Alexander Riistow

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Alexander Riistow at a lecture at Mainau Castle (1960)

Alexander Riistow (born April 8, 1885 in Wiesbaden ; † June 30, 1963 in Heidelberg ) was a German sociologist and economist . He was a great-nephew of Wilhelm Riistow .

Rüstow coined 1938 on the Colloque Walter Lippmann the term neoliberalism as a term for a renewed liberal order based on fair laissez - liberalism should be different. In the course of time the term experienced a change of meaning in general usage. He is a main representative of the sociological (neo) liberalism associated with this heterogeneous school of thought . He is also referred to as one of the founding fathers of the social market economy . The constructive vote of no confidence anchored in the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany goes back in part to Rustov's criticism of the Weimar Constitution .

origin

Riistow was born into a Prussian officer family. His grandfather, the Prussian major and writer Caesar Riistow (1826–1866), died in the German War of 1866 . His parents were the Prussian lieutenant general of the artillery Hans Rustow (1858-1943) and his wife Bertha Ottilie Spangenberg (1862-1940), a daughter of the Suhl rifle manufacturer Wilhelm Ferdinand Spangenberg (1802-1866).

Life

The strict Prussian upbringing of his father and the pietistic upbringing of his mother shaped him in such a way that he had a critical attitude towards Wilhelmine Germany and an ambivalent relationship to Protestant ethics throughout his life . In 1903, he prematurely passed his matriculation examination at the Bismarck-Gymnasium (now Goethe-Gymnasium ) in Deutsch-Wilmersdorf near Berlin (now part of the Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf district of Berlin). From 1903 to 1908 he studied mathematics, physics, philosophy, classical philology, law and economics in Göttingen , Munich and Berlin. In Göttingen he studied with the neo-Kantian Leonard Nelson . 1908 doctorate Rüstow at Paul Hensel at the University of Erlangen with his work The liar. Theory, history and resolution in which he grappled with the liar's paradox .

From 1908 to 1911, Rustow was the responsible scientific department head at the BG Teubner publishing house in Leipzig . From 1911 to 1914 he worked on a habilitation thesis on the epistemology of Parmenides . This work was canceled because of the outbreak of the First World War . Riistow volunteered as a volunteer in the army, where he was awarded the Iron Cross II and I Class and the Royal House Order of the Hohenzollern . Military service, however, confirmed his aversion to Wilhelmine militarism .

Together with Walter Benjamin , Hans Blüher , Ernst Joëll , Fritz Klatt , the brothers Hans and Walter Koch, Hans Kollwitz , Erich Krems and Alfred Kurella , he belonged to the so-called Westender Circle , which brought together the left wing of the bourgeois youth movement . Klatt was probably the intellectual and journalistic engine of this union.

Riistow had been familiar with avant-garde trends in art and psychology since the pre-war period. His first wife was the painter Mathilde Herberger , who was a close friend of Käthe Kollwitz . In her diary, Käthe Kollwitz mentions Alexander Rustow several times with his first and second wife. At the end of the war he shared the views of the socialists , welcomed the German revolution of November 1918 and is even said to have participated in it. Still married to Mathilde Herberger, Alexander Rüstow met his later second wife and ethnologist Anna Bresser , who studied there, at the beginning of the Munich Soviet Republic . Since 1907 Riistow had dealt with the writings of Franz Oppenheimer , whose students Adolf Löwe , Gerhard Colm and Eduard Heimann were among his most important circle of friends in the 1920s. Oppenheimer's theory, his sociology of overlay theory, as well as his “third way” between liberal capitalism and Marxist communism influenced the thinking of Riistov. In addition to Oppenheimer, Gerhard Weisser's life situation concept had a decisive influence on Rustow. In terms of content, his vitality policy is in the tradition of approaches that emphasize the material and immaterial living conditions. Riistow shares with Weisser the insight that the individual is dependent on certain external conditions for a self-responsible life, which, however, cannot be directly influenced by state authorities. On the mediation of his friend Löwe, Rustow worked from 1919 to 1924 as a consultant for general economic issues in the Reich Ministry of Economics . Even then, he advocated a tough line in cartel and monopoly issues and was one of the fathers of the Cartel Ordinance of 1923. During these years, the then "socialist in the civil service" developed a deep disappointment about the tactically determined willingness to compromise and the turmoil of the social democracy , as well as the relative Powerlessness against the lobbying of various interest groups.

