Ścinawa
| Ścinawa | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Lower Silesia | ||
| Powiat : | Lubin | ||
| Gmina : | Ścinawa | ||
| Area : | 13.54 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 51 ° 25 ′ N , 16 ° 25 ′ E | ||
| Height : | 100 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 5712 (December 31, 2016) | ||
| Postal code : | 59-330 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 76 | ||
| License plate : | DLU | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | DK 36 : Ostrów Wielkopolski –Prochowice | ||
| Ext. 292 : Nowa Sól - Lisowice | |||
| Ext. 340 : Oleśnica –Ścinawa | |||
| Rail route : | PKP line 273: Breslau – Stettin | ||
| Next international airport : | Wroclaw | ||
Ścinawa [ ɕt͡ɕi'nava ] (also Śzinawa , German Steinau an der Oder) is a small town in the Powiat Lubiński of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name .
geography
The city is located in Lower Silesia on the left bank of the Oder at the mouth of the Zimnica River (Cold Brook) , 35 kilometers northeast of Legnica (Liegnitz) and 16 km northwest of Wołów (Wohlau) .
The lowland through which the Oder flows from Lubiąż (Leubus) for 30 kilometers to the north, is known as the "Steinauer Oder breakthrough valley " (Polish: Obniżenie Ścinawskie). The city is bordered in the east by the Oder valley and in the south by the Żimnica. It occupies an area of 13.5 km², the area of the municipality is 151 km².
With the construction of the Liegnitz – Rawitsch railway , the city received good transport links around 1900. It was further improved by a new bridge over the Oder , the construction of a longer harbor basin and rail connections to the industrial companies.
history
A settlement emerged early on near the important Oder crossing and at the intersection of two important trade routes. It was in a document from Pope Innocent III. first mentioned on November 22nd, 1202 as "Stinav" in connection with tithe payments to the Cistercian convent Trebnitz . For the year 1248 a pastor from "Stinaw" is documented and for the year 1259 a bailiff of "Stinavia". A ducal castle on the Oder crossing is proven for the year 1251, near which the older Slavic settlement was located. Not far from here, the city of Steinau, which at that time belonged to the Duchy of Glogau , was founded by Duke Konrad II in the middle of the 13th century and suspended under Neumarkt law .
In 1274 the independent partial duchy of Steinau was created , whose Duke Johann von Steinau made his duchy a fiefdom of the Crown of Bohemia in 1329 , which made it part of the Holy Roman Empire . Although the Polish king Casimir the Great renounced Silesia in 1335 with the Treaty of Trenčín , he tried several times from 1343 to regain it. While several Silesian duchies on the border with the Duchy of Greater Poland were conquered, Polish troops reached Steinau, which they set on fire and also devastated the city wall, which was built in 1290. During the rebuilding of the city, the city rights were renewed in 1348. On this occasion, the city received its regular layout, with the rectangular ring (56 × 93 m) in the city center, as was customary for new foundations of the German colonization in the east . In 1365 the city and duchy came to the duchy of Oels and at the beginning of the 15th century to the dukes of Brieg and Liegnitz and later to the duchy of Wohlau .
Under the Liegnitz Duke Friedrich II , who was also Lord of Wohlau from 1523, the Reformation also found its entrance in Steinau, whereby the parish church became Protestant. The city's economic decline occurred during the Thirty Years' War , which caused great damage to Steinau. In addition to the material damage, there was also the fact that numerous residents had died or emigrated after 1648 for religious reasons. On October 11, 1633, the imperial general Albrecht von Waldstein fought near the city against the Swedes , Brandenburgers and Saxons and captured a Swedish corps of 5000 men and 60 artillery under General von Thurn . Historical documents report that although three churches remained in Steinau, only two residential buildings were left.
