BAe 146
| BAe 146 | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Avro RJ85 from Lufthansa Regional
|
|
| Type: | Four - engined narrow-body aircraft |
| Design country: | |
| Manufacturer: | |
| First flight: |
March 9, 1981 |
| Commissioning: |
May 1983 |
| Production time: |
1981 to 2003 |
| Number of pieces: |
387 |
The British Aerospace BAe 146 , the second model series from 1993 renamed Avro RJ , is a four-engine short trips - passenger plane in shoulder ceiling version . In addition to the high-set swept wing with the pronounced negative V-position and the four engines, the extremely spacious fuselage is characteristic of the machine . Colloquially, the type is also called Jumbolino . This word creation originated in the regional airline Crossair , which operated this type itself. The "official" nickname of this type was Avroliner (actually an English case word from the name of the manufacturer Avro and the noun airliner , 'scheduled aircraft'). The first model series (BAe 146) of the aircraft type was officially given the nickname Whisperjet (literally for whisper jet ), which should underline its low noise emissions in an effective advertising manner .
Development history
The original design with the designation HS.146 comes from Hawker Siddeley in 1973. Due to the economic crisis in the mid-1970s, the market opportunities for the planned feeder aircraft dwindled, so that development was initially postponed. In 1978 the state-owned British Aerospace (BAe) - which had meanwhile taken over by Hawker Siddeley - took the project back on. The first flight of the 146-100 took place on September 3, 1981, the delivery of the first version began in 1983. Almost at the same time, the version 146-200 (first flight August 1982), which was extended by 2.4 meters, came onto the market. At the end of 1988 the 146-300 followed, stretched by another 1.55 meters.
From 1992 the models were revised. British Aerospace founded the wholly-owned subsidiary Avro International Aerospace in 1993 for the production of the now Avro RJ (for Regional Jet ) called BAe 146. The 146-100 became the Avro RJ70, the 146-200 became the RJ85 and the 146-300 became the RJ100 . Compared to the original model from BAe, the RJ received quieter Textron Lycoming LF507 engines with a thrust of 31.1 kN each and more modern avionics . Aerodynamic improvements reduced the air resistance and increased the performance data. The service ceiling has been increased and changes to the structure have made it possible to reduce the weight. The first flight of the RJ85 took place on March 23, 1992, that of the RJ100 on May 13, 1992 and that of the RJ70 on June 23, 1992. In October 1998 a pure business jet "Corporate Jet" ABJ 70 (= Avro Business Jet, instead of ARJ 70 Avro Regional Jet) based on the Avro RJ70.
On November 27, 2001, the Avro parent company, now trading as BAE Systems, announced the end of the RJX project, which was a further development of the Avro RJ. At this time there were orders for two RJX85 (for Drukair ) and twelve RJX100 plus eight options (for British European Airways ). The three copies built (an RJX85 prototype , an RJX100 prototype and a series RJX100, originally manufactured for British European) were the last commercial aircraft built in Great Britain. By the end of production in early 2002, a total of 394 copies of all versions (including 87 RJ85) had been built, which means that the Vickers Viscount brand with 440 copies as the best-selling British airliner continues to be unsurpassed.
Cordner Aviation is offering a conversion of the BAe 146 to the Multijet Surveyor model, which can be converted from a pure passenger version to a VIP or ambulance machine at short notice. To achieve this, the empty weight of the company was reduced by around 500 kg.
BAe offered in September 2013 to develop a tanker version of the BAe 146 - an offer that was primarily aimed at the Royal Air Force , which uses the machine as a troop transport. The UK Ministry of Defense announced on October 8, 2013 that there was no need for such a version of the BAe 146.
commitment
The main objective are routes with city airports such as London City or the (now closed) Berlin-Tempelhof Airport . The machines have good short take-off and landing properties with low noise emissions. Thanks to the built-in stairs and the self-starting capability of the engines, they are independent of the ground equipment. The planes are popular with passengers, as the fuselage allows for generous seating for a regional aircraft, a neat luggage rack and a wide aisle. The latter also allows rapid ground handling. The fuselage is significantly larger than that of the jet competition from Embraer or Bombardier , but this is counteracted by the sometimes tight seating with six seats per row.
