Beyköy texts

Beyköy texts is a slang term for various inscriptions from the 12th century BC. BC, which are said to have been found in the second half of the 19th century in the area of ​​the place Beyköy ( İhsaniye district ) in Asia Minor , 34 kilometers north of Afyonkarahisar , but are only available today in copies or translations, as the originals are no longer available can be found. The authenticity of the inscriptions in Luwian hieroglyphic script and in Hittite cuneiform is doubted by various scholars on the one hand because of the history of the find and on the other hand because of philological considerations. Only the authenticity of the hieroglyphic Luwian inscription HL Beyköy 1 is not disputed.

The hieroglyphic Luwian Beyköy texts 2 to 4 and the content of the cuneiform Beyköy texts come from the estate of the English prehistorian James Mellaart, who died in 2012 . A review of his estate revealed that Mellaart produced numerous forgeries to underpin the historical view of the history of Asia Minor he had adopted, as Eberhard Zangger , who presented the texts to the public in 2017, announced in a statement issued on February 28, 2018. According to Zangger, the forgery of the cuneiform texts could be uncovered, but not for the hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions, so that their authenticity remains controversial.

On the Yumruktepe hill near Beyköy, the German archaeologist Franz Steinherr discovered the remains of a Hittite winged sun and an inscription. The inscription is no longer recognizable today.

Hieroglyphic Luwian Beyköy texts

HL Beyköy 1

In his 1889 publication Syro-Cappadocian Monuments in Asia Minor , the Scottish ancient historian and archaeologist William M. Ramsay described an inscription that he discovered on a large, probably trachytic stone block on the side of a barrow . He stated that the tomb was located about an English mile south of Beyköy.

Beyköy 1 (after William Ramsay )

Ramsay copied the inscription in August 1884 and recognized it as hieroglyphic script , whose two broad lines, separated by a narrow band of relief, contained characters that formed individual words in vertical order. He interpreted the different orientation of a foot in the upper line and a hand in the lower line as a bustrophedon spelling.

At the time of Ramsay, Luwian hieroglyphs could not yet be interpreted. The French archaeologist Émilia Masson (researcher at CNRS ) took up the inscription in 1980 in her contribution Les Inscriptions Louvites Hiéroglyphiques de Köylütolu et Beyköy in the 19th volume of the magazine Kadmos . There she translated the lower line of inscriptions, in the transliteration EXERCITUS ku-x tà-tara / i-ha-tà , as "the army of ... was always victorious". The fragmentary text commemorates a successful military campaign by the Hittite great king Muwattalli II. Tuhkanti or the crown prince Urhitesup, who later became the great king Mursili III. , in the region.

HL Beyköy 2

The text HL Beyköy 2 comes from the estate of James Mellaart. His son Alan Mellaart handed it over with other documents in June 2017 to the Westphalian- born Swiss geoarchaeologist Eberhard Zangger, who had been in contact with James Mellaart in the 1990s. In December 2017, the text was pre-published online under the title Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor by Eberhard Zangger and the Dutch linguist Fred Woudhuizen in the archeology journal TALANTA . In HL Beyköy 2 is by far longest Hieroglyphic Luwian text Bronze time of v from about 1180th Could come from BC. He recapitulates the events of recent years from the point of view of the great king Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira , to whose empire Arzawa , Še Ša and Wilusa are said to have also belonged.

Beyköy 2 (after James Mellaart )

According to James Mellaart, the text was signed in 1878 by the French archaeologist, ancient historian and epigrapher Georges Perrot from 30 stone blocks that had been taken from the ground by small farmers as building material near Beyköy. The length of the inscription frieze is said to have been a total of 29 meters at a height of 35 centimeters. Since the characters of the hieroglyphic Luwian could not yet be read, Perrot arranged the markings of the various blocks in the wrong order. Later the locals would have built the stone blocks into the foundation of a newly built mosque, so that they are no longer accessible today.

