited number are accepted into other training programs like the US Army's Air Assault School, the US Army's [[Airborne forces|Airborne]] jump school, and the US Army's pre-[[Army Ranger|Ranger]] and Ranger school training. Security Forces members can also go through advanced training in investigations or advanced driving school training by the [[Air Force Office of Special Investigation]] (AFOSI).


The [[Dogs in warfare|USAF Sentry Dog]] program was a product of the [[Korean War]]. On 1 May 1957 the Air Force gained responsibility for training all working dogs in the Department of Defense. By 1965 the USAF had a pool of sentry dog teams available for deployment to [[South Vietnam]]. Nightly at every air base, sentry dog teams were deployed as a detection and warning screen in the zone separating combat forces from the perimeter. Nearly all air base defense personnel agreed that the Sentry Dog Teams rendered outstanding service, with some going as far to say "Of all the equipment and methods used to detect an attacking enemy force, the sentry dog has provided the most sure, all-inclusive means."<ref name="autogenerated278"/>
Members of the Air Force Security Forces can be seen on an Air Force base wearing their navy blue [[beret]]s. Most bases have an [[Emergency Services]] Team, which is closely modeled after civilian police department [[SWAT]] teams.


=== Security Police ===
==Phoenix Raven/Raven Specialties Programs==
[[File:070718-F-JZ502-471.jpg|thumb|200px|Former Security Police badge]]
During their time in Korea and early in Vietnam, the Air Police found themselves in a number of ground combat roles, some of which more accurately reflected an infantry-type role than that of the military police. In 1966 the Air Police were redesignated the Security Police, in an effort to more accurately reflect the security and combat aspect of their mission.
{{Listen
| image = [[File:Video Camera Icon.png|50px]]
| help = no
| filename = US Air Force Safe Side-1968.ogv
| title = Project "Safe Side," circa 1968
| description = Creation of the 1041st SPS
}}
Shortly after the creation of the Security Police, in 1967 the "Safe Side" program was activated, which resulted in certain Security Police squadrons being trained in the use of light infantry tactics and special weapons to better enhance air base defense. Many of the squadrons that were part of the Safe Side project, such as the 1041st Security Police Squadron (Test), established observation posts, listening posts, conducted reconnaissance and ambush patrols, and served as mobile response forces to protect the airbases. The successes of this initial squadron resulted in the creation of the [[82nd Combat Security Police Wing]] and the development of ground combat training for all security policemen. In 1968 the Air Force accepted the Safe Side Program's recommendation to establish 559-man Combat Security Police Squadrons (CSPS) organized into three field flights. Three CSPS were incrementally activated, trained and deployed in 179-day temporary duty rotations to South Vietnam. On 15 March 1968 the 821st CSPS began a hasty training program at [[Schofield Barracks]], Hawaii, and was in place at [[Phan Rang Air Base]] on its TDY deployment by 15 April. The 822nd CSPS was organized, more completely trained and replaced the 821st in August 1968. The 823rd CSPS was trained at [[Fort Campbell]], [[Kentucky]], and replaced the 822nd in March 1969, remaining until August 1969 when it was replaced by the 821st.<ref name="autogenerated278" />
[[File:CCK Air Base Flag Raising (1).jpg|thumb|[[Ching Chuan Kang Air Base]], [[Taiwan]], Flag Raising of the U.S. Air Force Security Police and the [[ROC Air Force]] Military Police, 1973]]


The vindication for the Safe Side program occurred during the Battle of Tan Son Nhut, as part of the [[Tet Offensive]], on 31 January 1968, when Tan Son Nhut Airbase was attacked by a combined force of seven North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong battalions, composing an enemy force of 2,500 enemy troops. The combat-trained Security Police were able to hold off the North Vietnamese forces, preventing the loss of the airbase. The Vietnam War demonstrated to the Air Force the need for whole base defense measures,
''[[Air Mobility Command]] [[Phoenix Raven]] program, implemented in 1997, consists of teams of specially trained security forces personnel dedicated to providing security for [[AMC]] [[aircraft]] that transit high [[terrorist]] and [[criminal]] threat areas.''
and demonstrated that airmen, regardless of AFSC, could be vulnerable to attack, just the same as Army and Marine forces.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/>
[[File:Phoenix Ravens.jpg|thumb|right|The [[627th Security Forces Squadron]] of the [[Phoenix Ravens]] security force pose with a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] aircraft]]


By January 1971 the Security Police career field was split into two separate functions: Law Enforcement Specialist (AFSC 811X2) and Security Specialist (AFSC 811X0).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/101002NCJRS.pdf|title=USAF Occupational Survey Report|publisher=ojp.gov|date=November 1984|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> In November 1971 the first female airmen trained into the law enforcement specialty, and in November 1976 100 female airmen were trained as security specialists. Although the female security specialist program was soon after shut down, they have the distinction of being the first women permitted into any combat role in the entire U.S. Armed Forces. Law enforcement specialists, who had excelled in their career field, could be selected as criminal investigators and attend Military Police Investigations training at the 3280th TCHTG OLA Air Force Liaison at Ft. McClellan, AL, or attend the Office of Special Investigations basic agent's course at Bolling AFB, Washington DC.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/>
'''Mission'''


In May 1975, Security Police units were tasked with a high priority rescue operation of the [[SS Mayaguez]] merchant ship, and with Air Force helicopters, were preparing to perform a boarding of the ship. Prior to the rescue mission one of the helicopters crashed, killing 18 security policemen, and forcing the mission to be aborted.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/> The loss of this aircraft was attributed to a failure to properly assemble a blade sleeve during overhaul nearly a year earlier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/reportofcollateralinvestigationch53sn6810933mayaguezincident|title = Report of Collateral Investigation CH 53 SN 68 10933, Mayaguez Incident|date = 11 September 1975}}</ref>
The [[Phoenix Raven]] program ensures an acceptable level of close-in security for [[aircraft]] transiting [[airfields]] where security is unknown or additional security is needed to [[counter]] local threats.


From 1981 to 1989 the Security Police were responsible for protecting the USAF's ground launched cruise missiles in Europe, providing security for them during the height of the [[Cold War]]. In 1983, during [[Operation Urgent Fury]], Security Police forces were among the first on Grenada, responsible for securing runways and POWs. In January 1985 women were finally permitted to enter the security field - the first since 1976.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/>
'''Concept of Operations'''


In 1987 the standard weapon of the Security Police Law Enforcement Branch was changed from the [[Smith & Wesson Model 15]] .38-cal. six-shot revolver to the [[Beretta M9]], a 9mm semi-automatic pistol with a standard 15-round magazine, which brought the Security Police in line with the rest of the [[United States Armed Forces]]. Also in 1987 the Air Base Ground Defense School was moved from Camp Bullis to Fort Dix, where the Army was given control of the training. In 1989, as a part of [[Operation Just Cause]], Security Police units were responsible for securing airfields during the Invasion of Panama and performing drug interdiction and humanitarian missions.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20130727/NEWS04/307270003/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131111231945/http://www.airforcetimes.com/article/20130727/NEWS04/307270003/|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2013|title=307270003|publisher=airforcetimes.com|date=27 July 2013|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
Teams of two to four specially trained and equipped security forces personnel deploy as [[aircrew]] members on [[AMC]] missions as designated by the AMC Threat Working Group. The Raven teams help detect, deter and counter threats to [[AMC]] aircraft by performing close-in aircraft security; advising [[aircrews]] on force protection measures; conducting [[airfield]] assessments; and assisting aircrews in the performance of their duties when not performing their primary security duties. [[Phoenix Raven]] teams work on all types of [[AMC]] [[airlift]]


In August 1990, Security Police were deployed to Saudi Arabia as a part of [[Operation Desert Shield]], where they were responsible for guarding airbases, dignitary support, and counterterrorism. In August 1995 Air Base Ground Defense Training was moved from Fort Dix back to Camp Bullis, and control was shifted from the Army back to the Air Force. During [[Operation Joint Endeavor]] in Bosnia, Security Police forces conducted convoy operations and acted as a peacekeeping force. In 1996 the [[Khobar Towers Bombing]]
[[Mission]]s including theater [[support mission]]s, [[contingencie]]s, [[exercise]]s or [[deployment]]s. Other [[Air Force]] major commands, including [[Air Force Special Operations Command]], [[Air Combat]] Command, Air Education and Training Command, Pacific Air Forces and U.S. Air Forces in Europe have sent a select number of security force members to AMC�s Phoenix Raven training course. In addition to those [[mission]]s specifically identified by the AMC/TWG, wing commanders may also direct Phoenix Raven teams accompany home-station airlift and tanker missions. Ultimately however, a Phoenix Raven team on an airlift mission is an assigned aircrew member and reports to the aircraft [[commander]].
occurred, with 19 airmen killed and 260 injured. Security Policemen SSgt Alfredo Guerrero, SrA Corey Grice and A1C Christopher Wager received the [[Airman's Medal]] for their actions prior to and after the terrorist attack.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/><ref name="Defense.gov News Photos">[http://www.defense.gov/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=365 Defense.gov News Photos] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529033900/http://www.defense.gov/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=365 |date=29 May 2011 }}. www.defense.gov. Retrieved 14 August 2011</ref>


