Amrit

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Coordinates: 34 ° 50 ′ 20 "  N , 35 ° 54 ′ 29.5"  E

Relief Map: Syria
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Amrit​
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Syria

Amrit or Amrith ( Arabic عمریت, DMG ʿAmrīt , Phoenician mrt , ancient Egyptian krtmrt , ancient Greek Μάραθος Márathos ) was an ancient city ​​on the Levantine Mediterranean coast in present-day Syria . It was located between the two estuaries of the Nahr al-Amrit (ancient Greek Μαραθίας Marathías ) in the north and Nahr al-Qubli in the south and mostly belonged to the mainland territory of the island city of Arwad (also Aruad , ancient Greek Ἄραδος Arados ) about four kilometers to the north-west . Remains of buildings, which are scattered in an approximately 7.5 km² area about six kilometers south of the center of the city of Tartus on the coast of the Tartus governorate of the same name, testify to Amrit .

history

Amrit in hieroglyphics
V31
G1 		D21
Z1 		U33 M17 G17 D21 G43 U33

Kart Amrut
k3rtjmrwt or krtmrt
palm city?

The first traces of settlement are at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Chr. Dated the middle Bronze Age . They were found at what is now Tell Amrit, east of the ruins of the Phoenician temple sanctuary ( Maabed in Arabic ). The finds are pottery shards and grave goods from the time between 2100 and 1750 BC. Chr.

The town facing away from the sea in the area of Tell Amrit was built around 1600 BC. Founded by Amurrites from Arwad. West of the city, in the dune zone , was a sacred area. In Egyptian records of Thutmose III's wars (around 1486 to 1425 BC) a place in northern Phenicia named krtmrt is mentioned among the conquered northern peoples, the 'city of Mrt', which is mostly synonymous with Amrit today, a Semitic foreign name for the Egyptians , which found its way into hieroglyphic script through pronunciation and possibly meant "palm city".

Amrit bracelet, part of a pair
(5th or 4th century BC)

From the time of Alexander the Great of Macedon (356 to 323 BC) Amrit was known under the Greek name Marathos . The conquest of Phenicia by Alexander during his campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of the Persian great king Dareios III. took place in 333/332 BC Chr, where Darius III. Alexander during his four-day stay in Marathos at the end of 333 BC. BC offered an alliance, which this refused. At that time, Marathos was in the continental possession of King Gerostratos of Arados (Arwad). At the beginning of the seven-month siege of Tire in January 332 BC. The northern Phoenician cities of Arados, Tripoli , Byblos and Sidon had already joined the Macedonian king without a fight.

From 314 B.C. Under the control of the Diadoch Antigonus I. Monophthalmos came to Marathos after the battle of Ipsos in 301 BC. To the Seleucid Empire , one of the successor states of the Alexander Empire . It seems that the city tried to establish itself in the 3rd century BC. To solve from the rule of the island city of Arados. After the city kingship of Arados was extinguished, probably in 259 BC. Were in Marathos around 230 BC. Minted own coins until 219 BC. Both cities were safely separated. In the Fourth Syrian War for rule over Koilesyria , the city was a stage of the Seleucid Antiochus III. , from where he lived in 218 BC. Further south until behind Berytus against the troops of Ptolemy IV . According to Polybios Historíai (book 5, chap. 68) an embassy from Arados offered the Seleucid ruler in Marathos an alliance. Antiochus III. accepted the offer and at the same time settled the internal disputes between the Aradians from the island and those on the mainland.

Burial towers of the necropolis

Diodorus (1st century BC) reports in his Bibliothéke historiké (book 33, chapter 5) of an attempt by the Aradians to have Marathos extradited to them in order to destroy it. For this they offered Ammonios , the chancellor of the usurper Alexander I. Balas , from 150 to 145 BC. Ruler of the Seleucid Empire, 300 talents . In return, Ammonios sent troops under the leadership of the officer Isidoros to Marathos to hand over the city to the Aradians. This must have happened before 147 BC. BC, since Ammonios died in that year. The inhabitants of Marathos were able to repel the joint action of Isidoros with the Aradians. The feud between the Phoenician cities continued, however, it was symptomatic of the decline of central power in the Seleucid Empire.