In the course of the deciphering of the Luwian hieroglyphs, according to Mellaart, a Turkish-American research project was launched in the 1950s that concentrated on previously unpublished documents that had come into the possession of the Ottoman government in the 19th century, including the Beyköy markings Perrots. Under the direction of the director of the Antiquities Authority in Ankara, Hamit Zübeyir Koşay († 1984), alongside the translators Albrecht Götze († 1971) and Edmund Irwin Gordon († 1984), the curator of the British Museum in London Richard David Barnett († 1986) will work on the project ) as well as the archaeologists Bahadır Alkım († 1981) and his wife Handam Alkım († 1985) have been involved. Through contact with Bahadır and Handam Alkım, James Mellaart became a member of the project in 1976.

The above information comes from partly handwritten notes in Mellaart's estate. Accordingly, Bahadır Alkım had specifically searched for Perrot's drawings in the 1970s and finally found them. A publication of the hieroglyphic inscription was planned in the second volume of a comprehensive publication of the research results of the project, the first volume of which was to contain the translation of the cuneiform Beyköy texts ( see below ). James Mellaart's estate contained different versions of the translation of HL Beyköy 2 by Bahadır Alkım from which it can be seen how the scientists successively determined the correct order of the tables. However, the translation remained awkward compared to the current level of knowledge of the Luwian script and language.

The announcement of the publication of the text of HL Beyköy 2 , a designation by Fred Woudhuizen, sparked a debate among scientists, especially luwologists, in 2017. It turned out that the archaeologist and Hittitologist J. David Hawkins and the writing expert Mark Weeden had known the document since 1989 and 2012, respectively, and were convinced that it was a forgery by Mellaart. James Mellaart was involved in the Dorak affair and the Çatalhöyük controversy while he was alive , but was never convicted of forgery. In fact, HL Beyköy 2 had already been presented by the then director of the British Institute at Ankara , the Hittite scientist Oliver R. Gurney , to around 40 experts at a Hittite conference in Ghent . In the publication of the text in the magazine TALANTA , Zangger and Woudhuizen try to refute the falsification allegation against Mellaart in the section Arguments for and against authenticity . The discussion about this is not yet over. Below is the transliteration and translation of the text HL Beyköy 2 by Fred Woudhuizen:

Section 1                    Section 2      Section 3    Section 4        Section 5      Section 6      Section 7    Section 8                                        Section 9      []   Section 10             []   Section 11     Section 12         Section 13   Section 14         Section 15     Section 16     Section 17               Section 18           Section 19             Section 20             Section 21           Section 22     Section 23     Section 24                 Section 25             Section 26         Section 27           Section 28       Section 29       Section 30                 Section 31                                       Section 32     Section 33     Section 34               Section 35         Section 36             Section 37     Section 38       Section 39         Section 40       Section 41           Section 42                 Section 43       Section 44       []   Section 45                                       Section 46         Section 47                             Section 48       Section 49       Section 50

