Himmelpforten Monastery (Oste)

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The Himmelpforten monastery in Osteland was a monastery first of the Cistercian women from approx. 1250 to 1629 , from the 16th century Lutheran conventual women , in Himmelpforten , Stade district , in Lower Saxony . It must not be confused with the Himmelpforten (Ense) monastery in North Rhine-Westphalia , Himmelspforten monastery in Würzburg, Himmelpforten monastery (Harz) , nor with Himmelpfort monastery in Brandenburg . The Cistercian abbey in Schweinheim was also called "Himmelspforte" .

history

The women's convent, whose Latin name was Porta Coeli , was founded in the middle of the 13th century on the Westerberg near the monastery of Rahden near Lamstedt , a site that was later marked by the no longer existing St. Andrew's Chapel . The convent was based on the model of Uetersen Monastery , from which it was probably also settled. Uetersen was a foundation from 1234 by Heinrich II. Von Barmstede , father-in-law of Adelheid von Haseldorf .

Since the Cistercian order very limited the admission of the growing number of women's convents who lived according to the rules of the order and neither the admission of the monastery to the order nor the associated appointment of the responsible abbot fathers have been recorded, the Himmelpforten monastery was probably never officially part of the order .

1244 and 1245 had General Chapter of the Cistercian Order determined that only those conventions would be included as nunneries whose competent cathedral chapter and the competent bishop temporalities and Spiritualien the male community of their control eximierten . And it was precisely such a far-reaching relinquishment of their sovereignty that the cathedral chapter and prince archbishop wanted to avoid urgently.

The most important donors of the monastery, members of the Brobergen family (also Broc [k] bergen, died out in 1745), intended to establish it as an own monastery . The Brobergens from Brobergen , who held allodial possessions in the area , wanted the monastery as their own power base beyond the direct control of the prince-archbishop's sovereign, in which they and their relatives, the Ministerial Friedrich the Elder of Haseldorf, first mentioned around 1190, and the cleric Friedrich the Younger von Haseldorf , agreed. In 1250, the year he joined the clergy, the heirless Frederick the Younger donated allodial properties to his family on the Lamstedter Geest and the monastery in the Ostemarschen ; his family died out in the 1280s in the male line.

However, the Brobergens and Haseldorfs were ultimately unable to get their way. In this context, the fact that the Archdiocese of Bremen-Hamburg upheld the metropolitan claim of the merged Archdiocese of Hamburg over the new Baltic dioceses played a role . Their bishops, like Friedrich the Younger von Haseldorf from 1255 on as the shepherd of a diocese of Karelia to be founded, often came from the archbishopric of Bremen and aspired to a Baltic church province, with which they succeeded in 1253/1255 with Riga's elevation to the archbishopric , which also included the diocese Dorpat was subject as a suffragan , which Frederick the Younger actually received in 1268.

Frederick the Younger bequeathed his personal inheritance to the Porta Coeli monastery, where it was shipped. Prince Wizlaw II of Rügen had it seized and held it back in Stralsund in 1290. The abbess of Himmelpforten claimed it, as did Truchsess Markwart, second husband or son of Adelheid von Barmstedes, sister of Friedrich the Younger. The abbess's declaration of renunciation of March 17, 1291 bears the oldest surviving version of the monastery seal, which the community of Himmelpforten has officially used as its coat of arms since 1955.

The cathedral chapter in Bremen exercising the secular rule in the archbishopric, headed by Provost Gerhard zur Lippe (around 1240–1259), protégé of his great-uncle, Prince Archbishop Gerhard II zur Lippe , as well as the latter's nephew and from 1251 acting as his deputy coadjutor Simon zur Lippe , struggled to bring all rival lords in the ore monastery under sovereign control. So they subordinated the monastery and its temporalities to penal rule.

This subordination of the monastery to sovereign control manifests itself in the relocation of its seat to Eulsete (today Himmelpforten), a place - in the opinion of Bernd Ulrich Hucker - in a strategic location on the outskirts of Kehdingen , from where one could observe the largely self-governing marsh farmers there and hoped to monitor whose internal autonomy the Chapter and the Prince Archbishop perceived as rivaling the sovereignty. Adolf E. Hofmeister countered Hucker that at that time it was hardly foreseeable how the Kehdinger Moor between Himmelpforten and the Kehdinger settlement core would ever be passable for sovereign operations in order to subjugate the free peasants who formed republics in the archbishopric , like those of the Stedinger to advance in the crusade by Prince Archbishop Gerhard II.

