Anton Schrötter from Kristelli

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Anton Schrötter von Kristelli, lithograph by Adolf Dauthage , 1853
Coat of arms of the Schrötter von Kristelli family
Vienna Central Cemetery - honor grave of Anton Schrötter von Kristelli
Bust in front of the Vienna University of Technology , from 1847 to 1857 also the seat of the Imperial Academy of Sciences

Anton Konrad Friedrich Dismas Schrötter Ritter von Kristelli (born November 26, 1802 in Olomouc ; † April 15, 1875 in Vienna ) was an Austrian chemist and mineralogist .

Life

Anton Schrötter was the son of a pharmacist . His maternal grandfather, the Mayor of Olomouc Karl Kristelli, had been ennobled by Maria Theresa for his services during the siege of Olomouc in the Seven Years' War . After attending grammar school in Olomouc, Schrötter studied medicine in Vienna from 1822 at the request of his father , but then switched to natural science subjects, especially mineralogy, under the influence of Friedrich Mohs . In 1827 he received an assistant position for physics and mathematics at the University of Vienna .

In 1830 he became professor of physics and chemistry at the Technical Institute Joanneum in Graz. During a six-month vacation in 1838, he visited chemical institutes in Göttingen , Heidelberg , Frankfurt and Paris . In Giessen he made himself familiar with organic elemental analysis with Justus von Liebig . From 1843 he worked as a professor of technical chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute of the University of Vienna, where in 1845 he became professor of general chemistry.

Schrötter was one of the founders of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna , along with Baumgartner , Ettingshausen and Haidinger, and became its general secretary in 1850. In 1853 he was elected a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . The German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina elected Schrötter as a member in 1856. In the same year he was elected a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences . He was a member of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors . From 1868 he headed the Austrian main mint and was appointed Ministerialrat at the same time. He was retired in 1874 and opened a private laboratory in his apartment where he conducted studies on precious metals. He died in Vienna in 1875.

Schrötter was married twice. Three sons and two daughters come from the first marriage with Maria Eder. His second wife Antonia (1828-1916), the daughter of his sponsor Andreas Freiherr von Ettingshausen , was actively involved in the Vienna Women's Acquisition Association , whose second vice-president she was from 1876 to 1882, actively promoting the emancipation of women. In this 2nd marriage Alfred Schrötter von Kristelli was born, who became a well-known Austrian painter and art teacher. Schrötter's son Leopold Schrötter von Kristelli was an important doctor and social medicine specialist . His son Hermann von Schrötter was a pioneer in aviation medicine .

plant

Schrötter wrote about 60 scientific publications in his life. In the field of mineralogy he examined, among other things, asphalt , amber , idrialin , ozokerite and dopplerite . He found a simple method to determine the carbon dioxide content of mineral water directly at the source. As a chemist, he worked on the reactions of metals with ammonia at higher temperatures. He also investigated the reaction behavior of potassium in liquid laughing gas , of phosphorus and antimony in liquid chlorine and of iron towards oxygen at very low temperatures.

From 1845 Schrötter worked intensively on phosphorus. In 1848 he succeeded in proving the hypothesis already expressed by Berzelius that red phosphorus, which emerged from white phosphorus, for example when exposed to light for a long time, is an allotropic modification of white phosphorus, but not a phosphorus compound. Schrötter converted white phosphorus into red by heating it, which was at times called Schrötter phosphorus. His method of representing the same enabled a revolution in the match industry , where red phosphorus was soon used as a component of the friction surfaces of the new safety matches. This helped to improve the working conditions of workers in match factories that had to be handled in advance directly with toxic white phosphorus and under the occupational disease , English phosphorus pine phossy jaw , a phosphorus necrosis of the jaw suffered. Schrötter himself demonstrated such matches in 1851, but they still had problems with flammability. In Sweden, Gustaf Erik Pasch , a student of Berzelius, independently introduced red phosphorus in matches before Schrötter, but this only became successful when the manufacturer Carl Frans Lundström founded the Swedish match industry.

He was an organizer in industry and science as well as a consultant in the preparations for the Novara Expedition and the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition .

Honors

In October 1905, Anton Schrötter was given an honorary grave in Vienna's central cemetery (group 14 A, number 36), which is adorned with a portrait medallion by Alexander Mailler .

In 1903 a portrait bust created by Alfonso Canciani was placed in front of the main building of the Vienna University of Technology.

At Schrötter of the Kristelli remember Schrötter Horn in Ortlergruppe and the Schrötter yoke and Cape Schrötter on Hohenlohe Island ( Franz Josef Land ). In Vienna, since 1876, in Favoriten and in Graz in the 3rd district Geidorf , according to a municipal council resolution of March 3, 1949, one Schröttergasse each is named after him.

Awards

Fonts (selection)

  • with Benjamin Scholz : Beginnings of Physics , Vienna, 5th edition 1837
  • Chemistry according to its present state , 2 volumes (1847–1849)
  • New modification of phosphorus , Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, Volume 68, 1848, pp. 247-253
  • Description of a process for the production of amorphous phosphorus (1848)
  • About a new allotropic state of phosphorus (presented in December 1847, published in 1848 as Sur une novelle modification du phosphore , German 1850)
  • About a new allotropic state of phosphorus , Journal für Praktische Chemie, Volume 52, 1851, pp. 162-183, doi
  • About the Occurrence of Ozone in the Mineral Kingdom (1860)

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Joseph Wladislaw Fischer: History of the royal. The capital and fortification of Olomouc in the Margraviate of Moravia . tape 2 . Johann Georg Gastl, Brno 1808, p. 123 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ Member entry by Prof. Dr. Anton Schrötter Ritter von Kristelli (with picture) at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , accessed on March 30, 2016.
  3. ^ Member entry by Anton Ritter Schrötter von Kristelli at the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina , accessed on March 30, 2016.
  4. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 218.
  5. ↑ Members of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors 1857
  6. ↑ Alexander P. Hardt: Pyrotechnics , Pyrotechnica Publications, Post Falls Idaho USA 2001, ISBN 0-929388-06-2 , pp. 74 ff.
  7. ↑ Little Chronicle. (...) Petzval and Schrötter memorials. In:  Neue Freie Presse , Morgenblatt, No. 14782/1905, October 17, 1905, p. 6, bottom right. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / nfp.
  8. ↑ Hedwig Abraham: Prof. Anton Schrötter, Knight of Kristelli . In: viennatouristguide.at , accessed on September 6, 2012.
  9. ↑ Herta Lagler: Anton Schrötter, Knight of Kristelli . In: Blätter für Technikgeschichte (=  Technical Museum for Industry and Commerce in Vienna Research Institute for the History of Technology ). Springer, Vienna, 1967, ISBN 978-3-211-80801-6 , On a new allotropic state of phosphorus, p. 23–33 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-7091-5575-2_1 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  10. ^ Anton Schrötter: Sur une novelle modification du phosphore . Mémoire present à la Classe des Sciences de l'Académie Imp. De Vienne. In: Gay-Lussac, Arago et al. (Ed.): Annales de chimie et de physique (troisième série) . tape 24 . Paris 1848, p. 406–424 (French, online at Gallica Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  11. ↑ Anton Schrötter: About a new allotropic state of phosphorus . In: JC Poggendorff (Ed.): Annals of Physics and Chemistry, Third Series . 157 (Pogg. Ann. 81), no. 10 . Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1850, ISSN  1521-3889 , p. 276–298 , doi : 10.1002 / andp.18501571009 ( online at Gallica Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  12. ↑ Anton Schrötter: About the occurrence of ozone in the mineral kingdom . In: Annals of Physics . tape 187 , no. 12 , 1860, ISSN  1521-3889 , p. 561–572 , doi : 10.1002 / andp.18601871205 ( online at the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek BSB ).
personal data
SURNAME Schrötter from Kristelli, Anton
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schrötter von Kristelli, Anton Konrad Friedrich Dismas (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian chemist and mineralogist
DATE OF BIRTH November 26, 1802
PLACE OF BIRTH Olomouc
DATE OF DEATH April 15, 1875
Place of death Vienna