However, the disadvantage of the machines is that with a cruising speed of around 690 km / h they hardly surpass the flight performance of turboprop-powered regional aircraft . In addition, the Avro regional jets with a maximum of 2800 kilometers do not have a greater range than the propeller-operated competition.
The four engines, which are more maintenance-intensive than two units despite the lack of a thrust reverser, are often mentioned as a further disadvantage . According to a study by Lufthansa , which uses both aircraft, the fuel consumption of the older ALF-502 engines is significantly higher than that of comparable-sized versions of the Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet .
Another special feature is that the BAe 146 has an air brake at the rear (such as the Fokker F70 / F100) that opens two air brakes on the side. As a rule, the airbrakes are located on the upper sides of both wings and are then called spoilers . Often these are extended before landing in order to reduce the speed on the ground more quickly, since the thrust reverser is missing, or for approaches with a steeper glide path (such as London City). This type of air brake is not required for safe flight; it does not change the aerodynamics of the wings.
operator
As of July 2016, of 387 units produced, 152 were still in active service as cargo or passenger aircraft, 54 of them from the first series (designation BAe 146 ) and 98 of the second series (designation Avro RJ ).
In the German-speaking countries , the aircraft type was operated by Crossair , Eurowings and Lufthansa CityLine , among others . Currently (as of August 2017) it is still in use at WDL Aviation and Cityjet . For many years, Swiss Global Air Lines operated a large fleet of Avro RJs, the last of which was officially adopted on August 15, 2017.
The military operators are the states of Bahrain , Bolivia , Libya , Mali , Nepal , Saudi Arabia and the Royal Air Force or its Queens Flight on RAF Northolt.
Incidents
From the first flight in 1981 to September 2019, there were a total of 23 total losses of BAe 146 and Avro RJ. 335 people were killed in 9 fatal accidents. Examples:
- On December 7, 1987, a Pacific Southwest Airlines BAe 146-200 ( aircraft registration number N350PS ) crashed near the town of Cayucos after a former PSA employee with a weapon smuggled on board a passenger, a flight attendant, both pilots and subsequently shot an additional pilot who happened to be on board. The resulting crash killed another 38 people (see also Pacific Southwest Airlines flight 1771 ) .
- On February 20, 1991 a BAe 146-200 of LAN Chile (CC-CET) rolled over the runway while landing at Puerto Williams Airport and crashed into the Beagle Channel . Of the 72 people on board, 20 died (see also LAN Chile flight 1069 ) .
- On July 23, 1993, when a BAe 146-300 of China Northwest Airlines (B-2716) took off from Yinchuan Airport for a flight to Beijing, the buoyancy aids were not extended. At the start, the machine shot over the runway and crashed. There were 113 people on board, 56 of whom died (see also China Northwest Airlines Flight 2119 ) .
- On September 25, 1998, a BAe 146-100 of Paukn Air (EC-GEO) coming from Málaga crashed into a hill on the Moroccan side while approaching Melilla . All 38 people on board were killed. The pilots failed to observe the landing regulations, brought the aircraft below the minimum flight altitude and did not respond adequately to the ground proximity warning system .
- On November 24, 2001, an Avro RJ100 operated by Swiss company Crossair (HB-IXM) was completely lost on approach to Zurich Airport , in which 24 of 33 people on board were killed. The machine was on the flight from Berlin-Tegel to Zurich when it was flown into a forest about five kilometers from runway 28 in darkness and light sleet. According to the investigation report, it was a CFIT ( Controlled flight into terrain ) (see also Crossair flight 3597 ) .