sol suus URA + HANTAWAT la + PÁRNA ku-pa-tá-KURUNT la + PÁRNA URA + HANTAWAT mi + r (a) -à UTNA URA + HANTAWAT ma-sa-hù + i-ti infans m URA + HANTAWAT á-la -na-ti + li infans m ku-pa-tá-KURUNT URA + HANTAWAT mi + r (a) -à UTNA < infans m >   à-wa PÁRANA-na wa-la-mu-sa HANTAWAT wi-lu-sa UTNA []   [] i pa-ti [] UMINA    à-wa mi + r (a) -à UTNA à + ta mi-ti-sa UMINA ARHA PARNA + r-ta 6   à-wa ma-sa-hù + i -ti URA + HANTAWAT wi-lu-sa UTNA []   ī [-wa] PARNA (+ r) -ti ARHA UMINA-mi-na UMINA []   à-wa []   ta 4 pa <+ ​​r> sa 7 -la UMINA na 4 ta 4 -pa <+ ​​r> -sa 7 -la   ā-wi-sa-nà UMINA PARNA (+ r) na-sa-nà UMINA ta + r-wi-sa UMINA TAPAR-wi-sa UMINA ki + r-su-sa UMINA [] UMINA na 4 há + r-na UTNA pu-ru-sú-wa UMINA su-ru-ti UMINA wí / zu-sà-na-ti UTNA APA-sa-sa-wa UTNA ā-ta + r-ma-sa UMINA lu + r-sa-na-sa UMINA ā-ti-tu + r (a) UMINA ā-su-wa UMINA UTNA TIWATA-ru-sa UMINA sá-wi-sa UMINA ku-ru-ti-sa UMINA wa-sa-ta + r-nà UMINA pa-la-na-sa UMINA ti-wa-lú-sa UMINA KWA-pa-na-sa UMINA na 4 -pu -la ti- wa ka-wa-sa-ká + r (i) UMINA ku-su + r-ā UTNA ha-pu-ru-sa UMINA   à-wa ī ÁMU ta -sa -ha mi + r (a) -à UTNA tà-ha       à-wa ā-la-na-ti -li infans m + HANTAWAT URA + PARNA infans m TUZI-mi wi-lu-sa UTNA á URA + HANTAWAT mi [+ r (a)] - à [UTNA]         à-wa URA + HANTAWAT mi [+ r (a)] - à UTNA   URA + HANTAWAT ku-wa-lú-à UTNA à + ta pi-ta 6 -sa [UTNA] à ha 6 + r-wa-na KWA UTNA sa-la-pa UTNA ma-sa UMINA   à-wa HARWAN ma-sa-na-ti UTNA   à-wa -mu URA + HANTAWAT mi + r (a) -à UTNA TIWA 2 -TIWA 2 -wa HÁ (TI) -sa UTNA * 202 à-wa     à-wa HÁ (TI) UTNA sá-sá-ha     à-wa mi + r (a) ta-ta 6 UTNA ii 6000 ma ma   à-wa 10 UMINA + mi TAMA-ha mi + r (a) -à-ti UTNA mi + r (a) -à UMINA PÁRA-ASA UMINA [? -?] - wa UMINA TARKU-wa UMINA á + r-TARKU-nà UMINA wa-ha 4 -ma UMINA ā-mu-wa UMINA mi-ta 6 -sa UMINA há-pa-nu UMINA ma-TARKU -ha [UMINA]   à-wa URA + PARNA MASANA PARNA i -ā-i MASANA TARHUNT MASANA (a) pá + r (a) MASANA ku- * 128 URA + domina PÁRA-ASA UMINA TAMA-ha wa- [ā]   à-wa HANTAWAT há-pa-la UTNA ā [] ta 4 -la + r (i) UMINA á + r-ma-ta 6 UMINA hi-li -? + r UMINA la-la-ta UMINA sa 5 + r-tu-wa UMINA la + r (i) -ma UMINA PARNA (+ r) -ta 6 ARHA   à-wa HANTAWAT á-ta 6 -pa-li UTNA   PARNA-su-ha-na-t i UMINA ā-la-? UMINA na-hi-ta 6 UMINA hu-ta-na UMINA PARNA (+ r) -ta 6 ī infans m na-na UMINA     à-wa 6 HANTAWAT ! HANTAWAT wa-lu-sa UTNA HANTAWAT há-pa-la UTNA HANTAWAT URA-WALWA UTNA HANTAWAT AS [UW] ​​A -ha UTNA   à-wa URA + HANTAWAT mi + r (a) -à UTNA   à-wa i URA-HANTAWAT ARA-wa     à-wa á + ya HANTAWAT HÁ (TI) UTNA URA + UMINA ta 6 ta + r-sa UMINA ā-ti-na UMINA la-wa-ta 4 -ti UMINA na 4 à-ma-na mu- ka-sa + ha UTNA ha-la-pa UTNA ká + r-ka-mi + sa UTNA wa-ka + r-tá UTNA [] UTNA ā-ma-tu UTNA ku-pi-la UTNA   à-wa mi + r (a) -à UTNA navis 2 navis 2 URA + UMINA wa PÁRA-há UTNA pi +? -? UMINA pu-la-sà-ti UTNA la-sà-ti-na UTNA URA UMINA wa-lu-KATA UTNA sà KATA-sa UTNA la-mi-á UMINA   à-wa [-mu] URA + HANTAWAT + infans m ′ mu -ku-su-sa ā-nà UTNA UMINA -wa MI WI   à-wa infans m KULANA URA + HANTAWAT infans m tu ? -wa-ta 6 URA + HANTAWAT infans m PIA-ma-KURUNT URA + HANTAWAT   à-wa ARHA mi-zi + r (i) UTNA ā-sa-ka-lú-na UMINA ka -? -? - ha 6 navis 2 ā-ta 6 HARNAS   à-wa [] URA + HANTAWAT á-i-wa UTNA ASATAR ya 40 *? (= Weight)     à-wa URA + HANTAWAT MASANA TARHUNT MASANA PARNA TAMA MASANA (a) pá + r (a) [ka] -ta-WATA-na UTNA MASANA ku- * 128 [] UTNA MASANA WANTI [] MASANA [] [? -?] UTNA MASANA [] á-pa-sa UTNA     à-wa URA + HANTAWAT UMINA + mi TAMA-mu-ha ASU à + ta ARA-wa UTNA á-pa-sa UMINA ā-lú-pa-na UMINA ku -ru-pi UMINA la-pa-tí UMINA [sa] -mu + r-na UMINA ā-ku-ma-na UMINA ASA-ru-ti UMINA na 4 ti 4 -ma-la URA + HARNAS hu-wa- la -? -? UMINA ku-ka-wa-mi-sa UMINA ku-wa-li-sa-sa UMINA nà-nú-wa-sa UMINA ha 6 + r-pa-hi-li UMINA na 4 hu-na-sa HARNAS PÁRA- ASA-ā-na-sa UMINA sa 5 -la-á-pa-sa UMINA URA-na-sa-sa UMINA ā-la-wa-sa UMINA ā-ti-pa-li-à UMINA [] UMINA [] UMINA [] UMINA   à-wa PÁRA-la-à-wi-sa UMINA ku-wa + r-? UMINA pu + r-sa-ta-na UMINA   na 4 á-na-ma wa-na ī-na há-pa-la UMINA   à-wa APAMI-mi UMINA ā-lu-sa UMINA á-na-sà + r (i) UMINA HARNAS TARKU-na-sa UMINA mi + r (a) -wa-na-ī UMINA hu 4 -pa-ka-tì UMINA pá + r-sa-tí ? -na UTNA hu 4 -ta + r-ā-li UMINA á-pa + r-ā 4 -ti UMINA   à-wa