==Security Forces Training==
=== Security Forces ===
[[File:US Air Force 090407-F-1125C-210 President Obama visits Sather.jpg|thumb|right|USAF Security Forces airman guarding [[Air Force One]] on the flight line in [[Iraq]], 2009]]
In response to the [[Khobar Towers bombing]], the Air Force reevaluated how the Security Police was organized, and came to the realization it could not afford to have only a few specialize in the security aspect of the mission. On 31 October 1997, the Security Police became the Security Forces, with all individual specialties being merged into one Security Forces specialist AFSC. The Security Forces brought back the principles of Safe Side, transforming the Security Forces into a combat force.


In 1997 the Air Force activated the [[820th Base Defense Group]], a [[Force Protection]] unit based at [[Moody Air Force Base]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. The unit is a trained force protection unit of 12 [[Air Force Specialty Code]]s with an [[Airborne forces|airborne]] capability, and is intended to serve as a quick reaction force, capable of deploying anywhere in the world. Air Mobility Command also activated the Raven program, which attached Security Forces specialists to its aircraft to provide on-site security in hostile or remote environments.<ref>{{cite web|title=820th factsheet|url=http://www.moody.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4459|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006213718/http://www.moody.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4459|archive-date=6 October 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Air Force Security Forces Training now lasts 65 ([[academic]]) days instead of 51, and teaches security forces students about [[missile]] security, [[convoy]] actions, capture and recovery of nuclear weapons, law enforcement, directing traffic and nonlethal tactics such as [[Weapons]] Retention, PART (Physical Apprehension Restraint Techniques) and pressure points on a body, As well as Airman infantry skills. These new training guidelines were implemented by Brig. Gen. Mary K. Hertog, after witnessing Security Forces Airmen in the field in Iraq, and realizing that more training would need be carried out to perform their mission. Included in the training was extended ground combat skills, [[convoy]] [[protection]] training, and [[grenade]] throwing.


After the [[9/11 attacks]] in 2001, Security Forces prepared for additional attacks and combat operations, both in the United States and abroad. On 16 December 2001, airmen with the 786th Security Forces Squadron deployed to Manas International Airport, Kyrgyzstan, to provide security while the airbase was under construction, to support U.S. operations in Afghanistan. Three months later the 822nd Security Forces Squadron assumed the role, and conducted patrols outside the airbase to deter attack and build relations with local villagers.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/>
Some of the standard training aspects remain, but the new course increases a student’s proficiency level. It also eliminates the [[computer]]-based [[training]] students were required to take at their first duty station, allowing the students to get actual [[hands-on]] experience while at the Air Force [[Security Forces Academy]] at [[Lackland]] Air Force Base, Texas.


On 19 March 2003 the United States invaded Iraq, and on the same day members of the 161st Security Forces Squadron arrived in country, securing the newly captured Tallil Air Base. On 26 March 2003, elements of the 786th Security Forces Squadron performed the first Security Forces combat jump in Air Force history, taking Bashur Air Base in conjunction with the Army's 173rd Airborne Brigade.
A new officer course lasting 78 ([[academic]]) days instead of 60 began Aug. 26 (2004).


Throughout the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, Security Forces specialists, and airmen as a whole were pressed into more ground combat roles, to include running convoys. This resulted in the formation of The Aerospace Expeditionary Force Transport Company.<ref>https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA363209.pdf</ref> These companies were not divided into flights, but rather platoons, with the first, the 2632nd Aerospace Expeditionary Force Transport Company, deploying in April 2004. Some Security Forces specialists were also attached to Army and Marine infantry units to provide either manpower or military working dogs.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/>
“The course was lengthened post-[[9/11]] to make sure the security forces had all the skill sets they needed to do the job they’re doing.


On 1 January 2005 Task Force 1041 was formed by elements of the 820th Security Forces Group to execute Operation Desert Safe Side. The objective was to conduct outside the wire "kill or capture" missions in one of the most violent areas of Iraq. At the end of the operation, they had reduced attacks on the local airbase to almost zero, while capturing 18 high-value targets, eight major weapons caches, and 98 other insurgent or terrorist targets. Units, such as the 824th Security Forces Squadron, were responsible for training Iraqi security forces. In Summer 2008 the 332nd Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron stood up at Balad Airbase, and for the first time since the Vietnam War a Security Forces Squadron assumed full responsibility for the security, both on and off base, of a major air base in a war zone.<ref name="govdocs.rutgers.edu"/>
==Security Forces Images==
<gallery>
Image:1jul05.jpg


On 28 September 2005, the 586th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron became the first combat Security Forces squadron to lose a member in Operation Iraqi Freedom when [[Elizabeth Jacobson|A1C Elizabeth Jacobson]] was killed in action near Safwan, Basra Governorate, Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering: A1C Elizabeth N. Jacobson > Goodfellow Air Force Base > Display|url=https://www.goodfellow.af.mil/Newsroom/Commentaries/Display/Article/375342/remembering-a1c-elizabeth-n-jacobson/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=www.goodfellow.af.mil|date=11 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Force Airman 1st Class Elizabeth N. Jacobson{{!}} Military Times|url=https://thefallen.militarytimes.com/air-force-airman-1st-class-elizabeth-n-jacobson/2618900|access-date=2020-07-15|website=thefallen.militarytimes.com}}</ref>
Image:21mar05.jpg


[[File:Phoenix Ravens patch 120416-F-YU970-183.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Phoenix Ravens]] patch]]
Image:113mar04.jpg


=== Specialized Units ===
Image:122Will_9.jpg


- Emergency Service Teams;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Services Team {{!}} US Air Force Security Forces {{!}} Virtual Museum {{!}} Memorial {{!}} Military Police {{!}} USAF {{!}} SP {{!}} AP {{!}} SF |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/emergency-services-team.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>
Image:A123feb041.jpg


- Phoenix Raven;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Raven {{!}} US Air Force Security Forces {{!}} Virtual Museum {{!}} Memorial {{!}} Military Police {{!}} USAF {{!}} SP {{!}} AP {{!}} SF |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/phoenix-raven.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>
Image:B127feb05.jpg


- Stinger Missile Program;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stinger Missile Program {{!}} US Air Force Security Forces {{!}} Virtual Museum {{!}} Memorial {{!}} Military Police {{!}} USAF {{!}} SP {{!}} AP {{!}} SF |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/stinger-missile-program.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>
Image:C113feb05.jpg


- The Elite Guard;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elite Guard {{!}} US Air Force Security Forces {{!}} Virtual Museum {{!}} Memorial {{!}} Military Police {{!}} USAF {{!}} SP {{!}} AP {{!}} SF |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/elite-guard.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>
Image:D123dec04.jpg
</gallery>


- Close Precision Engagement (CPE) teams;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defenders of the Force: Security Forces |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/3439407/defenders-of-the-force-security-forces/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.af.mil%2FVisit%2FMuseum-Exhibits%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F3439407%2Fdefenders-of-the-force-security-forces%2F |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=National Museum of the United States Air Force |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Close Precision Engagement Teams {{!}} US Air Force Security Forces {{!}} Virtual Museum {{!}} Memorial {{!}} Military Police {{!}} USAF {{!}} SP {{!}} AP {{!}} SF |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/close-precision-engagement-teams.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>


- U.S. Air Force Tactical Response Force (TRF);<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tactical Response Force (TRF) |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/tactical-response-force-trf.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>
==Security Forces Prayer==
Lord, you have called us to be guardians of a nation founded on your principles. Whatever our tasks as Security Forces men and women, we do them to serve you and our nation. We are proud to accept the responsibility of this high calling. We dedicate ourselves to our vocation, and ask for guidance and courage in aiding our people to live with dignity, in safety and peace.
We know that true security comes from your presence, so we pray with the psalmist:
You bless those who obey you, Lord;
Your love protects them like a shield.
Use us, O Lord, as shields for your people, reflecting your security and peace.
Amen.