It is not known exactly when Marathos was destroyed. When Strabo (around 63 BC to 23 AD) visited the place, he found “an old Phoenician city that was torn down” and whose land “the Aradians had distributed to settlers”, just like in the neighboring town of Ximyra , described in the Geôgraphiká (Book 16, Chapter 2.12, Section 753). Ernest Renan concluded during the first excavations in 1860 from the lack of Greek and Roman inscriptions that the Phoenician city had not been rebuilt after its demise in later Roman times . In contrast, excavations in 2011 found three grave chambers from the Roman era made of sandstone, including one with 28 grave niches. In addition, Marathos was repeated by Roman authors until at least the time of Emperor Hadrian (76 to 138 AD) - for example by Pliny ( Naturalis historia 5, 78; 12, 124) and Ptolemy ( Geography 5, 15, 16) - as existing mentioned. There is disagreement about the classification of the coin finds, which is why they do not appear to be usable in terms of the chronology of the city's history.

Before Renan, the English chaplain Henry Maundrell , described in A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter AD 1697 , and the English anthropologist Richard Pococke visited the ruins of Amrit in 1697 . In his travelogue A Description of the East and Some Other Countries (Volume 2, Part 1), published in 1745, Pococke reports on individual remains of buildings in the ancient city, such as the temple carved into the rock and the stadium. Ernest Renan published his excavation results from 1860 in the book Mission de Phénicie (Chapter 3: Amrit, p. 59 ff.). He explored the plain of Amrit for two months and listed eleven more important monuments in the area of ​​the ancient city and its necropolis, of which Max van Berchem later photographed the most important (published 1915).

In the 20th century there were further excavation campaigns by Maurice Dunand in 1926, 1935, 1938 and 1951, as well as together with Nassib Saliby in 1954, 1955, 1956 (?), 1960, 1961, 1965 and 1968. Finally, in 1992, one took place Excavation at Amrit under the direction of Muhammad Raeef Haykal . Finds from Amrit are mainly in the Louvre in France, in Lebanon in the Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut and in the National Museum of Beirut and in Syria in the National Museum of Damascus and in the Tartous Museum .

temple

Coordinates: 34 ° 50 ′ 20 ″ N, 35 ° 54 ′ 25 ″ E

Temple west of Tell Amrit

About 60 meters west of Tell Amrit are the ruins of the 2200 m² main sanctuary of the ancient city, which was probably built in the second half of the 5th century BC. BC originated. The 56.33 meter long and 48.55 meter wide complex, called Maabed ( DMG Maʿabed 'temple') in Arabic, is carved out of the rock to the south. A 3.70 meter wide portico with pillars that were up to three meters high and encircling inwards to the west, south and east leads around a 46.70 meter × 38.50 meter large water basin in which tall grass now grows. The pool has a depth of 3 to 3.50 meters. It was supplied with water from a spring on the east side of the temple, which flowed into the basin through two channels on the east and south walls. On the northwest corner there was a drainage hole to regulate the water level.

Naïskos in the middle of the temple

In the middle of the tank standing on a 5.50 meter high, formerly clad panels base with a side length of about 5 meters and a castellated upper end Fries than an open north naiskos . The base and the lower part of the naïskos are carved out of an existing rock. Two rows of cuboids and a monolithic roof with a cove and crenellated top were placed on top. The interior of the naïskos, the cella , is covered with a layer of lime mortar and has a flat vaulted ceiling. Overall, the structure is 12 meters high and protruded about 9 meters from the water of the basin. In the Cella des Naïskos there was probably a cult image of Melkart , the city god of Tire and patron god of shipping and colonization. Found inscriptions provide information that in addition to Melkart also the healing god Eschmun , city god of the Sidonians, was worshiped in the temple of Amrit . In some cases it is assumed that the temple is dedicated to the healing god Schadrapa instead of Eschmun.