mu-la-wa-sa UMINA ī-ká + r (i) UTNA lu-KATA-na -sa UMINA ki-na-tu-wa UMINA na-sa-sa UMINA   à-wa URA + HANTAWAT la + PÁRNA mu-ku [-su-sa] [APA-sa-sa] -wa UTNA à [] MASANA TARHUNT MASANA (a) pá + r (a) MASANA [] MASANA ku- * 128 MASANA [] MASANA [] MASANA [] MASANA []   wa-à KWA PÁRA-na i-ā     URA + HANTAWAT [] [mu-ku- su] -sa [APA-sa-sa] -wa UTNA     à-wa KULANA-MUWA infans m MA URA + HANTAWAT MASANA KULANA [] ​​mu-ka-sa <+ r> lu-lu-ti -li   ASATAR [ASA] -wa ARA UTNA URA + HANTAWAT     à-wa MASANA TARHUNT-ti-sa-sa UMINA UTNA AMU TIWA-TIWA ka-sa-ka UMINA UTNA AMU TIWA-TIWA ma-sa UMINA UTNA     à-wa HANTAWAT á-ti-pa- li UTNA HANTAWAT KATA-WATA-na UTNA HANTAWAT ká + r-ka-mi + sa UTNA HANTAWAT ā-la-sá-? UTNA HANTAWAT a 5 -lu-sa-? UTNA HANTAWAT ka-ta-ta + r-? UTNA TALMI-ma 4 [] UTNA *? ( Person carrying the gift )   à-wa-ma-sa-sa UMINA + mi mi ? -ā-na URA + HANTAWAT UTNA     à-wa URA + HANTAWAT [] mu-ku-su-sa MASANA TARHUNT [] MASANA []       ku-pa-tá-KURUNT la + PÁRNA a 5 -wa-na-ta 6 HAPA -UTNA wa-ta + r-wa UMINA hu-la-na HAPA-UTNA ha 6 + r-KWA-wa-na UTNA TARKASNA-la + r (i) UTNA sa-la-pa UTNA ka-la-sa- ma UTNA la-la-ha-sa UMINA [] HAPA-UTNA *? - na HAPA-UTNA AMU-ru-sa UMINA pi-ta 6 -sa UTNA MASANA TARHUNT-sa UTNA la-la-na-ta 6 UMINA ā -na-ta 6 UMINA sa-i-ma-ta 6 UMINA na 4 lu-la-sa UTNA               à-wa UTNA sa-ta + r-ha-ta 6 há-pa-la UTNA á + r-wa-na -ta 6 8000 []     mi + r (a) -à UTNA à-ta [] UMINA [] UMINA [] UMINA [] UMINA [] UMINA [] UMINA pa-li-i UMINA mi <+ r (a)> -à UMINA TARKU-wa HARNAS-UMINA ma-na-hu-sa UMINA ku-wa-ta 6 -na UMINA pa-wí / zu-na-i UMINA mi-ta 6 -sa UMINA wa-sa-ta 6 - sa UMINA mi-tu-wa-na UMINA i-ta-pa-li UMINA hu-wa-li-i UMINA wí / zu-na-ta + r-wa UMINA a 5 -la-na UMINA á-wa-na -sa UMINA URA-wa-na UMINA ta + r-wa-li-i UMINA pa-la-na-sa UMINA   à-wa [] HARNAS sa mi + r (a) -à UTNA 6000 ta-ta 6 á + r-wa-na []   à-wa á + r-nú-wa-na-ta 6 HANTAWAT HÁ (TI) UTNA MASANA <á-i-mi>   à-wa -tá MASANA TARHUNT + UMINA URA UMINA wa-su la-wa UMINA la-mi-i HAPA-UTNA WARPA HÁ (TI) UTNA ā-ru-na-sa WARPA i -ku-wa-na UTNA hu + r-nà-i UTNA na 4 hu-wa-ta 6 nú-wa-ta 6 UTNA