- Deployed Aircraft Ground Response Element (DAGRE);<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deployed Aircraft Ground Response Element (DAGRE) |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/deployed-aircraft-ground-response-element-dagre.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>
==The Blue Beret==
The Army has it's claim to fame;


- Security Forces Marine Patrol Flight;<ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Security Forces Marine Patrol |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/6th-security-forces-marine-patrol.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>
The Airborne Rangers, the Green Berets.


- E4 B NEACP/NAOC Duty;<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-4B NEACP Duty |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/e-4b-neacp-duty.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>
The world knows the Navy Seals;

- Military Working Horse Units;<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAF Military Working Horse Units |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/usaf-military-working-horse-units.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>

- Military working dog teams;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defenders of the Force: Security Forces |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/3439407/defenders-of-the-force-security-forces/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.af.mil%2FVisit%2FMuseum-Exhibits%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F3439407%2Fdefenders-of-the-force-security-forces%2F |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=National Museum of the United States Air Force |language=en-US}}</ref>

- Base Honor Guard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAF Military Working Horse Units |url=https://www.usafpolice.org/usaf-military-working-horse-units.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=USAF Police Alumni Association |language=en}}</ref>

==Uniform items==
{{see also|United States Air Force Security Forces Shield}}

=== Blue beret ===
[[File:6 SFS marine patrol airmans magazine.jpg|thumb|right|A Security Forces Marine Patrol airman from [[MacDill AFB]] featured in ''[[Airman Magazine]]'']]
The [[Strategic Air Command Elite Guard|Strategic Air Command's Elite Guard]], an Air Police unit first established in December 1956 to provide security at USAF SAC headquarters, was the first USAF unit officially authorized to wear a blue beret (with affixed SAC patch) in 1957 as part of their distinct Elite Guard uniform.<ref>Pinckney, Kali, ''Defensor Fortis: A Brief History of USAF Security And Those Dedicated Few Who Defend The Air Force At The Ground Level'', Universal Publishers Press, {{ISBN|1581125542}}, {{ISBN|978-1581125542}} (2003), pp. 37–38</ref><ref>Balcer, Ray (Col.), ''[http://www.saceliteguard.com/Elite%20Guard%20History.html HQ SAC Elite Guard] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125235/http://www.saceliteguard.com/Elite%20Guard%20History.html |date=26 July 2011 }}'' (April 2005)</ref> The Elite Guard's dark blue serge wool beret was worn on duty, at both guard and ceremonial functions, from 1957 onwards.<ref>''[http://www.saceliteguard.com/images/Farewell_to_Lemay.jpg Farewell To General LeMay Dinner] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125432/http://www.saceliteguard.com/images/Farewell_to_Lemay.jpg |date=26 July 2011 }}'', 11 June 1957</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saceliteguard.com/Elite%20Guard%20History.html|title=Balcer, Ray (Col.), ''HQ SAC Elite Guard'' April 2005|publisher=saceliteguard.com|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref><ref>''[http://www.saceliteguard.com/images/Power_at_Guardmount_5th_BD_1.jpg World's Smartest-Looking Airmen Celebrate A Birthday] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726125243/http://www.saceliteguard.com/images/Power_at_Guardmount_5th_BD_1.jpg |date=26 July 2011 }}'', Omaha Evening World-Herald, 1 May 1962, p. 16: On 1 May 1962 the Evening World-Herald covered the fifth anniversary celebration at Offutt AFB of the founding of the SAC Elite Guard in 1957, complete with a photo of the ceremony clearly showing the Elite Guardsmen in their signature blue wool berets and bone-handled .38 revolvers.</ref>

In 1966–67, during Operation Safe Side, the first Security Police beret was issued by the 1041st Security Police Squadron. This experimental and specially trained Air Base Ground Defense (ABGD) unit adopted a light blue beret displaying a falcon as its emblem. Operation Safe Side developed into the 82nd Combat Security Police Wing, consisting of three "combat security police" squadrons, but was inactivated in December 1968, ending the unofficial use of the light blue beret.<ref name="beret">{{cite web| url =http://www.safesideassociation.org/blue_beret.html| title =History of the Security Police Beret| publisher =Safeside Association| access-date =21 January 2010|url-status = dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090517004236/http://www.safesideassociation.org/blue_beret.html| archive-date =17 May 2009| df =dmy-all}}</ref>

Elsewhere, during the Vietnam War, although not an authorized uniform item, some local security police commanders approved a dark blue beret similar to the SAC Elite Guard beret for their units as a less-conspicuous alternative to the official white Security Police cover for certain specialized personnel. In Thailand during the late 1960s and early 1970s, Military Working Dog handlers assigned to the 6280th SPS at the [[Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base]] sported a dark blue beret with no insignia. Other units adopted a beret to distinguish their guards.<ref name="beret"/>

In 1975 Brig Gen [[Thomas Sadler (Air Force officer)|Thomas Sadler]] was appointed Air Force Chief of Security Police with the task of bringing the Security Police career field into the mainstream of the Air Force. One tool he employed was recognition of members of a distinctive portion of the force, with the beret proposed as a uniform change. Significant opposition to the beret from senior colonels and Major Command (MAJCOM) Chiefs was gradually overcome by the popularity of the concept with personnel. The uniform board approved the proposal, and the beret was officially worn worldwide starting in February 1976.<ref name="beret"/><ref name="kali102">{{harvnb|Pinckney|2009|p=102}}</ref>

The 1976 beret was worn with the MAJCOM crest of the appropriate major command to which the unit was assigned. It continued in this manner for 20 years until the forming of the Security Forces. In March 1997 the 82nd CSPW was reactivated and re-designated the [[820th Security Forces Group]]. The heraldry of the 820th SFG then replaced the individual MAJCOM emblems as beret insignia.<ref name="beret"/><ref name="kali147">{{harvnb|Pinckney|2009|p=147}}</ref> Enlisted personnel wear the dark blue SF beret which bears the fabric SF "Flash" depicting a falcon over an airfield with the SF motto "''Defensor Fortis''", literally meaning "Strong Defender" but taken to mean "defender of the force" according to the Air Force, underneath. An officer's "Flash" is similar in appearance but replaces the embroidered falcon and airfield with either metal "pin-on" or embroidered rank.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

=== Security Forces flash ===
{{multiple image
|align = right
|width1 = 165
|image1 = Former US Air Force 1041st SPS beret flash.svg
|caption1= 1041st Security Police Squadron Beret Flash (1967)
|width2 = 150
|image2 = USAF Security Forces beret flash.jpg
|caption2= Security Forces Beret Flash (current)
}}


Main articles:[[Phu Cat Air Base Security Forces]] and [[United States military beret flash]]
Life of Danger, Men of Steel.


The "Falcon over crossed runways" is derived from the 1041st Security Police Squadron of Operation SAFESIDE. This unit evolved into the 82nd Combat Security Police Wing with the mission of providing the Air Force with worldwide ground defense capability and became the base model for all modern USAF Security Forces. This symbol was adopted to represent this ground defense mission.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 May 2003|title=AFMAN 31-201 Vol. 1 SECURITY FORCES HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION|url=https://vspa.com/pdf/sf-history-extract-afi-afi-31-201-v1.pdf}}</ref>
The Corps have their elite too;


The signature blue beret worn by USAF Security Forces shows a falcon above crossed runways. The runways represent Air Force bases and the swooping falcon symbolizes force protection. Inspired by the Strategic Air Command Elite Guard and Operation Safeside Security Police, the beret represents heritage and strength.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defenders of the Force: Security Forces |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/3439407/defenders-of-the-force-security-forces/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.af.mil%2FVisit%2FMuseum-Exhibits%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F3439407%2Fdefenders-of-the-force-security-forces%2F |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=National Museum of the United States Air Force |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=The bond of the Blue Beret |url=https://www.afsfc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3165208/the-bond-of-the-blue-beret/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsfc.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F3165208%2Fthe-bond-of-the-blue-beret%2F |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Air Force Security Forces Center |language=en-US}}</ref>
Recon Patrol, the Proud, the Few.
{{Clear}}