The temple was open to the north, and the north side of the water basin was freely accessible. At the entrances to the south-facing portico on the northeast and northwest corners, according to the excavators Maurice Dunand and Nassib Saliby, there were flanking corner towers. The height of the piers around the water basin should have been about 6 meters. There was an architrave on the 3 meter high pillars that supported the ceiling of the portico. This was formed by 4.60 meter long stone beams, some of which were found when the temple was exposed in the former water basin. In the opinion of the archaeologists, a battlement frieze with lions' heads as gargoyles crowned the portico above a toothed cut . In the basin area, Dunand and Saliby found two feet of a Cypriot statue, " Canaanite " lamps, Attic black-veneered ceramics with palmettes , fragments of amphorae and Hellenistic ceramics.

In one after 450 BC Favissa, a pit with a horizontal opening, which was laid out in BC, discovered in 1926 a hundred meters west of the temple elements that were Egyptizing and had been sorted out. After 60 statue heads were recovered in 1873, he found 456 additional fragments of statues, terracottas and vessels. Another 200 parts could be exposed by 1950. The statues have a Cypriot style. Most are likely of Cypriot origin as well, however some appear to be locally produced. In addition to the main temple of the city, there are two smaller Naïskoi in Egyptian style near the Ain al-Hayyat ( DMG ʿAin al-Ḥayyāt 'Source of the Snakes'), whose open sides are aligned with each other, just over 500 meters away . They are only ten meters apart, with only the base of the western Naïskos remaining. The Achaemenid period is likely to date the origin, but the early Hellenistic period cannot be excluded.

Stadion

Coordinates: 34 ° 50 ′ 27 ″ N, 35 ° 54 ′ 30 ″ E

Stadium in the north of Amrit

About 200 meters northeast of the main temple of ancient Marathos and 180 meters north of Tell Amrit , the remains of a stadium carved into the rock have been preserved. It is separated from the other two archaeological sites by the Nahr al-Amrit and was called al-Meqla ' (' the quarry ') by the locals . Amrit Stadium was first described in 1745 by Richard Pococke in Part 2 of his book A Description of the East, and Some Other Countries , who mistook it for a circus . Ernest Renan examined it in 1860 and in his work Mission de Phénicie came to the conclusion that the complex and its parts were not Roman, but undoubtedly Phoenician.

According to general opinion, the stadium dates back to around the early Hellenistic period or the 4th century BC. To date. The stadium is about 225 to 230 meters long and 30 to 40 meters wide, making it similar in size to the Olympic Stadium in Greece (213 × 31/32 meters). Seven of the rows of seats have been partially preserved. The stadium was open to the west and had two entrances between the rows of seats on the east side. There was also a tunnel to the interior. The stadium is arranged roughly at right angles to the main temple of Amrit, the Maabed . The open sides of both buildings, the temple in the north and the stadium in the west, point to a common intersection. It is believed that sacred competitions took place in the Amrit stadium .

Funerary towers and necropolis

Coordinates: 34 ° 49 ′ 57 ″ N, 35 ° 54 ′ 47 ″ E

East side of the burial towers in the south of Amrit

In front of the Amrit necropolis , the tomb towers al Maghazil ('the spindles') can be seen from afar . These are towers made from worked boulders on top of one another on square plinths above burial chambers cut into the ground. These have southern staircases leading under the surface of the earth within a dromos . The burial towers must have been built before the 4th century BC. BC, because finds from the period between the 5th and 1st century BC are found in the tombs of the Maghazile. Found.