In 1924 Riistow left the Reich Ministry of Economics and from 1924 to 1933 took a position as in-house counsel and head of the economic policy department at the Association of German Mechanical Engineering Institutions (VdMA) . His work as an association functionary consisted in part in defending against the financially strong lobby of large-scale industry and large-scale agrarians, and in this respect was similar to his earlier work. During this time Riistow changed intellectually from the right socialist wing to the left liberal wing. There were contacts and an intensive exchange of ideas with Wilhelm Röpke and Walter Eucken , with whom he strived for the renewal of liberalism.

Alexander Riistow with his wife Lorena before leaving for exile (1933)

On a last, no longer realized cabinet list of Reich Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher , Riistow was designated as Minister of Economics . The reshuffle of the cabinet was a last, unsuccessful attempt to prevent Adolf Hitler from seizing power . Shortly after the seizure of power, the Gestapo carried out a house search, which was an occasion for Riistow to go into exile in the summer of 1933. In his estimation, his name and the Schleichers were on a list of those people who were supposed to be murdered as part of the wave of purges known as the " Röhm Putsch " by National Socialist propaganda . In 1933, Rüstow was appointed to a chair for economic geography and economic history at the University of Istanbul . In the quiet of the Turkish exile , among other things, the opus Magnum Location of the Present , a universal historical cultural criticism. In Ankara , Riistow also worked as a liaison between the American intelligence service ( Office of Strategic Services ) and representatives of the German resistance. The efforts of the Kreisau Circle to establish contact and negotiate with the Allies went through Rustow, who was visited in Ankara by Helmuth James Graf von Moltke and Adam von Trott zu Solz . To Rustov's disappointment, the negotiations failed because of the distrust of the Americans.

In 1949 he returned to Germany and in 1950 was appointed full professor to a chair in economics and social sciences at Heidelberg University. Until his retirement (winter semester 1955/56) he was also director of the Alfred Weber Institute, was the first chairman and later honorary chairman of the German Association for Political Science from 1951 to 1956, and was a partner and curator of the FAZIT Foundation of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and was chairman and later honorary chairman of the Action Group for the Social Market Economy (ASM) from 1954 to 1962 . Under the chairmanship of Rustow, the Social Market Economy Action Group became a respected think tank and mouthpiece for the representatives of ordoliberalism . So used Ludwig Erhard close contact with Rüstow and was often a speaker at events organized by the ASM and its honorary member. There was a kind of division of labor among German liberal thinkers. The Freiburg school around Walter Eucken concentrated its research exclusively on questions of the economic order. Armack belonged together with Wilhelm Röpke and Alfred Müller-Armack to the sociological (neo-) liberalism, which "beyond supply and demand " designed the development of a certain sociopolitical model, especially vital politics. Sociopolitical ideas found their way into practical politics primarily through Alfred Müller-Armack when he was appointed ministerial director in the Federal Ministry of Economics in 1952 . Riistow had known Ludwig Erhard personally since the 1920s. As Federal Minister of Economics, he increasingly represented the non-economic ideas of sociological (neo) liberalism.

From 1959 to 1960 Rustow was a member of the Advisory Board of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation .

In Heidelberg he lived on one floor in Mönchhofstrasse 26 since the 1950s. He was third married to Lorena (born March 3, 1905, † February 19, 1999), b. Countess Vitzthum von Eckstädt, daughter of Christoph Johann Friedrich Vitzthum von Eckstädt , married. His marriages resulted in a total of seven children, including the US political scientist Dankwart Riistow . On June 30, 1963, Alexander Rustow died in Heidelberg at the age of 78.

Rustow's extensive estate is in the Federal Archives in Koblenz .

Formation of the term neoliberalism

1938 was held in Paris Colloque Walter Lippmann took place at which the theses Lippmann about the decline of liberalism and the chances of a renewed liberal order, which extends from laissez-faire to discuss should distinguish liberalism. Alexander Riistov's creation of the term neoliberalism prevailed against alternatives such as neo-capitalism , social liberalism or even libéralisme de gauche ( French left liberalism) . Neoliberalism is a compound from νέος neos ( ancient Greek: new), and liberalism . The term neoliberalism later became widely known through the pioneers of the social market economy, but also through the liberalization and deregulation of the world economy, and thus globalization, based on the ideas of Friedrich August von Hayek or Milton Friedman . Today the term is mainly used as a dirty word.