- On January 8, 2003, a Turkish Airlines (TC-THG) Avro RJ100 was flown into the ground in heavy fog. The flight went from Ataturk Airport to Airport Diyarbakir in Turkey. 71 of the 75 passengers and four of the five crew members were killed. According to the investigation report, this was also a CFIT (Controlled flight into terrain) (see also Turkish Airlines flight 634 ) .
- On 10 October 2006, the BAe 146-200 crashed OY-CRG of Atlantic Airways on the Stord airport, Sørstokken ( Norway ) on a charter flight to Molde . The machine rolled over the end of the runway because it could not be braked and caught fire. Of the 16 occupants, 12 were able to save themselves before the machine burned out completely. Four people died in the crash; a Faroese stewardess and three Norwegian workers. That day it was raining and the water could not drain from the slope because there were no grooves in the asphalt. There was also a slight tailwind on landing. Unfortunately, it was not possible to brake with the spoilers as usual, as they malfunctioned. So the pilots reacted and tried to use the emergency brake to bring the aircraft to a stop. However, this did not reduce speed quickly enough and the plane fell down the slope. However, the emergency brake did not have an anti-lock braking system, which blocked the wheels and skidded the aircraft (see also Atlantic Airways flight 670 ) .
- On April 22, 2008, a Romavia BAe146-200 rented to Carpatair (YR-BEB) fell off the runway at Bucharest Henri Coandă Airport after the main landing gear collapsed. All 73 occupants were able to save themselves, but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
- On February 13, 2009, the nose landing gear of the Avro RJ100 G-BXAR of BA CityFlyer ( British Airways ) collapsed on landing at London City Airport . The aircraft was damaged beyond repair. Two of the 67 passengers and five crew members were slightly injured.
- On 9 April 2009, a BAe 146-300 collided aviastar (PK-Germany) on a cargo flight from Jayapura airport to airport Wamena for a go-around at the second approach attempt with a mountain. The six-person crew was killed.
- On November 28, 2016 Avro accident RJ85 of LaMia Bolivia (CP-2933) overloaded by 2,994 km route due to failure of all four engines due to lack of 2303 kg of fuel, on the mountain El Gordo at La Unión 8 km before Medellin , the capital of the department of Antioquia in Colombia . There were 68 passengers and nine crew members on board. Among the passengers was the Brazilian first division soccer team Chapecoense , which was on the way to the final of the Copa Sudamericana 2016 in Medellín. 71 inmates died in the crash at an altitude of around 2800 meters, only six survived (see also LaMia flight 2933 ) .
Aerotoxic Syndrome
In the mid-1980s, the BAe 146 came under criticism - especially in Australia - because the bleed air system repeatedly suspected that toxic oil vapors were being transported into the cabin ( aerotoxic syndrome ). Several people were poisoned as a result. Professor Chris Winder, an Australian toxicologist, complained: “First in 1997 there were two pilots and a stewardess. A little later, three became five, five became ten, then twenty. Then I realized: something is happening here. Then a French colleague showed up with similar numbers of people with the same symptoms. It was clear to me: We have an international problem here! ”At the time, Avro admitted problems with the breathing air system, but did not make improvements. The British Civil Aviation Authority named 1,050 incidents with contaminated cabin air in 2006, of which 233 were BAe 146.
Technical specifications
| Parameter | BAe 146-100 / Avro RJ70 | BAe 146-200 / Avro RJ85 | BAe 146-300 / Avro RJ100 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crew (cockpit) | 2 | ||
| length | 26.16 m | 28.55 m | 30.99 m |
| span | 26.34 m | ||
| Wing area | 77.3 m² | ||
| height | 8.60 m | ||
| Cabin length | 15.42 m | 17.81 m | 20.20 m |
| Cabin width | 3.42 m | ||
| Cabin height | 2.02 m | ||
| Passengers (5 per row) (6 per row @ 81cm) (6 per row @ 74cm) |
70 82 94 |
85 98 112 |
100 112 (max.) |
| Empty mass | 31.1 t | 33.3 t | 35.6 t |
| Max. Takeoff mass | 38.1 t | 42.18 t | 45.13 t |
| Top speed | 780 km / h | ||
| Range | 2800 km | 2600 km | 2400 km |
| Engines | BAe 146: 4 × Lycoming (now Honeywell ) ALF 502 with 31 kN thrust each Avro RJ: 4 × AlliedSignal (now Honeywell ) LF 507 with 31.15 kN thrust each |
||
See also
literature
- Swiss: Farewell to the "Jumbolinos" (Avro RJ100). In: Aero International No. 9/2017, p. 14
Web links
- Type certification of the series BAe 146 / AVRO 146-RJ - EASA-TCDS-A.182 (PDF; 63 kB)
Individual evidence
- ^ BAe Systems, Avro RJ.