==Recent events==
But when it comes to us, not much is heard;
===Nuclear security forces===
Nuclear Security Forces, or "nuke troops",<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sauer |first=Matthew |title=What Everyone Should Know About Nuclear Surety |url=https://www.acc.af.mil/Portals/92/Docs/TCE/01-10/2001/The%20Combat%20Edge%20June%202001.pdf |magazine=The Combat Edge |volume=10 |issue=1|page=9}}</ref> train constantly in small unit tactics due to their lead responsibility in fighting off clandestine, special operations forces. This has included training such as "Blue Coach", which saw Security Forces training alongside US Navy SEALs and engaging OPFOR in training, defeating their Marine Corps attackers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Coach improves security forces Airmen tactics, training|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/121242/blue-coach-improves-security-forces-airmen-tactics-training/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=U.S. Air Force|date=4 February 2009 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2009-01-29 |title=Security Forces Launch Blue Coach |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/securityforceslaunchbluecoach/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |magazine=Air Force |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting tactical, Blue Coach improves award winning defenders|url=https://www.whiteman.af.mil/News/Article/324746/getting-tactical-blue-coach-improves-award-winning-defenders/|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Whiteman Air Force Base|date=10 February 2009 |language=en-US}}</ref>


===Changes to deployment length and training===
We're just the Cops who guard the birds.
[[File:DefendersTraining.jpg|thumb|USAF Defenders training]]
Since March 2004 the Air Force has provided Security Forces airmen to serve in combat and in combat support roles alongside their sister service members while maintaining their Air Force identity. The Air Force calls such missions "in lieu of" taskings, or ILO for short.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,156225,00.html |title=AF to Triple Number of Airmen in Iraq |publisher=www.military.com |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020084021/http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,156225,00.html |archive-date=20 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Airmen train to prepare for 'in-lieu-of' taskings|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/130513/airmen-train-to-prepare-for-in-lieu-of-taskings/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=U.S. Air Force|date=6 July 2006 |language=en-US}}</ref>


In January 2006 Brig Gen Robert Holmes,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRIGADIER GENERAL ROBERT H. HOLMES |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/104892/brigadier-general-robert-h-holmes/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.af.mil |language=en-US}}</ref> Director of Security Forces and Force Protection, stated, ''"We want to make our airmen more proficient, and to do that we need to adapt. We're going to change our training, our tactics and our procedures and the Air Force will be better for it."'' Brig Gen Holmes calls these transformations a "refocus" on how Security Forces train and fight. He elaborated, ''"We're not in the Cold War anymore; we have to alter our mentality and our practices for today's reality. Because of the nature of the threat, our airmen are fighting the global war on terror on the front lines, and we owe it to them to provide training, equipment and resources to be effective. Essentially, Security Forces will focus on preparing for their war-fighting mission at forward locations, as well as security at a fixed installation. Our airmen are going 'outside the wire' to conduct missions and are proving successful in keeping people safe."'' Gen. Holmes also said one of the transformation goals is bringing security forces back in step with standard Air Force 120-day deployments. He explained, ''"Right now our folks are going out for 179-day rotations. Our airmen need time to reconstitute and train. So it's important to get them in line with the rest of the Air Force. We aim to do just that."'' Overall, Brig Gen Holmes said the changes would make Security Forces more effective and relevant to Air Force needs in the face of the current changing nature of warfare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usmilitary.about.com/od/airforce/a/sfchange.htm |title=Security Forces Undergoing Transformation |publisher=usmilitary.about.com |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329064526/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/airforce/a/sfchange.htm |archive-date=29 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
In Vietnam, through toil and strife,


In November 2007 it was announced that the Air Force was going to triple the number of Security Forces personnel in Iraq and [[Afghanistan]] to back-fill Army and [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] mission tasks.<ref>{{cite web |author=Scott Schonauer |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/air-force-to-triple-number-of-airmen-helping-army-marines-in-iraq-1.71140 |title=Air Force to triple number of airmen helping Army, Marines in Iraq – News |work=Stripes |access-date=29 March 2011 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413115646/http://www.stripes.com/news/air-force-to-triple-number-of-airmen-helping-army-marines-in-iraq-1.71140 |archive-date=13 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
We gave it all, our hearts, our life.


In September 2010 the Air Force announced it was increasing all combat deployments to 179 days beginning in 2011. Lt. Col. Belinda Petersen, a spokeswoman for the Air Force Personnel Center, said the increase in deployment duration is an effort to "improve predictability and stability for airmen and their families." Peterson added that by revising the policy, airmen affected by the change will also "ideally" get more time at home. The dwell time for those airmen is expected to increase from 16 to 24 months. Despite these "improvements", Security Forces, civil engineers, contractors and intelligence are among the busiest in the Air Force, with six-month deployments, followed by only six months at home.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jennifer H. Svan |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/air-force-changes-deployment-lengths-for-some-42-000-airmen-1.118444 |title=Air Force changes deployment lengths for some 42,000 airmen – News |work=Stripes |access-date=29 March 2011 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320093147/http://www.stripes.com/news/air-force-changes-deployment-lengths-for-some-42-000-airmen-1.118444 |archive-date=20 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
A page in history, A chapter in time;


===Frankfurt International Airport attack===
We fought for freedom, yours and mine.
On 2 March 2011, a [[senior airman]] assigned to the 48th Security Forces Squadron at [[Royal Air Force Lakenheath]], England, and an [[Airman 1st Class]] assigned to the 86th Vehicle Readiness Squadron at [[Ramstein Air Base]], Germany, were shot and killed by a 21-year-old Kosovo native of [[Albanian people|Albanian]] descent, at [[Frankfurt International Airport]], Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123245189|title=Air Force officials identify Frankfurt Airport shooting deaths|publisher=Af.mil|access-date=29 March 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721064300/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123245189|archive-date=21 July 2012|url-status = dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The shooter's relatives in [[Kosovo]] told the [[Associated Press]] that he was a devout Muslim and German federal prosecutors said they suspect he was motivated by extremist, [[Islamist]] ideology. A U.S. law enforcement official says the shooter shouted "[[Allahu Akbar]]", or "God is Great" in Arabic, as he opened fire. The Air Force says most of the airmen attacked were part of a Security Forces team passing through Germany on their way to a deployment in Afghanistan. In addition to the two dead, two other airmen were wounded.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/03/03/134222035/deaths-of-2-u-s-airmen-investigated-in-germany |title=Deaths of 2 U.S. Airmen Investigated in Germany |publisher=NPR |date=3 March 2011 |access-date=29 March 2011 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307092150/http://www.npr.org/2011/03/03/134222035/deaths-of-2-u-s-airmen-investigated-in-germany |archive-date=7 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


===Global War on Terrorism: Operation Enduring Freedom casualties===
We stayed vigilant through cold and rain,
Three Security Forces members have been killed in action while serving in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. On 5 September 2013 a SSgt assigned to the 105th Base Defense Squadron while attached to the 820th Base Defense Group, was killed by small-arms fire after his unit was ambushed and attacked by insurgents outside of [[Bagram Airfield]].
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://projects.militarytimes.com/valor/air-force-staff-sgt-todd-j-lobraico/6568504 |title=Afghanistan Casualty: SSgt Lobraico |publisher=militarytimes.com |access-date=20 July 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728022315/http://projects.militarytimes.com/valor/air-force-staff-sgt-todd-j-lobraico/6568504 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


On 21 December 2015, two [[non-commissioned officers]] serving in the 105th Base Defense Squadron, part of the [[New York Air National Guard]]'s [[105th Airlift Wing]], were killed, along with four special agents with the [[Department of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations]], outside of [[Bagram Airfield]] by a [[suicide bomber]] utilizing a motorcycle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/12/23/six-airmen-killed-afghanistan-identified/77777636 |title=Six airmen killed in Afghanistan |publisher=airforcetimes.com |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
and bear the fatigue, hardship, and pain.


===Iraq War: Operation Iraqi Freedom casualties===
This piece of ground, we will defend,


As of 30 May 2011 12 Security Forces members have died while supporting [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]]. These personnel total 22% of all Air Force casualties during OIF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://icasualties.org/Iraq/Fatalities.aspx |title=Iraq Coalition Casualties: Military Fatalities |publisher=iCasualties.org |access-date=30 May 2011 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326034327/http://www.icasualties.org/Iraq/Fatalities.aspx |archive-date=26 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
side by side 'til the bitter end.