Relocation and sovereign subordination of the monastery and its temporalities is documented in a document from the cathedral chapter. The deed of May 1, 1255 authorized Albertus, the provost of the monastery, to administer its possessions in view of their allodial status without prince-archbishop's reservation of fief, noted the donation of the neighboring village of Großenwörden to the monastery by Frederick the Younger of Haseldorf, who then ins Hamburg chapter entered, which had been subordinate to the Bremen chapter since the merger of the dioceses of Hamburg and Bremen. However, the deed also made it clear that the monastery held all properties, regardless of which party donated them, solely by virtue of the protection of the cathedral chapter, excluding any possible exemption from penal rule.

Eulsete (Low German: Eylsede, etymologically interpreted as the [living] seat of an Eylos / Eilhard) took over the course of time the Low German translation of the Latin monastery name, Klooster to der Himilporten or more recently tor Hemmelporten , which later became official in High German.

Since only a few documents issued by the monastery have been preserved, it is hardly possible to make reliable statements. There are no known nuns or conventuals from the rank of the commoners, but members of the following families are documented: Brobergen, von der Brock, von Campe, von der Betten , Drew (e) s, von Gruben , von Hadeln, Haken, von der Hude , von Issendorff , von der Kuhla, von der Lieth, Marschalck , Plate , von Reimershausen, Rönne , Voss , and von Weyhe.

The ruling prince-archbishop of Bremen, Christoph the spendthrift, withdrew his income from payments and taxes from the nunnery for three years in 1541 in order to satisfy a believer, his office secretary Steffen vom Stein. While the heavily indebted Christoph the spendthrift squandered goods and income from the monastery, large parts of the monastery population converted to the Reformation. The monastery estates were temporarily removed from office.

The nuns and novices, who mostly came from families of the aristocratic and ministerial monasteries of Bremen, switched to the Augsburg denomination with their families , which transformed the monastery into a Lutheran fräuleinstift . In 1550/1555 the provost of the monastery appointed the first Lutheran pastor to one of the churches to be occupied within the framework of the ius nominandi of the monastery, namely St. Petrikirche in Horst (Oste). Since it was the right of the nuns to choose their provost themselves, it is assumed that this nomination was not made against their will, that is, the majority of them had changed confession.

Former monastery district around the church, with (1) Amtshaus, (2) Amtsschreiberhaus, (3) Pastorate, (4) Küsterei, (5) Watermill, (6) Nonnenkirchhof and (7) Parish churchyard (buildings from 1788 overlay today's structures)

In 1556 the provost appointed the first Lutheran pastor to the monastery church in Himmelpforten, i.e. to the church of the nuns itself. The monastery remained as a convent for its residents, the conventual women, because their relatives declared: "... Adeliche [...] monasteries ... [fight back] from the ... ancestors especially dedicated, donated and endowed with goods [...] so that theirs after coming ... who had no desire to marry or who resisted it uncomfortably, could be received and preserved in it ... ".

After the league conquest and occupation of the Archbishopric of Bremen 1626–1628 in the course of the Thirty Years War , Jacob Brummer and Wilhelm Schröder, subdelegates of the Imperial Restitution Commission , assembled on November 23 / December 3, 1629 J.K. / GK the conventual women under Prioress Gerdruth von Campe in the choir of the monastery church and announced to them that the Himmelpforten monastery with all its possessions had moved in for the benefit of the Jesuits . Father Matthias Kalkhoven appropriated the valuable medieval liturgical equipment of the monastery in 1629 for his order and disappeared with him and the other Jesuits in 1632.

Every conventual who converted to Catholicism by Christmas was promised a continuation of the lifelong provision, all others would be homeless and penniless after Easter 1630. Since none of the conventual women transgressed, they were all - after Provost Franz Marschalck had repeatedly intervened for them in vain with reference to the goods they had brought with them - on July 27th J.K. / August 6th G.K. Expelled from the monastery in 1630 without regulating their further supplies. This dissolved the convent , and three days later the monasteries had to pay homage to the Societas Jesu as their new landlord.