- ↑ List of aircraft types ( memento of the original from October 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the ICAO
- ^ Aerospace Technology , BAe 146.
- ↑ Avro RJ (airliners) ( Memento of the original from September 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ FliegerRevue October 2011, p. 16, A Jet for Mining - The BAe 146 becomes the Multijet Surveyor
- ↑ Craig Hoyle: UK says 'no thanks' to BAe 146 tanker. In: Flightglobal.com. October 10, 2013, accessed on October 10, 2013 (English): "Investigators have determined that the fire which severely damaged the arrival terminal at Nairobi's main airport was caused by an electrical fault."
- ↑ Lufthansa Sustainability Report 2008 ( Memento of the original dated June 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 5.6 MB) p. U3 / 112.
- ↑ Flight International: World Airliner Census, July 2016 (English), accessed on August 16, 2017.
- ↑ oli / sda: Swiss says goodbye to little elephants . In: Tages-Anzeiger . August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑ BAe 146 Family industry data. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Aircraft Technology Engineering & Maintenance magazine Paris Special. June 18, 2007, archived from the original on September 27, 2007 ; accessed on July 16, 2007 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Accident statistics British Aerospace BAe-146 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 16, 2019.
- ^ Accident report BAe 146-200, CC-CET Aviation Safety (English), accessed on February 25, 2019.
- ^ Accident report BAe 146-300, B-2716 Aviation Safety (English), accessed on February 25, 2019.
- ^ Accident report BAe 146-100, EC-GEO Aviation Safety (English), accessed on February 25, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report Avro RJ100 HB-IXM , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2018.
- ↑ Accident report Avro RJ100 TC-THG , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2018.
- ↑ BAe 146 / Avro RJ series plane crashes. In: airsafe.com. November 29, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017 .
- ↑ Accident report BAe 146-200 OY-CRG , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 22, 2019.
- ^ Report on aircraft accident on October 10, 2006 at Stord airport, Sørstokken (ENSO) Norway involving a BAE 146-200, OY-CRG, operated by Atlantic Airways The Accident Investigation Board Norway, April 2012.
- ↑ accident report BAe146-200 YR-BEB , aviation Safety Network (English) accessed on 21 June 2016th
- ↑ Accident report Avro RJ100 G-BXAR , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on June 21, 2016.
- ↑ Airport opens after runway crash. In: news.bbc.co.uk. February 14, 2009, accessed January 9, 2017 .
- ^ Accident report BAe 146-300 PK-BRD , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 16, 2019.
- ↑ Klaus Ehringfeld: Plane crash in Colombia: "What height now?" In: Spiegel Online . December 1, 2016, accessed January 9, 2017 .
- ^ Accident report Avro RJ85 CP-2933 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2018.
- ↑ Plane crash in Colombia: search teams find black boxes. In: Spiegel Online . November 29, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017 .
- ↑ Reaction to plane crash: football club wants to give the final opponent the title. In: Spiegel Online . November 29, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017 .
- ↑ Airlines: Poison in the plane? ( Memento from April 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Information on the plusminus article "Aviation: reporting obligations violated?" (PDF; 132 kB) Westdeutscher Rundfunk, March 24, 2009, archived from the original on August 21, 2010 ; accessed on January 14, 2015 .