"His Majesty, the Great King, Labarna Kupanta-Kurunta, Labarna, Great King (of) Mira , son (of) Great King Mashuitta , son (of) Great King Alantalli , son (of) Kupanta-Kurunta , Great King of Mira."     "In favor of Walmus, King (of) Wilusa []. ”   “ [] That for him [] city. ”   “ In Mira (the enemy) destroyed the city of a subordinate. ”   “ The great king Mashuitta [supports] Wilusa. ”   “ (If the Enemy) wants to destroy this city, ”       “ Cities of reign (and) not (directly) of reign (25 in total): Awisana, Parnasana, Tarwisa , Taparwisa, Kirsusa, []; in (direct): the land (of) Harna, Purusuwa, Suruti, the land (of) Wi / Zusanati, the land (of) Apasasawa , Atarmasa, Lursanasa, Atitura, the land (of) Assuwa city, Tiwatarusa, Sawisa , Kurtisa, Wastarna, Palanasa, Tiwalusa, Kwapanasa; previously not with him (allied): in Kawasaka, the land (of) Kusura, Hapurusa. ”   “ I also set up this stele (for / in) Mira. ”       “ The prince (or) the palace official, (who it) for will claim : may you protect Wilusa , (as) the Great King (of) Mira (it did)! "       " Great King (of) Mira, "   " (I), the Great King, built a road in Kuwalua (to) Pitassa ( and) whatever country: Sallapa (and) Masa city, "   " and a road to the divine land. "   " I, the great king of Mira, will continue to provide the sanctuary (s) of Hatti, (and) I will (use it / them). ”   “ I have supported Hatti again and again . ”   “ Mira brought these 6000 rams into the country. ”   “ I built 10 citadel (s) in Mira: Mira City , Parasa, [] wa, Tarkuwa, Artarkuna, Wahama, Amuwa, Mitasa, Hapanu, and Matarku. "   " I built a palace (and) a temple for these (3 gods): Tarhunt , the god of the field, (and) Kupapa , the queen (of) Parasa, (during) praying. ”   “ The kings g (by) Hapalla [] destroyed (6 cities): in Tala, Armata, Hili [..] r, Lala (na) ta , Sartuwa, (and) Larima. "     " The king (of) Atapali fortified (5 cities ): in Parnasuhanati, Ala [..], Nahita, Hutana, (and) this city (from) a son (= junior official) [= Beyköy]. "   " (There are together) 6 king (s): the king ( von) Wilusa, the king (of) Hapalla, the king (of) Urawalwa's land (= Seha ), and the king (of) Assuwa , "   " and the great king (of) Mira, "   " (and) this (is also ) the great king (of) Arzawa. ”   “ The hero, king (of) Hatti, represents the capital (for the cities): Tarsa , Atina , (and) Lawatati ; (and) in (directly): the countries (of) Amana and Mukasa , Halapa , Karkamisa , Wakarta , [], Amatu , (and) Kupila . "   " (Due to its) fleet Mira (provides) the capital (for): Paraha , Pi [], Pulasati , Lasatina, Ura , Walukata from the lower country , (and) Lamia . ”   “ For me, Muksus , great prince in the countries (country) and cities (city) (of) Mi (ra and) Wi (lusa), "   " great prince Kulana (muwa), great prince Tuwata, (and) great prince Piyama-Kurunta, "     " they made Asakaluna (along) the border (of) Egypt (through) war (?) ship ( in) a fortress. "   " [] I, the great king, will sacrifice these 40 (metal units from this) land for a throne, "   " and I, the great king, built a temple (for the gods) Tarhunt, the god of the field of Katawatana , Kupapa of the land [], the god of the divine mountain [], god [] of the land [], god [] of the land Apasa . "   " I, the great king, built ample citadel (s) in Arzawa (25 ): Apasa, Alupana, Kurupi, Lapati, Samurna , Akumana, Asaruti , not (in a city) the great fortress (of) Timala, Huwala [], Kukawamisa, Kuwalisasa, Nanuwasa, Harpahili, not (in a city) the fortress (of) Hunasa, Parasanasa, Salapasa, Uranasasa, Alawasa , Atipalia City, [], [], (and) [], "   " and Paralawisa, Kuwar [..], (and) Pursatana. "   " Not (included are those) with a name stele in Hapalla (14 in total) : "   " West city, Alusa, in the fortress (of) Anasa, Tarkunasa, Mirawanai, Hupakati, the land of Parsatina, Hutarali, (and) Aparati, "   " and Mulawasa, in the land (of) Ikari, Lukatanasa, Kinatuwa, ( and) Nasasa. ”   “ (On behalf of) the great king, Labarna, Muksus sacrifices (in) the land (of) Apasasawa Tarhunt, the god of the field, the god [], Kupapa, the god [], the god [], the God [], (and) the God [], "   " and (he will do) whatever is (always) in their favor. "   " (So also in the name) of the Great King [] [Muksu] s in the land (from ) [Apasasa] wa. ”   “ Kulanamuwa, the great prince (of) Ma (sa), becomes God through invocation the army for himself. "   " I, the great king, will ( sit on) the throne (of) Arzawa . "   " I fought regularly (in) the divine land (of) Tarhunttisasa , I regularly (in) Land (of) Kasaka fought, (and so also) in the land (of) Masa . ”   “ The king (of) Atapali, the king (of) Katawatana , the king (of) Karkamisa , the king (of) Alasa (? ), the king (of) (W) alusa (?), the king (of) lower Tar [..] (?), (the kings of) all countries (land) brought gifts. ”   “ (I), the Great King, built the citadel of Masa (in) my (own) country. ”   “ (On behalf of) the Great King, Muksus [] (for) Tarhunt, the god []. “       “ Labarna Kupanta-Kurunta, the Awanata river country, the city (of) Watarwa, the Hulana riverside, the land (of) Harkwawana, in the land (of) Tarkasnalari, the land (of) Sallapa, the land (of) Kalasama, the city (of) Lalahasa, the riverside ( from) [], the river land (from) [..] na, the city (from) Amurusa, the land (from) Pitasa, the divine Land (of) Tarhunttisasa, the city (of) Lalanata , the city (of) Anata, the city (of) Saimata (a total of 16 cities and countries), (but) not the land (of) Lulasa, "   " he continued , to win over the country (land) (and after) Hapalla sent him 8,000 (troops) []. "   " In Mira (a total of 23 cities): [], [], [], [], [], Pali, Mira, Tarkuwa, Manahusa, Kuwatana, Pawi / Zunai, Mitasa, Wasatasa, Mituwana, Itapali, Huwali, Wi / Zunatarwa, Alana, Awanasa, Urawana, Tarwali, Palanasa, "   " he stationed (in) the [] fortress of Mira 6000 (Troops for) operations. ”   “ Arnuwanata , King (of) Hatti, became God, ”     “ which is why he did not invade these countries: Tarhunt (tisasa) , Ura , the holy Lawa (tati) , Lamia , crown domain (n of ) Hatti of the sea, (further) crown domain (s from Hatti): Ikkuwana (and) Hurnai. "