The highest of the grave monuments measures about 7.50 meters above the ground. On the base there is a square stone block, above it a cylindrical block, slightly tapering towards the top, with a base diameter of 3.70 meters, on which a pyramid rises as the upper end, which is badly damaged. The second grave tower, about 12 meters to the southeast, is not quite 7 meters high. There are three cylindrical components on its base, the diameter of which decreases towards the top and ends like a dome. On the lower cylinder on the corners of the square base plate, four lion protomes adorn the building, which may not have been completed. The upper edges of the middle and upper cylinders are provided with crenellated friezes and a tooth cut underneath.

To the east of the Maghazile lies the necropolis of Amrit, which includes nine hypogea with dromos, burial chambers and loculi , sliding graves arranged side by side and on top of each other like cassettes . They contained simple sarcophagi made of limestone and clay, the age of which could not be determined. One of the hypogea, also known as a "pyramidal tomb", corresponds to the structure of a maghazil, two square monolithic blocks on two levels probably supported a pyramid. Further tombs are located south of the Nahr al-Qubli , such as the Burǧ al-Bazzāq ('snail tower '), an above-ground structure, originally 19.50 meters high, and the hypogeum Ḥaǧar al-Ḥublā with three burial chambers, which dates back to Roman times was used.

Coinage

Amrit Av.JPG
Bronze coin from Marathos, 221/220 BC. Chr.
Amrit Rv.JPG
Marathos is on a column, Phoenician year


The city minted drachms, their multiples (tetradrachms) and parts (oboles) in the Attic foot. The tetradrachms thus weighed around 17 grams of silver. Bronze coins between 11 and 23 mm in diameter were minted as small change. At least the inscription on the silver coins was bilingual (Greek and Phoenician).

literature

  • Maurice Dunand: Les sculptures de la favissa du temple d'Amrit . In: Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth . tape 7, 1944/1945 , ZDB -ID 215108-X , p. 99-107 .
  • Maurice Dunand: Les sculptures de la favissa du temple d'Amrit . In: Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth . tape 8, 1946/1948 , pp. 81-107 .
  • Maurice Dunand: Research archéologiques in the region of Marathus . In: Les Annales archéologiques de Syrie . No. 3 , 1953, ZDB -ID 203509-1 , p. 165-170 .
  • Maurice Dunand, Nassib Saliby: Rapport préliminaire sur les fouilles d'Amrith . In: Les Annales archéologiques de Syrie . No. 6 , 1956, pp. 3-8 .
  • Maurice Dunand, Nessib Saliby: Le temple d'Amrith dans la Pérée d'Aradus (= Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique. 121, ISSN  0768-2506 ). Geuthner, Paris 1985.
  • Maurice Dunand, Nassib Saliby, Agop Khirichian: Les fouilles d'Amrith . In: Les Annales archéologiques de Syrie . No. 4/5, 1954/1955 , pp. 189-204 .
  • Gunnar Lehmann: Studies on the late Iron Age in Syria and Lebanon. Stratigraphy and ceramic forms between approx. 720 to 300 BC Chr. (= Ancient Studies of the Middle East. Archaeological studies on the culture and history of the Old Orient. 5). Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 1996, ISBN 3-927120-33-2 , pp. 105-106.
  • Gunnar Lehmann: ʿAmrīt. In: Gunnar Lehmann: Bibliography of the archaeological sites and surveys in Syria and Lebanon (= Orient-Archäologie. 9). Leidorf, Rahden / Westfalen 2002, ISBN 3-89646-639-9 .
  • Katja Lembke : The sculptures from the spring shrine of Amrit. Study on acculturation in Phenicia (=  Damascene research . Volume 12 ). von Zabern, Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-8053-3403-6 ( zabern.de ).
  • Émile Puech: Les inscriptions phéniciennes d'Amrit et les dieux guérisseurs du sanctuaire. In: Syria. Vol. 63, No. 3/4, 1986, ISSN  0039-7946 , pp. 327-342, JSTOR 4198555 .
  • Jean-Paul Rey-Coquais:  Marathos (Amrît) Syria . In: Richard Stillwell et al. a. (Ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 .
  • Nassib Saliby: ʿAmrit. In: Eric M. Meyers (Ed.): The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archeology in the Near East. Volume 1. Oxford University Press, New York NY et al. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511215-6 , pp. 111-113.