After the liberation of the Archbishopric of Bremen in 1632 by Abbey Bremen, Stadtbremische and Swedish forces, the prince-bishop's administrator Johann Friedrich , the Bremen cathedral chapter and the colleges reigned in the archbishopric. Johann Friedrich demanded that all monastery properties be withdrawn to finance the continued war in favor of the monastery treasury, but on May 28, 1633 J.K. the estates in Basdahl only approved the use of the monastery income for the war until its end. Prioress Campe and some conventual women moved back into the convent buildings in 1634.

After the archbishopric of Bremen and the bishopric of Verden had been awarded to Sweden in 1647, Queen Christina of Sweden enfeoffed many high-ranking veterans with fiefs in the united Bremen-Verden , including the possessions of the Himmelpforten monastery. The feudal Gustaf Adolph Lewenhaupt found J.K. the twelve conventual women from, but not the 14 candidates. With that the convention was finally dissolved. On July 30, 1651 J.K. Lewenhaupt was inducted into fiefdom. The last three conventual women left the convent building in 1676 after the stiftmünster troops had camped in Himmelpforten for eleven weeks during the Bremen-Verden campaign and lived out of the country.

The northern outer wall of the choir of St. Mary's Church is the last remaining wall of the monastery

The former monastery church was torn down in 1737, except for a piece of the walls on the northern choir, which was integrated into the narrower and only half as long new building of the Evangelical Lutheran St. Mary's Church that now exists. The once larger window openings in the preserved wall segment from the time of the monastery have been made clearly visible, so that windows of the smaller format of the new building were used throughout the entire building in 1738. There are no remains of the monastery buildings.

Office of Himmelpforten

The patrimonial district of the monastery comprised the parishes of Großenwörden , Himmelpforten and Horst an der Oste. This district essentially remained under the name of Amt Himmelpforten . The last monastery clerk was the first administrator of the office from 1658 to 1663. His successors until 1867 carried the official title of bailiff , then until 1885 governor.

In 1712 the Börde Oldendorf was incorporated into the office of Himmelpforten. On September 1, 1810, the short-lived Westphalen regrouped the office in the canton of Stade and Himmelpforten , but on January 1, 1811, during the annexation to France, the canton of Himmelpforten was established. In 1813 the state of 1809 was restored. When the Hanoverian province of Bremen-Verden was converted into the Landdrostei Stade in 1823 , the office was retained. In 1850 the area of the Hechthausen court came to the Himmelpforten office.

In the course of the Hanoverian great judicial reform , the office boundaries were revised on October 1, 1852 and Grossenwörden, Neuland an der Oste and Neulandermoor changed to the east office . The judicial competences of the Himmelpforten Office were transferred to the new Himmelpforten District Court in the course of the separation of administration and justice . On June 22, 1859, the Himmelpforten Office gave all areas west of the Oste ( above all the former Hechthausen Court ) to the East Office and added the Stade Office . In 1885 the Himmelpforten office merged, with the exception of Elm an der Oste (which came to the Bremervörde district ), then with the city of Stade and the Harsefeld office to form the new Stade district . Today's combined community of Oldendorf-Himmelpforten includes large parts of the former Himmelpforten office with the territory between 1712 and 1859.