HL Beyköy 3 and 4

The texts HL Beyköy 3 and 4 are two hieroglyphic Luwian fragments, which were also found in the documents of James Mellaart and, like HL Beyköy 2, are said to have been copied from inscriptions by Georges Perrot. Below is the transliteration and translation by Fred Woudhuizens:

(A)       (B)

HANTAWAT + infans m ma-sa- <hù> + i-ti URA + HANTAWAT á-la-na-ta 6 + li   á-la-na-ta 6 + li infans m

"Prince Mashuitta , (son of) the great king Alantalli"     "Son (of) Alantalli"

Beyköy texts in cuneiform

According to the notes from James Mellaart's estate, the cuneiform Beyköy texts are said to be on three bronze tablets that were confiscated by the director of the Ottoman Antiquities Authority in 1878 after a search of the place Beyköy. The reason for the search was the failed attempt to seize the 30 stone blocks with hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions, which are said to have been built into the foundation of a mosque by the residents of the village ( see above ). The bronze tablets were donated to the newly founded Archaeological Museum in Constantinople , today's Istanbul . One of the panels was briefly seen in an exhibition in the 1880s. After one of the bronze plaques was missing, the two that remained came to the residence of Sultan Abdülhamid II , the Dolmabahçe Palace . The stolen tablet reappeared at the end of the 1930s, but the three bronze tablets remained in the archive.

After Emil Forrer and probably Helmuth Bossert and another German Hittitologist were supposed to have dealt with the interpretation of the inscriptions on the bronze tablets, the German-American ancient orientalist Albrecht Götze received the Mellaart in the 1950s as part of the above-mentioned Turkish-American research project Order to translate the texts. A copy of Götze's translation of the cuneiform text into English, which comprised 67 pages with 278 paragraphs separated from one another by horizontal lines and numbered, is claimed by James Mellaart in parts between 1976 and 1981. After the death of the designated editor of the research results of the project Bahadır Alkım in 1981, the first volume of the publication with the cuneiform texts of the three bronze tablets is said to have gone to print in 1984, but never appeared.