Web links

Commons : Amrit  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michel Al Maqdissi, Christophe Benech: The spatial organization of the Phoenician city of Amrith (Syria). www.cairn.info/revue-archeosciences, March 1, 2009, accessed on January 24, 2012 .
  2. ^ Maurice Dunand, Nassib Saliby, Agop Khirichian: Les Fouilles d'Amrit en 1954 (Les Annales archéologiques de Syrie 4–5). Damascus 1954/1955, pp. 194-196.
  3. ↑ Peter L. Kessler: Arvad / Arwad. historyfiles.co.uk, February 1, 2009, accessed January 16, 2012 .
  4. ↑ Peter L. Kessler: Amrit / Amurre. historyfiles.co.uk, February 1, 2009, accessed January 16, 2012 .
  5. ↑ Michael Sommer : The Phoenicians. History and culture (Beck'sche series 2444). CH Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-56244-0 , p. 21.
  6. ↑ Kurt Sethe : Documents of the 18th Dynasty. Historical-biographical documents from the time of Thutmose III (documents of ancient Egypt IV, 3). JC Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1907, p. 791 (No. 222) ( etana.org ; PDF; 7.3 MB).
  7. ↑ Philip Khuri Hitti : Lebanon in history from the earliest times to the present . MacMillan, London 1957, pp. 68 ( books.google.de [accessed on January 23, 2012]).
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  10. ^ Frank Rainer Scheck, Johannes Odenthal: Syrien . High cultures between the Mediterranean and the Arabian desert. DuMont Reiseverlag, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-7701-3978-X , Amrit (Marathos), p. 226 ( books.google.de ).
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  20. ↑ a b c William Smith : Marathus. In: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854). www.perseus.tufts.edu, accessed January 20, 2012 (English).
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  28. ↑ Ernst Honigmann: Marathos (2) . In: Wilhelm Kroll (Ed.): Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Antiquity Science . tape 14.2 . Metzler, Stuttgart 1930, p. 1433 , col. 16-20 .
  29. ↑ Ernst Honigmann: Marathos (2) . In: Wilhelm Kroll (Ed.): Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Antiquity Science . tape 14.2 . Metzler, Stuttgart 1930, p. 1434 , col. 24-26 .
  30. ^ Frederick Jones Bliss : The development of Palestine exploration . Ayer Publishing, New York 1907, IV. From Fabri to Robinson, p. 144 ( books.google.de ).
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  32. ↑ Ernest Renan : Mission de Phénicie . Ed .: Michel Lévy Frères. Paris 1864, III., P. 59 ff . ( gallica.bnf.fr [accessed January 25, 2012]).
  33. ↑ Ernst Honigmann: Marathos (2) . In: Wilhelm Kroll (Ed.): Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Antiquity Science . tape 14.2 . Metzler, Stuttgart 1930, p. 1434 , col. 31-34 .
  34. ^ Gunnar Lehmann: Bibliography of the archaeological sites and surveys in Syria and Lebanon . German Archaeological Institute, Orient Department, Orient Archeology 9. Marie Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2002 ( bgu.academia.edu [accessed on January 25, 2012]).
  35. ^ Ayda Ayub: New archeological discoveries in Amrit, and its Olympic stadium is the first in the world. Al-thawra newspaper 18/8/2005. amrit-syria.com, May 23, 2006, accessed January 31, 2012 .
  36. ↑ Astrid Nunn: The figurative treasure trove of Phoenician, Syrian and Transjordan from the 6th to the 4th century BC Chr (=  Orbis biblicus et orientalis: Series archaeologica; 18 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-525-53899-5 , Amrit - B4, p. 203 ( books.google.de ).