From the beginning, the term neoliberalism was not based on a homogeneous set of theories. Already at the Colloque Walter Lippmann, in addition to the agreement on the elementary foundations of the advocacy of private property and freedom of contract, on the other hand, controversial ideas about the role of the state were also evident. In contrast to other participants such as Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich August von Hayek, Rüstow pleaded for a strong state. In retrospect, he regretted that the compromise that had been found back then had laboriously maintained the appearance of unity, although in reality “the sharpest and most fruitful sub-contradictory opposition existed.” In a letter to Wilhelm Röpke , Rüstow wrote that the neoliberals had “so much to reproach the old liberals with , [we] have such a different spirit from theirs that it would be a completely [...] misguided tactic to smear us with the reputation of being insane, obsolete and worn-out that they rightly cling to. No dog will eat these yesterday's hands anymore, and rightly so. ”Hayek and“ his master Mises, put in spirit, belong in the museum as one of the last surviving specimens of the otherwise extinct class of liberals who have conjured up the current catastrophe. ” The term neoliberalism was later used synonymously with the term social market economy. However, he also spoke of “social liberalism” in order to characterize his economic and political views, which he called the “third way” with recourse to the liberal socialism of Franz Oppenheimer .

Riistow himself pointed out that his concept of neoliberalism does not enjoy trademark protection:

“The market, however, has a supra-economic framework that is formed by laws, etc., and within this framework things cannot go according to plan. (...) Unfortunately, God is still very far from this systematic framework, especially in the area of ​​social policy. This is how we new liberals distinguish ourselves from the old liberals in that we are aware of the need for the framework and its design. Unfortunately this difference is blurred by the fact that there are a number of old liberals, some of them very intransigent old liberals, especially in America, who wrongly and misleadingly call themselves 'new liberals' and thus cause great confusion. Unfortunately, we cannot proceed with patent litigation and trademark protection. "

- Alexander Riistow: Social policy on this side and on the other side of the class struggle. In: Aktiongemeinschaft Soziale Marktwirtschaft (Hrsg.): Meaningful and meaningless social policy. Ludwigsburg 1959, p. 20.

Peter Ulrich takes the following opinion: “The primacy of politics, on the other hand, is understood quite differently by the ordoliberal position, which originally described itself as“ neoliberal ”until the 1950s, but then chose a new self-designation than the concept of neoliberalism increasingly was occupied by the market radicals. "

Today often the term neoliberalism are economistic narrowed libertarian minimal state concepts referred to, so policies which are similar to the laissez-faire liberalism of the 19th century. Ironically, it is about economic liberalism , which neoliberals - in the original sense - criticized like Riistow, Walter Eucken , and Wilhelm Röpke and against which they wanted to distinguish themselves with the term neoliberalism.

Scientific work

Riistow's aim was to overcome the systemic shortcomings of laissez-faire liberalism, namely:

  1. insufficient consideration of the living conditions of the population
  2. Lack of basic social security , especially in emergencies through no fault of one's own
  3. partly inhumane working conditions
  4. the highly uneven distribution of opportunities, income and wealth

through an active competition policy that

  1. Prevents monopoly formation,
  2. channeled entrepreneurial self-interest in the direction of the common good
  3. a liberal interventionism should be established and
  4. high-performing, medium-sized entrepreneurship should be encouraged

Competition policy is to be supplemented by a consistent type of comprehensive social policy called vital policy . This includes the improvement of the living environment in such a way that individual well-being is positively influenced and subsidiary social security.

Basic economic policy positions

Alexander Riistow in his study (1937)

Riistow's liberal worldview was particularly influenced by National Socialism , whose success he attributed to the failure of economic liberalism . He saw the superstition in the invisible hand as the reason , which he traced back to traditional meta-economic and pseudo-religious origins.

According to Riistow, monopolies lead to economic inefficiency and restrict freedom through the creation of arbitrary positions of power. Since his work in the Reich Ministry of Economics and the VdMA, he also viewed monopolists as a threat to the political system, as they tended to exert political influence. To prevent monopolies, a state competition authority should therefore be installed, whereby this should work according to the principle of prohibition, i. This means that the applicant must justify his request for exemption. The abuse principle, according to which the burden of proof for abuse lies with the competition authority, could not work, since the competition authority can hardly obtain the information advantage of the cartel members and the evidence of abuse must therefore regularly fail.