literature

  • Georg von Issendorff: Monastery and office of Himmelpforten depicted according to files and documents . Krause, Stade 1979 (first 1911).
  • Gereon Christoph Maria Becking: Cistercian monasteries in Europe, map collection. Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-931836-44-4 , p. 44 B.
  • Bernard Peugniez : Guide Routier de l'Europe Cistercienne. Editions du Signe, Strasbourg 2012, p. 464.
  • Peter Pfister : monastery leader of all Cistercian monasteries in the German-speaking area. 2nd edition, Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg 1998, p. 256.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Georg von Issendorff, Kloster and Amt Himmelpforten. Represented from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 5. No ISBN.
  2. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - Eine Chronik , Gemeinde Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 33. No ISBN.
  3. Gerd Ahlers, Female Cistercians in the Middle Ages and its monasteries in Lower Saxony , Berlin: Lukas-Verlag, 2002, (= studies on the history, art and culture of the Cistercians; Vol. 13), partly also Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss. , 1997, p. 49. ISBN 3-931836-47-9 .
  4. Peter von Kobbe, History and Description of the Duchies of Bremen and Verden : 2 vols., Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1824, vol. 1: p. 300. No ISBN.
  5. a b c Matthias Nistal, "The time of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation and the beginnings of the Thirty Years War (1511-1632)", in: History of the land between the Elbe and Weser : 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (ed.) On behalf of the Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, Stade: Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, 1995 and 2008, Vol. I 'Pre and Early History' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-7 -5 ), Vol. II 'Middle Ages (including Art History)' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2 ), Vol. III 'Modern Times' (2008; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9 ) , (= Series of publications of the regional association of the former duchies of Bremen and Verden; Vol. 7–9), Vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 78. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9 .
  6. a b c Konrad Elmshäuser, "The Archbishops as Regional Lords", in: History of the country between the Elbe and Weser : 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) On behalf of the landscape association of the former duchies of Bremen and Verden, Stade: Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, 1995 and 2008, Vol. I 'Pre- and Early History' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-7-5 ), Vol. II 'Middle Ages (including art history) '(1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2 ), vol. III' Neuzeit '(2008; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9 ), (= series of publications of the regional association of the former duchies of Bremen and Verden; vol . 7-9), Vol. II: pp. 159-194, here p. 165. ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2 .
  7. ^ A b Adolf E. Hofmeister, "Adel, farmers and estates", in: History of the country between Elbe and Weser : 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) On behalf of the landscape association of the former duchies Bremen and Verden, Stade: Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, 1995 and 2008, Vol. I 'Pre and Early History' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-7-5 ), Vol. II 'Middle Ages (incl. Art history) '(1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2 ), Vol. III' Neuzeit '(2008; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9 ), (= series of publications of the regional association of the former duchies of Bremen and Verden ; Vols. 7-9), Vol. II: pp. 195-240, here p. 195. ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2 .
  8. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - Eine Chronik , Gemeinde Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 27. No ISBN.
  9. Frederick the Younger donated other family properties to other monasteries in the archbishopric, such as the St. Marien monastery in Stade, the Zeven monastery and the Harsefeld archabbey . See Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - Eine Chronik , Gemeinde Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 27. No ISBN.
  10. a b c d e Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - A Chronicle , Himmelpforten community (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 28. No ISBN.
  11. a b c Georg von Issendorff, Kloster and Amt Himmelpforten. Represented from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 8. No ISBN.
  12. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - A Chronicle , Himmelpforten community (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 5. No ISBN.
  13. Bernd Ulrich Hucker, "Freedom and rule among the Kehdingern", in: Stader Jahrbuch , NF 61 (2001/2002), pp. 101-108, here pp. 104f.
  14. Adolf E. Hofmeister, Settlement and constitution of the Stader Elbmarschen in the Middle Ages : 2 parts., Hildesheim: Lax, 1979–1981, (= publications of the Institute for Historical Research at the University of Göttingen; Vol. 12 and 14), Part II: ' Die Hollerkolonisierung und die Landesgemeinden Land Kehdingen and Altes Land '(1981), p. 344. ISBN 3-7848-3644-5 .
  15. ^ A b Georg von Issendorff, Kloster and Amt Himmelpforten. Illustrated from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 6. No ISBN.
  16. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - A Chronicle , Himmelpforten community (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 23. No ISBN.
  17. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - A Chronicle , Himmelpforten community (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 36. No ISBN.