===Operation Freedom's Sentinel casualties===
So fear not pilot, you can fly all day,
On 2 October 2015 during [[Operation Freedom's Sentinel]], a senior airman and an airman 1st class were killed when their [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J]], assigned to the 774th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron, crashed on takeoff while they performed Fly Away Security Operations.


==Notable Airmen==
this base is guarded by the Blue Beret.


[[File:Elizabeth Jacobson.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Airman First Class|A1C]] [[Elizabeth Nicole Jacobson|Elizabeth Jacobson]] of the
== Security Forces Creed==
586th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron]]
I am a security force member. I hold allegiance to my country, devotion to duty, and personal integrity above all. I wear my shield of authority with dignity and restraint, and promote by example high standards of conduct, appearance, courtesy, and performance. I seek no favor because of my position. I perform my duties in a firm, courteous, and impartial manner.I strive to merit the respect of my fellow airmen and all with whom I come in contact.
[[File:US Air Force 070913-F-6470S-007 Chuck Norris visit deployed Airmen.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Chuck Norris]], a former Air Policeman, poses with airmen of the [[386th Air Expeditionary Wing]]'s Security Forces]]
* [[Arthur L. Andrews|Arthur "Bud" L. Andrews]] served as an Air Policeman for nearly 14 years. He became the seventh Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force and served as adviser to [[United States Secretary of the Air Force]] and [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Chief of Staff of the Air Force]] on matters concerning welfare, effective utilization and progress of the enlisted members of the Air Force.
* [[Killing of Ashli Babbitt|Ashli Babbitt]], who was shot in the Capital Building during the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]]. She'd spent 12 years as Security Forces in the Air Force, Air National Guard, and Air Force Reserve, including deployments to Afghanistan, Iraq, Kuwait, and Qatar.
* [[Ben Nighthorse Campbell]] was an Air Policeman stationed in [[Korea]] during the Korean War. He is an [[Politics of the United States|American politician]] who served in the [[United States Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives]]. For some time he was the only Native American serving in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]].
* [[Robert Gaylor|Robert D. Gaylor]] served as the fifth [[Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force]].
* [[Elizabeth Nicole Jacobson]], a member of the United States Air Force Security Forces, was killed in action in the Iraq War in 2005. She was the first female U.S. airman killed in the line of duty in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the first Air Force Security Forces member killed in conflict since the [[Vietnam War]].
* [[Bernard James]], [[NBA]] player, served as a security forces specialist assigned to the 9th Security Forces Squadron at [[Beale Air Force Base]]. During his service he was deployed to Iraq, [[Qatar]] and Afghanistan.
* [[Chuck Norris]], actor and martial-arts instructor, was an Air Policeman stationed in [[Osan Air Base]], [[South Korea]], and [[March Air Force Base]], California, during his enlistment from 1958 to 1962. While stationed at Osan he acquired the nickname "Chuck" and began his training in [[Tang Soo Do]] (tangsudo).
* [[Richard Pennington]], former [[police chief]] for the [[Atlanta Police Department]] and [[New Orleans Police Department]] and Assistant Chief of the [[Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia]]. Pennington served as a security policeman during the Vietnam War.
* [[Hilliard A. Wilbanks]], who received the [[Medal of Honor]] during the Vietnam War, served as an air policeman before becoming a pilot.


==See also==
* [[List of United States Air Force security forces squadrons]]
* [[Department of the Air Force Police]]
* [[732 ESFS/DET-3]]
* [[United States Army Military Police Corps]]
* [[Master-at-arms (United States Navy)|United States Navy Master-at-arms]]
* [[Department of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations]]
* [[United States Air Force Security Forces Shield]]
* [[820th Base Defense Group]]


===Other countries===
----
*[[RAAF]] [[Airfield Defence Guards]] – Australia
*[[Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air]] - France
*[[Air Gendarmerie]] – France
*[[German Air Force Regiment]] – Germany
*[[RNZAF Force Protection|RNZAF Security Forces]] – New Zealand
*[[Swedish Air Force Rangers]] – Sweden
*[[Polícia Aérea]] – Portugal
*[[Sri Lanka Air Force Regiment]] - Sri Lanka
*[[Royal Air Force Regiment]] – United Kingdom
*[[Royal Air Force Police]] - United Kingdom


==Notes==
== '''Security Forces Three General Orders''' ==
{{Notelist}}


==References==
{{Reflist}}


==Bibliography==
1) I will take charge of my post and protect all property and personell for which I am responsible until properly relieved.
* {{cite book |last=Pinckney |first=Kali |year=2009 |title=Defensor Fortis: The History of the Air Force Military Police, Air Police, Security Police, and the Security Forces |location=Lexington, Kentucky |publisher=PinckTank Publishing |isbn=978-0-615-32829-4}}


==External links==
2) I will report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce and contact my supervisor in any case not covered by instruction.
{{Commons category|United States Air Force Security Forces}}
*{{Official website}}
*[http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104599/security-forces-3p0x1.aspx Official fact sheet]


{{US Air Force navbox}}
3) I will sound the alarm in case of disorder or emergancy.
{{Air force infantry}}
{{Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States}}
{{United States military law enforcement}}


[[Category:United States military police]]
[[Category:Security units of the United States Air Force| ]]
[[Category:Military police agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Air Force specialisms]]
[[Category:Air force police agencies]]

Latest revision as of 09:53, 26 April 2024

United States Air Force Security Forces
Active31 October 1997 – present (as Security Forces)
1966 – 31 October 1997 (as Security Police)
2 January 1948 – 1966 (as Air Police)
12 February 1942 – 2 January 1948 (as Military Police)[1]
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force[a]
TypeMilitary police
Ground defense force
RoleMilitary law enforcement
Ground defense
Size38,000+ [2]
Nickname(s)Defenders[3]
Motto(s)Defensor Fortis
(Defenders of the Force)[4]
Color of Beret  Dark Blue
WebsiteOfficial website Edit this at Wikidata
Commanders
Director of Security ForcesMaj Gen Thomas P. Sherman[5]
Career Field ManagerCMSgt Donald Gallagher [6]
Insignia
Enlisted beret flash
Officer beret flash (superimposed with polished metal rank insignia)
Occupation Badge

The United States Air Force Security Forces (SF) are the ground combat force and military police service of the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force.[7] The USAF Security Forces were formerly known as Military Police (MP), Air Police (AP), and Security Police (SP) at various points in their history. Due to its significant ground combat mission, Security Forces are sometimes regarded as Air Force infantry[8] within the Air Force[9][10] and were formed on the premise of being the Air Force's "Marine Corps", in that they would provide security for the Air Force similar to how the Marines provide security for the Navy.[11]

Mission[edit]

As outlined in Department of the Air Force publications, Security Forces are responsible to protect, defend, and fight to enable U.S. Air Force, Joint, and Coalition mission success. Not only are they responsible for installation law and discipline enforcement, but Security Forces are the Air Force's base defense and ground combat force.[12][13]

Personnel[edit]

Leadership[edit]

The director of Security Forces is a brigadier general and the highest-ranking Security Forces officer, sometimes referred to as the "Top Cop". The director of Security Forces reports to the deputy chief of staff of the Air Force for logistics, engineering and force protection.[14] The director of Security Forces has the responsibility to develop policy, doctrine, and guidance for Security Forces and serves as the executive agent for the Department of Defense Military Working Dog Program.[13]

The deputy director of Security Forces acts as the second-in-command to the director of Security Forces. The Security Forces Career Field Manager is a chief master sergeant and the senior enlisted Defender, acting as an adviser to the director of Air Force Security Forces.[13]

History[edit]

Military Police (Aviation) and Air Base Defense Battalions[edit]

Army Air Force Military Police "colored" unit at Columbus, GA, in April 1942

The USAF Security Forces lineage can be traced to its beginning in WWII with the German blitzkrieg. Blitzkrieg relied on swift attacks by land and air. One of the tactics employed by blitzkrieg was the use of paratroops and airborne forces to capture, or destroy in advance, air bases. A key turning point in air base defensive thinking came with the loss of the Battle of Crete to German forces and capture of the British air base at Maleme in 1941. This single action led then Prime Minister Winston Churchill to study British air base defense policy, and in a condemning memo to the Secretary of State for Air and to the Chief of the Air Staff dated 29 June 1941, Churchill stated he would no longer tolerate the shortcomings of the Royal Air Force (RAF), in which half a million RAF personnel had no combat role. He ordered that all airmen be armed and ready "to fight and die in defense of their air fields" and that every airfield should be a stronghold of fighting air-ground men and not "uniformed civilians in the prime of life protected by detachments of soldiers."[15] Churchill's directive resulted in formation of the RAF Regiment.