After the death of Duke Georg Wilhelm I , with whom the Silesian Piast dynasty became extinct, Steinau, together with the duchies he had left behind , fell into the direct possession of the Crown of Bohemia in 1675 as a settled fiefdom , which the Habsburgs had held since 1526 . Subsequently, counter-Reformation measures were taken . In 1701 the parish church was re-Catholicized, but fell back to the Evangelicals in 1707 due to the Altranstadt Convention . A Josephine Curate was established for the numerically insignificant Catholic community .
After the First Silesian War in 1742, Steinau and most of Silesia fell to Prussia . After the Prussian administrative reforms , it was incorporated into the province of Silesia in 1815 . From 1816 Steinau was the seat of the Steinau district , which was merged with the Wohlau district in 1932 .
Before the end of the Second World War , Steinau was declared a fortress because of its important location for the defense of the Oder crossing , which is why numerous concrete bunkers were built in front of the city . Heavy fighting with the Red Army began on January 23, 1945 . On January 25, the Oder Bridge was blown up. With heavy losses were the Red Army troops established a bridgehead and penetrated into the city, by the armed forces in urban warfare was defended fiercely. Around 3000 German and at least as many Soviet soldiers died before the city was conquered on February 4, 1945. After the fighting, 1,121 houses were in ruins, which corresponded to 75% of the development. The local castle from the 19th century was razed to the ground, only the tower of the town hall remained. The ring development was badly affected; only five buildings remained there.
After the end of the Second World War, Steinau and almost all of Silesia were placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power in 1945 . The Poles introduced the place name "Ścinawa" for Steinau. Unless they had fled beforehand, the German population was almost completely expelled from Steinau by the local Polish administrative authority .
It took a long time to rebuild the destroyed city. First of all, new residential buildings were built, in the city center and on the Ring many lots remained undeveloped, on which prefabricated buildings were later built.
In the spring of 2010, Ścinawa was hit by a strong Oder flood .
Population development
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1816 | 2,050 | |
| 1871 | 3,273 | |
| 1875 | 3,299 | |
| 1880 | 3,563 | |
| 1890 | 3,552 | including 2,755 Evangelicals, 717 Catholics and 77 Jews |
| 1900 | 3,707 | |
| 1933 | 6,250 | |
| 1939 | 6,520 | |
| 1969 | 4,208 | |
| 2016 | 5,712 |
coat of arms
The current coat of arms of the town and municipality of Ścinawa corresponds to the oldest depiction of the town's coat of arms from 1310. Blazon : The coat of arms is divided into two parts and shows on the left side a half black Silesian eagle on a golden background, which symbolizes that the place belongs to Silesia . On the right side there is a fragment of the Steinau city wall in red on a gold background. It points to the city wall attested to since 1290.
Attractions
- The current Catholic parish church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross was from the beginning of the 16th century until 1945 as St. John the church of the Protestant parish . It was first mentioned in 1209. The current Gothic brick building was built around 1450. It was provided with many details and valuable furnishings, of which two tombs from around 1600 should be mentioned. The choir is located in the eastern part of the three-aisled hall church , while the western facade is occupied by the massive square tower, which merges into an octagonal shape in the uppermost part. It was crowned by an octagonal spire with a small onion cap at the top. In 1869 the interior was renewed in the neo-Gothic style. The main altar painting Christ with Apostles in Emmaus was created by the Cologne painter Otto Mengelberg . In the Second World War, the church was only slightly damaged; although the tower was preserved in its entirety, the spire was later replaced by a simpler one.
- The town hall also dates from the Middle Ages ; it was replaced by a neo-classical building from 1837-1838 , but the tower was largely preserved. In the 1920s, another renovation took place, which gave the town hall a completely different face, with the town hall tower being given an openwork spire. The town hall remained in this state until the end of the Second World War, when it burned down completely. The structure was preserved, but was torn down in the following years and replaced by a prefabricated building in the socialist style. The tower was only slightly damaged and remained the only historical part of the town hall, but was given a new helmet.