Riistow observed in the 1920s and 30s that maintenance subsidies to protect the domestic economy undermined free market adjustment processes and that the dosage of subsidies had to be increased steadily in order to achieve the same effect. Riistow therefore proposed liberal interventionism , a third way between non-interventionism and a steadily expanding interventionism. Subsidies should only be used if they are capable of actually eliminating a disruption and do not impair the functionality of the market mechanisms. Adaptation subsidies are considered sensible if they are granted to a limited extent in terms of time and material or in exceptional situations (integration of displaced persons, coping with major retraining tasks, coping with massively pent-up adjustment needs, etc.). In these cases, the result of a structural change should be brought about more quickly through targeted, market-compliant interventions in order to minimize the adjustment costs.

Competition as the organizational principle of the market only works properly if there are competition-neutral starting and working conditions. According to him, the preference for large economic units in the Weimar Republic led to a decline in the middle class. On the contrary, the middle class must be promoted.

Riistow campaigned for a stable currency system. Among the possible causes of inflation , he rated the expansion of the money supply (M1) for budget financing as the worst. It is also morally reprehensible, since this is primarily at the expense of the owners of lesser assets. He saw the wage-price spiral with excessive collective bargaining as the second cause . He named imported inflation due to the Bundesbank's obligation to intervene as the third cause.

In terms of foreign trade policy , Riistow called for realistic exchange rates to exist, quantitative trade restrictions to be removed, tariff protectionism to be dismantled, and freedom of movement for people, capital, goods and services.

State and socio-political conception

According to Riistow's conception, the market has a serving function, it should ensure the material supply of the individual and society. In the sphere of the market, competition is the organizational principle. However, the principle of competition does not promote social integration; a society cannot be based on this principle alone. Therefore, as a second sphere, Riistow distinguishes the market edge, by which he understands what is actually human, i.e. culture, ethics, religion and family. Here moral values ​​are the principle of organization. This sphere has the task of ensuring integration, solidarity and moralization. The state has the task of delimiting the two spheres from one another, and setting and guaranteeing the regulatory framework within the respective sphere. Riistow's conception of the state is that of a strong state that stands above interests and at the same time only interferes in the spheres where self-organization does not work ( principle of subsidiarity ). In this he is clearly different from Mises, and to a lesser extent from Hayek.

Vital politics

Vitalpolitik is a concept created by Riistow, and Wilhelm Röpke also developed a similar concept . The core idea is that the market forces must be given a life-orientated regulatory policy. It cannot be an automatic consequence of the free market, but it is an ethical prerequisite for a legitimate market economy.

The citizens should have the same starting opportunities according to Riistow's idea. This includes educational support for talented young people from families with little means. His ideas in tax law are radical. The inheritance tax should be structured with a high tax progression . The inheritance tax should be so high that, on the one hand, the property relations of the citizens cannot diverge too much through inheritance - a demand also made by the English liberal John Stuart Mill - and on the other hand, the tax income is so high that the tax rates of mass taxes ( Income tax, sales tax) can be reduced.

The holistic approach of vital politics also aims at shaping the entire living environment of the citizens. Riistow sees a more rural living environment in a home with a garden as an ideal that should be promoted through location policy. Family policy should u. a. Through settlement policy and industrial settlement, the economic framework conditions are designed in such a way that there are sufficient employment opportunities for each parent couple. Longer-term cash benefits are only useful where there is insufficient opportunity to earn a living. He realizes that competition between companies is not very suitable for spreading solidarity. It is all the more important that there is a sense of togetherness and a positive working atmosphere within the company. He highlighted the adoption of the Works Constitution Act 1952 as very positive, as a positive approach to creating solidarity within the company.

The subsidiary social security was implemented for the area of ​​the organization of the social welfare in the order of the Federal Republic of Germany after the Riistow conception. Riistow's criticism of the lack of consideration of the principle of equivalence and the lack of freedom of choice in the Bismarck social insurance was not taken into account. Riistow also made it important that the compulsory insurance did not go any less far than possible social assistance claims. Because citizens who can protect themselves should not be a burden to the general public.