On 12 February 1942 the United States adopted the British air defense philosophy. The Army Chief of Staff, Gen. George C. Marshall, approved the allocation of 53,299 African-Americans to the Army Air Forces with the "stipulation that air base defense 'for the number of air bases found necessary' be organized and that 'Negro personnel' be used for this purpose as required." This order formed the Army Air Forces (AAF) air base security battalions in June 1942. Units were deployed throughout the European, Asian and African theaters and designed to defend against local ground attacks. These units were armed with rifles, machine guns and 37mm guns.[15]

On 29 March 1943, General Hap Arnold, the commander of the Army Air Forces, established the Office of the Air Provost Marshal, which established three separate organizations for the law enforcement and security role: Guard Squadrons, Military Police Companies (Aviation), and Air Base Security Battalions. Guard Squadrons were assigned to provide interior law enforcement and security to bases within the continental United States, with a technical guard school at Miami Army Air Field and a military police school at Buckley Field. Outside the United States the duties of law enforcement and internal security were carried out by Military Police Companies (Aviation), which, while a part of the Army Air Forces, were still part of the Army's Military Police Corps. Their training was conducted at Camp Ripley.

When the Air Force was created with the signing of the National Security Act of 1947, all members of the AAF were transferred to the new branch, to include military police attached to the Army Air Forces.[11]

Air Police[edit]

Former Air Police badge
USAF Security Forces FPIS with an airman in 2019 Police Week Retreat Ceremony

On 2 January 1948 the Military Police were reformed into the Air Police and established the Air Provost Marshal. Immediately twenty-two military police companies were predesignated Air Police squadrons, however the term Air Police did not come into full usage until November 1948. The transfer of personnel fully from the Army to the Air Force was supposed to be completed by December 1948, however it was not fully completed until 1953. In April 1952 Army grade titles and MOS designations were replaced with Air Force AFSCs.

In June 1950 the Air Force began urgent operations focused on air base defense with the outbreak of the Korean War. A buildup of ground combat forces began. The center of this buildup was the expansion of the Air Force Air Police from 10,000 in July 1950 to 39,000 in December 1951. Still, one year into the war the Air Provost Marshal reported that "the Air Force is without policy or tactical doctrine for Air Base Ground Defense." In haste, Air Police serving as the cadre of this force were outfitted with armored vehicles, machine guns and recoilless rifles. Air base defense was officially implemented by Air Force Regulation (AFR) 355–4 on 3 March 1953. AFR 355-4 defined air base defense "as all measures taken by the installation commander to deny hostile forces access to the area encompassing all buildings, equipment, facilities, landing fields, dispersal areas and adjacent terrain." However, the regulation did not include provisions for sustained ground defense operations. Performance of this mission fell to the provisional base defense task forces to be organized and equipped like infantry. It was the Strategic Air Command's (SAC) October 1952 edition of the SAC Manual 205-2 that rejected the notion that the USAF's ground defense mission conflicted with Army functions. SAC officials felt that success of the Air Force mission might require point defense elements that the Army could not afford to protect, much less have the Air Force rely on the Army to come to the rescue. After the Korean War, General Curtis LeMay had the Air Police begin the Combat Arms Program, to better train airmen in the use of weapons.[15]

On 1 September 1950 the Air Police School was established at Tyndall Air Force Base. In 1952 the Air Police school was transferred to Parks AFB, California, and re-designated the "Air Base Defense School" to emphasize on air base defense capabilities. It soon became evident the emphasis on air base defense was not making much headway. On 13 October 1956 Air Police training was transferred to Lackland AFB, Texas, where it evolved into Security Police training and eventually became the US Air Force Security Forces Academy.

Toward the end of the 1950s and into the 1960s, the Air Police began to reemphasize the security aspect of their mission, with a strong focus being given to protecting the Air Force's strategic nuclear weapons, and a greater amount of centralization regarding training occurred. The Air Provost Marshal was also redesignated the Director of Security and Law Enforcement.

On 1 November 1964, between 12:25 and 12:33 am, Vietnamese Communist (VC) troops attacked Bien Hoa Air Base with six 81mm mortars positioned about 400 meters north, outside the air base. The VC fired 60-80 rounds into parked aircraft and troop billets, then withdrew undetected and unabated. The attack killed four US military personnel, wounded 30 and destroyed and/or damaged 20 B-57 bombers. U.S. air bases had become targets and became routine targets thereafter. The Air Force was not allowed to patrol the perimeter of their bases. That role was left up to the Vietnamese Air Force. Also, the U.S. Army was cited as being tasked to control the security of the area around the air base, and after-action scrutiny along with politics served to foster distrust and jealousy between services, chains of command and the U.S. and Vietnamese services. As a result, air bases in South Vietnam were left vulnerable. By striking at USAF air bases the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and VC employed Giulio Douhet's military concept, which stated the only effective way to counter air power was to destroy its bases on the ground. This concept has also been proven effective during the Indochina War from 1946 to 1954, when the Viet Minh regularly and successfully attacked French air bases.[15]

The USAF Sentry Dog program was a product of the Korean War. On 1 May 1957 the Air Force gained responsibility for training all working dogs in the Department of Defense. By 1965 the USAF had a pool of sentry dog teams available for deployment to South Vietnam. Nightly at every air base, sentry dog teams were deployed as a detection and warning screen in the zone separating combat forces from the perimeter. Nearly all air base defense personnel agreed that the Sentry Dog Teams rendered outstanding service, with some going as far to say "Of all the equipment and methods used to detect an attacking enemy force, the sentry dog has provided the most sure, all-inclusive means."[15]

Security Police[edit]

Former Security Police badge

During their time in Korea and early in Vietnam, the Air Police found themselves in a number of ground combat roles, some of which more accurately reflected an infantry-type role than that of the military police. In 1966 the Air Police were redesignated the Security Police, in an effort to more accurately reflect the security and combat aspect of their mission.

Shortly after the creation of the Security Police, in 1967 the "Safe Side" program was activated, which resulted in certain Security Police squadrons being trained in the use of light infantry tactics and special weapons to better enhance air base defense. Many of the squadrons that were part of the Safe Side project, such as the 1041st Security Police Squadron (Test), established observation posts, listening posts, conducted reconnaissance and ambush patrols, and served as mobile response forces to protect the airbases. The successes of this initial squadron resulted in the creation of the 82nd Combat Security Police Wing and the development of ground combat training for all security policemen. In 1968 the Air Force accepted the Safe Side Program's recommendation to establish 559-man Combat Security Police Squadrons (CSPS) organized into three field flights. Three CSPS were incrementally activated, trained and deployed in 179-day temporary duty rotations to South Vietnam. On 15 March 1968 the 821st CSPS began a hasty training program at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and was in place at Phan Rang Air Base on its TDY deployment by 15 April. The 822nd CSPS was organized, more completely trained and replaced the 821st in August 1968. The 823rd CSPS was trained at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and replaced the 822nd in March 1969, remaining until August 1969 when it was replaced by the 821st.[15]

Ching Chuan Kang Air Base, Taiwan, Flag Raising of the U.S. Air Force Security Police and the ROC Air Force Military Police, 1973

The vindication for the Safe Side program occurred during the Battle of Tan Son Nhut, as part of the Tet Offensive, on 31 January 1968, when Tan Son Nhut Airbase was attacked by a combined force of seven North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong battalions, composing an enemy force of 2,500 enemy troops. The combat-trained Security Police were able to hold off the North Vietnamese forces, preventing the loss of the airbase. The Vietnam War demonstrated to the Air Force the need for whole base defense measures, and demonstrated that airmen, regardless of AFSC, could be vulnerable to attack, just the same as Army and Marine forces.[1]

The 627th Security Forces Squadron of the Phoenix Ravens security force pose with a C-17 aircraft

By January 1971 the Security Police career field was split into two separate functions: Law Enforcement Specialist (AFSC 811X2) and Security Specialist (AFSC 811X0).[16] In November 1971 the first female airmen trained into the law enforcement specialty, and in November 1976 100 female airmen were trained as security specialists. Although the female security specialist program was soon after shut down, they have the distinction of being the first women permitted into any combat role in the entire U.S. Armed Forces. Law enforcement specialists, who had excelled in their career field, could be selected as criminal investigators and attend Military Police Investigations training at the 3280th TCHTG OLA Air Force Liaison at Ft. McClellan, AL, or attend the Office of Special Investigations basic agent's course at Bolling AFB, Washington DC.[1]