  18. Karl Schleif, Government and Administration of the Archbishopric Bremen , Hamburg: without publishing house, 1972, (= series of publications of the Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden; Vol. 1), p. 234, plus Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1968 No ISBN.
  19. Heinz-Joachim Schulze, "Himmelpforten" (entry), in: Germania Benedictina : 12 vol., Vol. XII: 'Northern Germany: The male and female monasteries of the Cistercians in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg' (1994), Ulrich Faust (compil.), Pp. 148–167, here p. 154.
  20. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - Eine Chronik , Gemeinde Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 37. No ISBN.
  21. Submission of the knighthood of Bremen to the Bremen General Government to compensate for the entitlements of prospective conventual women after the imperial commissioners dissolved the monastery in 1629. Quoted here from Georg von Issendorff, Kloster und Amt Himmelpforten. Represented from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 43. No ISBN.
  22. ^ A b Georg von Issendorff, Kloster and Amt Himmelpforten. Represented from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 33. No ISBN.
  23. ^ A b Georg von Issendorff, Kloster and Amt Himmelpforten. Represented from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 38. No ISBN.
  24. Matthias Nistal, "The time of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation and the beginnings of the Thirty Years War (1511-1632)", in: History of the country between Elbe and Weser : 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds .) on behalf of the Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, Stade: Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, 1995 and 2008, Vol. I 'Pre- and Early History' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-7-5.) ), Vol. II 'Middle Ages (including Art History)' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2 ), Vol. III 'Modern Times' (2008; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9 ), ( = Series of publications of the regional association of the former duchies of Bremen and Verden; Vol. 7–9), Vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 123. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9 .
  25. ^ A b Georg von Issendorff, Kloster and Amt Himmelpforten. Represented from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 37. No ISBN.
  26. a b Matthias Nistal, "The time of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation and the beginnings of the Thirty Years War (1511-1632)", in: History of the land between the Elbe and Weser : 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (Ed.) On behalf of the Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, Stade: Landscape Association of the Former Duchies of Bremen and Verden, 1995 and 2008, Vol. I 'Pre- and Early History' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-7 -5 ), Vol. II 'Middle Ages (including Art History)' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2 ), Vol. III 'Modern Times' (2008; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9 ) , (= Series of publications of the regional association of the former duchies of Bremen and Verden; vol. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–158, here p. 79. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9 .
  27. ^ Georg von Issendorff, Kloster and Amt Himmelpforten. Represented from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 42. No ISBN.
  28. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - Eine Chronik , Gemeinde Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 58. No ISBN.
  29. ^ Georg von Issendorff, Kloster and Amt Himmelpforten. Illustrated from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 68. No ISBN.
  30. Landkreis Stade / Archaeological Monument Preservation as well as Heimat- und Schulmuseum Himmelpforten, witnesses of history in Himmelpforten. A walk through the past of the community , Heimat- und Schulmuseum Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Seidel, 2006, section 2.
  31. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - Eine Chronik , Gemeinde Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 139. No ISBN.
  32. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - Eine Chronik , Gemeinde Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 57. No ISBN.
  33. ^ Georg von Issendorff, Kloster and Amt Himmelpforten. Illustrated from files and documents , reprint of the edition of the "Stader Archive", 1911/1913, expanded by Clemens Förster, Stade and Buxtehude: Krause, 1979, p. 45. No ISBN.
  34. Klaus Isensee, The Stade region in the Westphalian-French period 1810–1813: Studies on the Napoleonic system of rule with special consideration of the city of Stade and the area of ​​Harsefeld , Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, zugl .: Hannover, Univ., Diss ., 1991, (= individual publications of the Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein; Vol. 33), p. 77. No ISBN.
  35. Klaus Isensee, The Stade region in the Westphalian-French period 1810–1813: Studies on the Napoleonic system of rule with special consideration of the city of Stade and the area of ​​Harsefeld , Stade: Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein, 2003, zugl .: Hannover, Univ., Diss ., 1991, (= individual publications of the Stader Geschichts- und Heimatverein; vol. 33), p. 100. No ISBN.
  36. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - Eine Chronik , Gemeinde Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 59. No ISBN.
  37. ^ Christian Ebhardt, Laws, ordinances and tenders for the Kingdom of Hanover: 1846–1850 , Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1851, p. 172 .
  38. See “Ordinance on the formation of local courts and lower administrative authorities concerning August 7, 1852”, in: Collection of Laws for the Kingdom of Hanover , 1852, pp. 185–236, here p. 221 .
  39. Silvia Schulz-Hauschildt, Himmelpforten - Eine Chronik , Gemeinde Himmelpforten (ed.), Stade: Hansa-Druck Stelzer, 1990, p. 61. No ISBN.

Coordinates: 53 ° 36 '52.1 "  N , 9 ° 18' 16.8"  E