Constitutional law

From the observation of the instability of the Weimar constitution, Riistow derived the necessity of a fundamental change in political consciousness, but also in the constitution. In 1929, in a speech at the German University of Politics, he warned against slipping into dictatorship . Unlike many contemporary thinkers (including Carl Schmitt ), however, he did not want to strengthen the position of the Reich President, but rather the constitutional position of the Reich Chancellor. Already at that time, he drafted the basic features of the Federal Chancellor's authority to implement guidelines in the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany and the constructive vote of no confidence . The Federal Chancellor should be solely responsible to Parliament, not the ministers (as the Weimar Constitution provided). He also suggested that the Chancellor should have a waiting period of around one year in order to implement his government program without being under pressure to be voted out at any time. After this year the chancellor should be eligible for election again. Riistow promised himself that political decisions would be judged by their consequences and that decision-making would become more objective. In order for the constitutionally guaranteed freedom to become a freedom that is actually lived, every individual citizen must also be politically active, at least in the form of an intellectual debate about social problems.

Honors

Fonts (selection)

  • The liar. Theory, History and Resolution. Diss. Phil. Erlangen, 1910. Leipzig: BG Teubner 1910 ( PDF online ).
  • Protective tariff or free trade? 1925.
  • The pros and cons of protective tariff policy. 1925.
  • The failure of economic liberalism. Three editions with changing titles:
    • The failure of economic liberalism as a problem in the history of religion. In: Istanbul Writings. No. 12, Istanbul / Zurich / New York 1945.
    • The failure of economic liberalism. 2nd Edition. Bad Godesberg 1950.
    • The Failure of Economic Liberalism 3rd revised and annotated edition. 2001 with indexes and translations of the French, Latin and Greek quotations, edited by Frank P. and Gerhard Maier-Rigaud. Marburg: Metropolis Verlag, ISBN 3-89518-349-0 .
  • Between capitalism and communism. 1949.
  • Positioning the present. A universal historical cultural criticism. 3 volumes, 1950–1957.
    • Volume 1: Origin of Rule.
    • Volume 2: Way of Freedom.
    • Volume 3: Domination or Freedom?
  • Economy and cultural system. 1955.
  • "ENTOC YMΩN ECTIN. On the interpretation of Luke 17, 20-21 ”. In: Journal for New Testament Science , Vol. 51 (1960), pp. 197-224.
  • The downside of the economic miracle. 1961.
  • Question and answer. 21 speeches and many contributions to discussions from the years 1932 to 1963. Ed. By Walter Horch, 1963.
  • The religion of the market economy. with an afterword v. Sibylle Tönnies . 2nd Edition. Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-4848-5 .
  • Freedom and domination. A critique of civilization. (Abbreviated version of the location of the present.) Münster: LIT Verlag 2005, ISBN 3-8258-9021-X .