- The city fortifications, first mentioned in 1290, initially consisted of palisades and earth walls and were later rebuilt and expanded. It surrounded the city in an oval shape. In the north, however, no fortification was necessary as wetlands provided natural protection here. At the beginning of the 14th century it was made of stone and raised, and the moats were deepened in the following two centuries. The walls were around 1.5 m thick and 8 m high, before a 10 m deep trench was dug. The two city gates, the Glogauer and the Odertor, were demolished as early as 1822, but the walls were renovated at that time. Up to our time, the city wall in the south with a height of up to 2 m has been preserved, which has been partially reconstructed, in the west mostly only the original foundations can be found.
economy
Since it was founded, the city's economic structure was mainly determined by its location on the Oder. In addition to fishing, the Odermühlen have provided a secure livelihood since 1375. Among other things, it was a flour mill, a paper mill and a fulled cloth , from which the cloth-making industry developed, which experienced a heyday in the 18th century. For the year 1749 there are 118 master cloth makers. The more than 400 cloth makers produced 14,000 pieces of linen annually. The brewery and the black dyeing factory founded in 1633, in which blueprints were also produced from 1720, were also of economic importance . Despite a city fire in 1880, the 19th century brought an economic boom for the city, which was also associated with rapid population growth. In 1874 Steinau was connected to the Breslau – Glogau railway line ; In 1898 the Liegnitz – Rawitsch connection followed . With the expansion of the Oder port and a new bridge over the Oder, the town gained better transport links. Numerous new businesses and an ironworks were also built .
After the Second World War, a soap, cucumber and sugar factory was built in Ścinawa . However, the most important branch of the municipality's economy is agriculture.
local community
The city of Ścinawa is the capital of the urban-and-rural municipality of the same name . This includes villages within a radius of 20 km, all of which are to the left of the Oder. Ścinawa makes up over half of the municipality with 10,000 inhabitants and is its administrative and economic center. The community institutions are located in Ścinawa.
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
- Christoph Messerschmidt († 1578 or earlier), German lawyer and council secretary of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck
- Benjamin Gottlob Hoffmann (1748–1818), bookseller, co-founder of Hoffmann & Campe Verlag
- Paul Blumenthal (1843–1930), composer, organist and music director in Frankfurt (Oder)
- Georg von Heydebrand and the Lasa (1853–1901), District President in Osnabrück
- Eugen Müllendorff (1855–1934), engineer and freemason
- Carl Schultze (1858–1897), politician (SPD)
- Wilhelm Selling (1869–1960), architect and anthroposophist
- Eduard Hermann (1903–1964), actor and radio play director
- Rosemarie Ehm-Schulz (1922–2005), dancer and choreographer
- Gerhard Kaminski (* 1925), psychologist
- Heinz Malorny (* 1932), historian of philosophy
- Norbert Linke (* 1933), composer and musicologist
- Ryszard Komornicki (* 1959), Polish football player and coach
- Andrzej Rudy (* 1965), Polish football player.
Active in the place
- Ernst Heinrich Leopold Richter (1805–1876), music teacher and music director in Steinau
literature
- Heinrich Schubert: Documented history of the city of Steinau on the Oder . Breslau 1885, published by Max Woywod
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , SS 517-519.
- Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland. Silesia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich et al. 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 913f.
Web links
- Historical and current recordings as well as geographical location
- Historical and current photos of the Oder Bridge
Individual evidence
- ^ Franz Taeglichsbeck: The battles near Steinau on the Oder from August 29 to September 4, 1632. The meeting near Steinau on the Oder on October 11, 1633. A war history investigation based on documented sources and the simultaneous and later literature . Mittler, Berlin 1889.
- ^ Earl Frederick Ziemke: Stalingrad to Berlin. The German defeat in the East . Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, Washington 1968. pp. 439-441 ( Chapter 20 The Defense of the Reich online ).
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Wohllau.html # ew39wohlsteina. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).