In May 1975, Security Police units were tasked with a high priority rescue operation of the SS Mayaguez merchant ship, and with Air Force helicopters, were preparing to perform a boarding of the ship. Prior to the rescue mission one of the helicopters crashed, killing 18 security policemen, and forcing the mission to be aborted.[1] The loss of this aircraft was attributed to a failure to properly assemble a blade sleeve during overhaul nearly a year earlier.[17]

From 1981 to 1989 the Security Police were responsible for protecting the USAF's ground launched cruise missiles in Europe, providing security for them during the height of the Cold War. In 1983, during Operation Urgent Fury, Security Police forces were among the first on Grenada, responsible for securing runways and POWs. In January 1985 women were finally permitted to enter the security field - the first since 1976.[1]

In 1987 the standard weapon of the Security Police Law Enforcement Branch was changed from the Smith & Wesson Model 15 .38-cal. six-shot revolver to the Beretta M9, a 9mm semi-automatic pistol with a standard 15-round magazine, which brought the Security Police in line with the rest of the United States Armed Forces. Also in 1987 the Air Base Ground Defense School was moved from Camp Bullis to Fort Dix, where the Army was given control of the training. In 1989, as a part of Operation Just Cause, Security Police units were responsible for securing airfields during the Invasion of Panama and performing drug interdiction and humanitarian missions.[1][18]

In August 1990, Security Police were deployed to Saudi Arabia as a part of Operation Desert Shield, where they were responsible for guarding airbases, dignitary support, and counterterrorism. In August 1995 Air Base Ground Defense Training was moved from Fort Dix back to Camp Bullis, and control was shifted from the Army back to the Air Force. During Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia, Security Police forces conducted convoy operations and acted as a peacekeeping force. In 1996 the Khobar Towers Bombing occurred, with 19 airmen killed and 260 injured. Security Policemen SSgt Alfredo Guerrero, SrA Corey Grice and A1C Christopher Wager received the Airman's Medal for their actions prior to and after the terrorist attack.[1][19]

Security Forces[edit]

USAF Security Forces airman guarding Air Force One on the flight line in Iraq, 2009

In response to the Khobar Towers bombing, the Air Force reevaluated how the Security Police was organized, and came to the realization it could not afford to have only a few specialize in the security aspect of the mission. On 31 October 1997, the Security Police became the Security Forces, with all individual specialties being merged into one Security Forces specialist AFSC. The Security Forces brought back the principles of Safe Side, transforming the Security Forces into a combat force.

In 1997 the Air Force activated the 820th Base Defense Group, a Force Protection unit based at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. The unit is a trained force protection unit of 12 Air Force Specialty Codes with an airborne capability, and is intended to serve as a quick reaction force, capable of deploying anywhere in the world. Air Mobility Command also activated the Raven program, which attached Security Forces specialists to its aircraft to provide on-site security in hostile or remote environments.[20]

After the 9/11 attacks in 2001, Security Forces prepared for additional attacks and combat operations, both in the United States and abroad. On 16 December 2001, airmen with the 786th Security Forces Squadron deployed to Manas International Airport, Kyrgyzstan, to provide security while the airbase was under construction, to support U.S. operations in Afghanistan. Three months later the 822nd Security Forces Squadron assumed the role, and conducted patrols outside the airbase to deter attack and build relations with local villagers.[1]

On 19 March 2003 the United States invaded Iraq, and on the same day members of the 161st Security Forces Squadron arrived in country, securing the newly captured Tallil Air Base. On 26 March 2003, elements of the 786th Security Forces Squadron performed the first Security Forces combat jump in Air Force history, taking Bashur Air Base in conjunction with the Army's 173rd Airborne Brigade.

Throughout the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, Security Forces specialists, and airmen as a whole were pressed into more ground combat roles, to include running convoys. This resulted in the formation of The Aerospace Expeditionary Force Transport Company.[21] These companies were not divided into flights, but rather platoons, with the first, the 2632nd Aerospace Expeditionary Force Transport Company, deploying in April 2004. Some Security Forces specialists were also attached to Army and Marine infantry units to provide either manpower or military working dogs.[1]

On 1 January 2005 Task Force 1041 was formed by elements of the 820th Security Forces Group to execute Operation Desert Safe Side. The objective was to conduct outside the wire "kill or capture" missions in one of the most violent areas of Iraq. At the end of the operation, they had reduced attacks on the local airbase to almost zero, while capturing 18 high-value targets, eight major weapons caches, and 98 other insurgent or terrorist targets. Units, such as the 824th Security Forces Squadron, were responsible for training Iraqi security forces. In Summer 2008 the 332nd Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron stood up at Balad Airbase, and for the first time since the Vietnam War a Security Forces Squadron assumed full responsibility for the security, both on and off base, of a major air base in a war zone.[1]

On 28 September 2005, the 586th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron became the first combat Security Forces squadron to lose a member in Operation Iraqi Freedom when A1C Elizabeth Jacobson was killed in action near Safwan, Basra Governorate, Iraq.[22][23]

Phoenix Ravens patch

Specialized Units[edit]

- Emergency Service Teams;[24]

- Phoenix Raven;[25]

- Stinger Missile Program;[26]

- The Elite Guard;[27]

- Close Precision Engagement (CPE) teams;[28][29]

- U.S. Air Force Tactical Response Force (TRF);[30]

- Deployed Aircraft Ground Response Element (DAGRE);[31]

- Security Forces Marine Patrol Flight;[32]

- E4 B NEACP/NAOC Duty;[33]

- Military Working Horse Units;[34]

- Military working dog teams;[35]

- Base Honor Guard.[36]

Uniform items[edit]

Blue beret[edit]

A Security Forces Marine Patrol airman from MacDill AFB featured in Airman Magazine

The Strategic Air Command's Elite Guard, an Air Police unit first established in December 1956 to provide security at USAF SAC headquarters, was the first USAF unit officially authorized to wear a blue beret (with affixed SAC patch) in 1957 as part of their distinct Elite Guard uniform.[37][38] The Elite Guard's dark blue serge wool beret was worn on duty, at both guard and ceremonial functions, from 1957 onwards.[39][40][41]

In 1966–67, during Operation Safe Side, the first Security Police beret was issued by the 1041st Security Police Squadron. This experimental and specially trained Air Base Ground Defense (ABGD) unit adopted a light blue beret displaying a falcon as its emblem. Operation Safe Side developed into the 82nd Combat Security Police Wing, consisting of three "combat security police" squadrons, but was inactivated in December 1968, ending the unofficial use of the light blue beret.[42]

Elsewhere, during the Vietnam War, although not an authorized uniform item, some local security police commanders approved a dark blue beret similar to the SAC Elite Guard beret for their units as a less-conspicuous alternative to the official white Security Police cover for certain specialized personnel. In Thailand during the late 1960s and early 1970s, Military Working Dog handlers assigned to the 6280th SPS at the Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base sported a dark blue beret with no insignia. Other units adopted a beret to distinguish their guards.[42]

In 1975 Brig Gen Thomas Sadler was appointed Air Force Chief of Security Police with the task of bringing the Security Police career field into the mainstream of the Air Force. One tool he employed was recognition of members of a distinctive portion of the force, with the beret proposed as a uniform change. Significant opposition to the beret from senior colonels and Major Command (MAJCOM) Chiefs was gradually overcome by the popularity of the concept with personnel. The uniform board approved the proposal, and the beret was officially worn worldwide starting in February 1976.[42][43]

The 1976 beret was worn with the MAJCOM crest of the appropriate major command to which the unit was assigned. It continued in this manner for 20 years until the forming of the Security Forces. In March 1997 the 82nd CSPW was reactivated and re-designated the 820th Security Forces Group. The heraldry of the 820th SFG then replaced the individual MAJCOM emblems as beret insignia.[42][44] Enlisted personnel wear the dark blue SF beret which bears the fabric SF "Flash" depicting a falcon over an airfield with the SF motto "Defensor Fortis", literally meaning "Strong Defender" but taken to mean "defender of the force" according to the Air Force, underneath. An officer's "Flash" is similar in appearance but replaces the embroidered falcon and airfield with either metal "pin-on" or embroidered rank.[citation needed]

Security Forces flash[edit]

1041st Security Police Squadron Beret Flash (1967)
Security Forces Beret Flash (current)