literature

Web links

Commons : Alexander Rustow  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Andreas Renner: The two "neoliberalisms". In: Questions of Freedom. Issue 26, October / December 2000.
  2. ^ Nils Goldschmidt, Michael Wohlgemuth: Basic texts on the Freiburg tradition of order economics , Mohr Siebeck, 2008, Tübingen, ISBN 978-3-16-148297-7 , pp. 10-12. See also Chapter 2 Alexander Rustow and the Vitalpolitik , pp. 9–63, in: Julian Dörr: The European Cohesion Policy. An economic perspective , De Gruyter, 2017, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-11-048012-2 .
  3. ↑ Otto Schlecht: Foundations and Perspectives of the Social Market Economy , p. 8.
  4. ↑ Rudolf Wildenmann: Power and Consensus as a Problem of Domestic and Foreign Policy , Volume 6 of Democracy and Peace, Volume 2 of Cologne Writings on Political Science, Westdt. Verlag, 1963, p. 80.
  5. Jump up ↑ Jan Hegner: Alexander Rustow - regulatory conception and influence on the economic model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 15.
  6. ↑ a b Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 19.
  7. ↑ Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 22 f.
  8. ↑ a b Ulrike Koch: "I found out about it from Fritz Klatt" - Käthe Kollwitz and Fritz Klatt . In: Käthe Kollwitz and her friends: Catalog for the special exhibition on the occasion of the 150th birthday of Käthe Kollwitz . Published by the Käthe-Kollwitz-Museum Berlin, Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-8673-2282-9 , p. 65.
  9. ^ Anna M. Lazzarino Del Grosso: Poverty and wealth in the thinking of Gerhoh von Reichersberg . CH Beck, Munich 1973. p. 83.
  10. ↑ Kollwitz, Käthe and Jutta Bohnke-Kollwitz: Die Tagebücher , Berlin, Siedler Verlag, 1989, ISBN 3-88680-251-5 .
  11. ^ Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , pp. 24-26.
  12. ↑ a b Julian Dörr: chap. 2 Alexander Rustow and the Vitalpolitik, in: The European Cohesion Policy. An economic perspective . De Gruyter, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-048012-2 , pp. 9-63 .
  13. ↑ Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 27 f.
  14. ↑ Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 30.
  15. ↑ Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 42 f.
  16. ↑ Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 59.
  17. ↑ Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 72.
  18. ↑ Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 88.
  19. ↑ Julian Dörr, Maximilian Kutzner: "Extra-parliamentary watchdog"? The history of the development of the action group social market economy and its activities to convey the economic order in Germany . In: Quarterly for social and economic history . tape 104 , no. 4/2017 . Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2017, p. 487-524 .
  20. ^ Kathrin Meier-Rust: Alexander Rustow , Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 90.
  21. ^ Philip Mirowski, Dieter Plehwe: The Road From Mont Pelerin . 2009, ISBN 978-0-674-03318-4 , p. 13.
  22. ↑ a b Wolfgang Köhler: Crash 2009 - The new world economic crisis. 1st edition. Mankau Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-938396-31-5 , p. 52.
  23. ↑ Wolfgang Köhler: Crash 2009 - The new world economic crisis. 1st edition. Mankau Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-938396-31-5 , p. 53.
  24. ↑ Joerg E. Schweitzer, The Burning Crisis of the Present - or neither so nor so: Wilhelm Röpke, GRIN Verlag, 1st edition. 1998, ISBN 3-640-63482-9 , p. 36.
  25. ↑ a b Katrin Meyer-Rust: Alexander Rustow - History Interpretation and Liberal Engagement, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-608-91627-X , p. 69.
  26. ↑ Jan Hegner: "Alexander Rustow: regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany", Lucius & Lucius DE, 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , 12 f.
  27. ^ Helga Grebing and Walter Euchner : "History of social ideas in Germany: Socialism - Catholic social teaching - Protestant social ethics", VS Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-531-14752-8 , p. 402 f.
  28. ^ Peter Ulrich: Civilized market economy. A business ethical orientation . Haupt, Bern 2010, p. 157.
  29. ↑ Andreas Renner: Die Zwei Neoliberalismen, in: Ingo Pies, Martin Leschke, Walter Euckens Ordnungspolitik, Mohr Siebeck, 2002, ISBN 3-16-147919-X , p. 176.
  30. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 83 f.
  31. ^ Walter Eucken Archive: Foreword by Walter Oswalt to Walter Eucken, The Religion of the Market Economy, Lit-Verlag, 3rd edition. (2009), ISBN 3-8258-4848-5 , p. 8.
  32. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 70 f.
  33. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 72 f.
  34. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 73.
  35. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 76.
  36. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 79.
  37. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 43.
  38. ↑ Prof. Dr. Peter Ulrich, Market Economy as a Legal Context. The perspective of integrative business ethics in: ARSP, business ethics and law, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2001, ISBN 3-515-07899-1 , p. 32 f.
  39. ↑ Prof. Dr. Peter Ulrich, Market Economy as a Legal Context. The perspective of integrative business ethics in: ARSP, business ethics and law, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2001, ISBN 3-515-07899-1 , p. 34.
  40. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 62.
  41. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 65.
  42. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 66.
  43. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 68.
  44. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 171.
  45. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 135.
  46. ^ Daniela Rüther: The resistance of July 20 on the way to the social market economy: the economic-political ideas of the bourgeois opposition to Hitler , Schöningh, 2002, ISBN 3-506-77529-4 , p. 24.
  47. ^ Evelyn Schmidtke: The Federal Chancellor in the field of tension between Chancellor democracy and party democracy , Marburg, Tectum Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-8288-8278-1 , p. 39.
  48. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 49.
  49. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 50.
  50. ^ Jan Hegner, Alexander Rustow: Regulatory conception and influence on the economic policy model of the post-war period in the Federal Republic of Germany. Lucius and Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8282-0113-X , p. 51.
personal data
SURNAME Riistow, Alexander
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German philosopher, social scientist and economist
DATE OF BIRTH April 8, 1885
PLACE OF BIRTH Wiesbaden
DATE OF DEATH June 30, 1963
Place of death Heidelberg