  37. ↑ a b c d Astrid Nunn: The figurative motif treasure of Phenicia, Syria and Transjordan from the 6th to the 4th century BC Chr (=  Orbis biblicus et orientalis: Series archaeologica; 18 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-525-53899-5 , Amrit - B4, p. 201/202 ( books.google.de ).
  38. ^ Frank Rainer Scheck, Johannes Odenthal: Syrien . High cultures between the Mediterranean and the Arabian desert. DuMont Reiseverlag, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-7701-3978-X , Amrit (Marathos), p. 228 ( books.google.de ).
  39. ^ Émile Puech: Les inscriptions phéniciennes d'Amrit et les dieux guérisseurs du sanctuaire . Institut français du Proche-Orient , 1986, ISSN  0039-7946 ( persee.fr [accessed January 27, 2012]).
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  42. ↑ Ross Burns: Damascus . A history. Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9 , 3. A greater game, pp. 26 ( books.google.de ).
  43. ↑ a b Astrid Nunn: The figurative treasure trove of Phoenix, Syria and Transjordan from the 6th to the 4th century BC Chr (=  Orbis biblicus et orientalis: Series archaeologica; 18 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-525-53899-5 , Amrit and surroundings - B4 (graves), p. 205/206 ( books.google.de ).
  44. ↑ Ernst Honigmann: Marathos (2) . In: Wilhelm Kroll (Ed.): Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Antiquity Science . tape 14.2 . Metzler, Stuttgart 1930, p. 1434 , col. 47-49 .
  45. ↑ Astrid Nunn: The figurative treasure trove of Phoenician, Syrian and Transjordan from the 6th to the 4th century BC Chr (=  Orbis biblicus et orientalis: Series archaeologica; 18 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-525-53899-5 , Amrit - B4, p. 204 .
  46. ↑ Ernst Honigmann: Marathos (2) . In: Wilhelm Kroll (Ed.): Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Antiquity Science . tape 14.2 . Metzler, Stuttgart 1930, p. 1434 , col. 65 .
  47. ↑ Ernest Renan: Mission de Phénicie . Ed .: Michel Lévy Frères. Paris 1864, III. IX., P. 90 ( gallica.bnf.fr [accessed January 20, 2012]).
  48. ↑ Amrit. The stadium. phenicia.org, May 23, 2006, accessed January 16, 2012 .
  49. ^ A b Frank Rainer Scheck, Johannes Odenthal: Syrien . High cultures between the Mediterranean and the Arabian desert. DuMont Reiseverlag, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-7701-3978-X , Amrit (Marathos), p. 229 ( books.google.de ).
  50. ↑ serpico2010: Amrit Stadium. www.panoramio.com, February 14, 2010, accessed January 31, 2012 .
  51. ↑ serpico2010: Amrit tunnel from the stadium. www.panoramio.com, February 14, 2010, accessed January 31, 2012 .
  52. ^ Frank Rainer Scheck, Johannes Odenthal: Syrien . High cultures between the Mediterranean and the Arabian desert. DuMont Reiseverlag, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-7701-3978-X , Amrit (Marathos), p. 227 ( books.google.de ).
  53. ↑ Astrid Nunn: The figurative treasure trove of Phoenician, Syrian and Transjordan from the 6th to the 4th century BC Chr (=  Orbis biblicus et orientalis: Series archaeologica; 18 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-525-53899-5 , Amrit and surroundings - B4 (graves), p. 204 .
  54. ↑ Michael Sommer: The Phoenicians . History and culture (=  Beck'sche series . No. 2444 ). CH Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-56244-0 , II. The Levante, p. 23 .
  55. ↑ Fernando Prados Martínez: Arquitectura púnica . Los monumentos funerarios. CSIC, Madrid 2008, ISBN 978-84-00-08619-0 , VI.b. Monumentos turriformes en Fenicia: Los «Meghazils» de Amrit, p. 107/108 ( books.google.de ).
  56. ^ Szaivert, Sear: Greek coins. Volume 2: Asia and Africa. Munich 1983, p. 280 f.