Main articles:Phu Cat Air Base Security Forces and United States military beret flash

The "Falcon over crossed runways" is derived from the 1041st Security Police Squadron of Operation SAFESIDE. This unit evolved into the 82nd Combat Security Police Wing with the mission of providing the Air Force with worldwide ground defense capability and became the base model for all modern USAF Security Forces. This symbol was adopted to represent this ground defense mission.[45]

The signature blue beret worn by USAF Security Forces shows a falcon above crossed runways. The runways represent Air Force bases and the swooping falcon symbolizes force protection. Inspired by the Strategic Air Command Elite Guard and Operation Safeside Security Police, the beret represents heritage and strength.[46][47]

Recent events[edit]

Nuclear security forces[edit]

Nuclear Security Forces, or "nuke troops",[48] train constantly in small unit tactics due to their lead responsibility in fighting off clandestine, special operations forces. This has included training such as "Blue Coach", which saw Security Forces training alongside US Navy SEALs and engaging OPFOR in training, defeating their Marine Corps attackers.[49][50][51]

Changes to deployment length and training[edit]

USAF Defenders training

Since March 2004 the Air Force has provided Security Forces airmen to serve in combat and in combat support roles alongside their sister service members while maintaining their Air Force identity. The Air Force calls such missions "in lieu of" taskings, or ILO for short.[52][53]

In January 2006 Brig Gen Robert Holmes,[54] Director of Security Forces and Force Protection, stated, "We want to make our airmen more proficient, and to do that we need to adapt. We're going to change our training, our tactics and our procedures and the Air Force will be better for it." Brig Gen Holmes calls these transformations a "refocus" on how Security Forces train and fight. He elaborated, "We're not in the Cold War anymore; we have to alter our mentality and our practices for today's reality. Because of the nature of the threat, our airmen are fighting the global war on terror on the front lines, and we owe it to them to provide training, equipment and resources to be effective. Essentially, Security Forces will focus on preparing for their war-fighting mission at forward locations, as well as security at a fixed installation. Our airmen are going 'outside the wire' to conduct missions and are proving successful in keeping people safe." Gen. Holmes also said one of the transformation goals is bringing security forces back in step with standard Air Force 120-day deployments. He explained, "Right now our folks are going out for 179-day rotations. Our airmen need time to reconstitute and train. So it's important to get them in line with the rest of the Air Force. We aim to do just that." Overall, Brig Gen Holmes said the changes would make Security Forces more effective and relevant to Air Force needs in the face of the current changing nature of warfare.[55]

In November 2007 it was announced that the Air Force was going to triple the number of Security Forces personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan to back-fill Army and Marine Corps mission tasks.[56]

In September 2010 the Air Force announced it was increasing all combat deployments to 179 days beginning in 2011. Lt. Col. Belinda Petersen, a spokeswoman for the Air Force Personnel Center, said the increase in deployment duration is an effort to "improve predictability and stability for airmen and their families." Peterson added that by revising the policy, airmen affected by the change will also "ideally" get more time at home. The dwell time for those airmen is expected to increase from 16 to 24 months. Despite these "improvements", Security Forces, civil engineers, contractors and intelligence are among the busiest in the Air Force, with six-month deployments, followed by only six months at home.[57]

Frankfurt International Airport attack[edit]

On 2 March 2011, a senior airman assigned to the 48th Security Forces Squadron at Royal Air Force Lakenheath, England, and an Airman 1st Class assigned to the 86th Vehicle Readiness Squadron at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, were shot and killed by a 21-year-old Kosovo native of Albanian descent, at Frankfurt International Airport, Germany.[58] The shooter's relatives in Kosovo told the Associated Press that he was a devout Muslim and German federal prosecutors said they suspect he was motivated by extremist, Islamist ideology. A U.S. law enforcement official says the shooter shouted "Allahu Akbar", or "God is Great" in Arabic, as he opened fire. The Air Force says most of the airmen attacked were part of a Security Forces team passing through Germany on their way to a deployment in Afghanistan. In addition to the two dead, two other airmen were wounded.[59]

Global War on Terrorism: Operation Enduring Freedom casualties[edit]

Three Security Forces members have been killed in action while serving in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. On 5 September 2013 a SSgt assigned to the 105th Base Defense Squadron while attached to the 820th Base Defense Group, was killed by small-arms fire after his unit was ambushed and attacked by insurgents outside of Bagram Airfield. [60]

On 21 December 2015, two non-commissioned officers serving in the 105th Base Defense Squadron, part of the New York Air National Guard's 105th Airlift Wing, were killed, along with four special agents with the Department of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations, outside of Bagram Airfield by a suicide bomber utilizing a motorcycle.[61]

Iraq War: Operation Iraqi Freedom casualties[edit]

As of 30 May 2011 12 Security Forces members have died while supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom. These personnel total 22% of all Air Force casualties during OIF.[62]

Operation Freedom's Sentinel casualties[edit]

On 2 October 2015 during Operation Freedom's Sentinel, a senior airman and an airman 1st class were killed when their C-130J, assigned to the 774th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron, crashed on takeoff while they performed Fly Away Security Operations.

Notable Airmen[edit]

A1C Elizabeth Jacobson of the 586th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron
Chuck Norris, a former Air Policeman, poses with airmen of the 386th Air Expeditionary Wing's Security Forces

See also[edit]

Other countries[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ ; under current name since 31 October 1997. Formerly part of the United States Army's Army Air Forces from 29 March 1943 to 26 September 47.[1]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ "Col. Brian S. Greenroad Bio". afsfc.af.mil. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  3. ^ "SF History". defendermagazine.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  4. ^ Latin phrase translation.com Archived 10 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Literally, "Protector of the Powerful", but per Pinckney 148, intended as "Defender of the Force".
  5. ^ "BRIGADIER GENERAL THOMAS P. SHERMAN". AFSFA.
  6. ^ "20th Security Forces Career Field Manager Selected". careerinfoclub.com. 5 June 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
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  10. ^ Secrest, Justin D. (27 March 2013). "Air Force Security Forces Professionalism for Leaders" (PDF). USMC Command and Staff College. p. S-14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019. Their performance during the 1968 Tet Offensive was praised universally and transformed its image from a police and security organization to one of the Air Force's infantry.
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  28. ^ "Defenders of the Force: Security Forces". National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  29. ^ "Close Precision Engagement Teams | US Air Force Security Forces | Virtual Museum | Memorial | Military Police | USAF | SP | AP | SF". USAF Police Alumni Association. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  30. ^ "Tactical Response Force (TRF)". USAF Police Alumni Association. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  31. ^ "Deployed Aircraft Ground Response Element (DAGRE)". USAF Police Alumni Association. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  32. ^ "6th Security Forces Marine Patrol". USAF Police Alumni Association. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  33. ^ "E-4B NEACP Duty". USAF Police Alumni Association. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
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  36. ^ "USAF Military Working Horse Units". USAF Police Alumni Association. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  37. ^ Pinckney, Kali, Defensor Fortis: A Brief History of USAF Security And Those Dedicated Few Who Defend The Air Force At The Ground Level, Universal Publishers Press, ISBN 1581125542, ISBN 978-1581125542 (2003), pp. 37–38
  38. ^ Balcer, Ray (Col.), HQ SAC Elite Guard Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (April 2005)
  39. ^ Farewell To General LeMay Dinner Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 11 June 1957
  40. ^ "Balcer, Ray (Col.), HQ SAC Elite Guard April 2005". saceliteguard.com. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  41. ^ World's Smartest-Looking Airmen Celebrate A Birthday Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Omaha Evening World-Herald, 1 May 1962, p. 16: On 1 May 1962 the Evening World-Herald covered the fifth anniversary celebration at Offutt AFB of the founding of the SAC Elite Guard in 1957, complete with a photo of the ceremony clearly showing the Elite Guardsmen in their signature blue wool berets and bone-handled .38 revolvers.
  42. ^ a b c d "History of the Security Police Beret". Safeside Association. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  43. ^ Pinckney 2009, p. 102
  44. ^ Pinckney 2009, p. 147
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  57. ^ Jennifer H. Svan. "Air Force changes deployment lengths for some 42,000 airmen – News". Stripes. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
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Bibliography[edit]

  • Pinckney, Kali (2009). Defensor Fortis: The History of the Air Force Military Police, Air Police, Security Police, and the Security Forces. Lexington, Kentucky: PinckTank Publishing. ISBN 978-0-615-32829-4.

External links[edit]