From 1986, Mellaart said he was the only one who still had some of the material and was actively working with it. In 1992 and 1993, James Mellaart referred to the impending publication of the texts in various publications, which, however, did not take place until his death in 2012. In 1995 he exchanged letters with Eberhard Zangger about the content of the texts. It is said to be a comprehensive historiography of the events in western Asia Minor in the period from about 2500 BC. Until the writing of the tablets around 1170 BC. Act. The client of the research and texts was then Kupanta-Kurunta, the great king of Mira. The reason for the creation of the three bronze tablets with Akkadian cuneiform script in the Hittite language was the enthronement of his successor Muksus, who is said to have previously won victories over Hatti and Egypt .

literature

• Émilia Masson: Les Inscriptions Louvites Hiéroglyphiques de Köylütolu et Beyköy . In: Wolfgang Blümel (Ed.): Kadmos. Journal of pre- and early Greek epigraphy . tape 19 , volume 2. de Gruyter, 1980, ISSN  1613-0723 , p. 106–122 ( Restricted View [accessed December 21, 2017]).
• Eberhard Zangger : The Luwians and the Trojan War . Orell Füssli, Zurich 2017, ISBN 978-3-280-05647-9 ( partial view [accessed on December 21, 2017]).
• Eberhard Zangger, Fred Woudhuizen: Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 (English, digital version [accessed on December 21, 2017]).
• Michael Gabriel Bányai: The BEYKÖY text: a fake? In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society (=  Supplementum Epigraphicum Mediterraneum . No. 43 ). tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2018, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 57–81 ( online , errata and addendum to the article ).

Individual evidence

1. ^ Eberhard Zangger, Fred Woudhuizen: Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 9 and 43–45 (English, digital copy [PDF; 5.0 MB ; accessed on April 16, 2018]).
2. ↑ James Mellaart turns out to be a forger. Luwian Studies, February 28, 2018, accessed March 2, 2018 . 
3. ↑ Frank Thadeusz: Schrumpliger balloon . An archaeologist unmasked a forger - but he himself fell for the alleged sensational discovery. In: Der Spiegel . No. 11/2018 . Spiegel-Verlag, March 10, 2018, ISSN  0038-7452 , p. 110 .
4. ↑ Interview with Eberhard Zangger on the "Spiegel" article "Wrinkled Air Balloon". Luwian Studies, accessed April 16, 2018 . 
5. ↑ British prehistorian forged documents all his life. Luwian Studies, March 1, 2018, accessed on April 16, 2018 (PDF, 156 KB). 
6. ↑ Owen Jarus: Famed Archaeologist 'Discovered' His Own Fakes at 9,000-Year-Old Settlement. LiveScience, March 12, 2018, accessed March 16, 2018 . 
7. ↑ Archaeologist exposed as a forger. Scinexx , March 14, 2018, accessed March 16, 2018 . 
8. ^ William M. Ramsay : Syro-Cappadocian Monuments in Asia Minor . In: Communications from the Imperial German Archaeological Institute . Volume fourteenth, first issue. Karl Wilberg, Athens 1889, 5., p. 181–182 (English, digitized version [accessed December 21, 2017]).
9. ↑ Émilia Masson: Les Inscriptions Louvites Hiéroglyphiques de Köylütolu et Beyköy . In: Wolfgang Blümel (Ed.): Kadmos. Journal of pre- and early Greek epigraphy . tape 19 , volume 2. de Gruyter, 1980, ISSN  1613-0723 , p. 119 ( see: hittitemonuments.com [accessed December 21, 2017]).
10. ^ Eberhard Zangger, Fred Woudhuizen: Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 18 (English, digitized version [PDF; 5.0 MB ; accessed on December 21, 2017]).
11. ↑ Eberhard Zangger: The Luwians and the Trojan War . Orell Füssli, Zurich 2017, ISBN 978-3-280-05647-9 , The texts from Beyköy emerge again, p. 299 .
12. ^ Eberhard Zangger, Fred Woudhuizen: Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 10/14 (English, digitized version [PDF; 5.0 MB ; accessed on December 21, 2017]).
13. ↑ Owen Jarus: 3,200-Year-Old Stone Inscription Tells of Trojan Prince, Sea People. LiveScience, October 7, 2017, accessed December 21, 2017 . 
14. ^ Eberhard Zangger, Fred Woudhuizen: Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 14–15 (English, digitized version [PDF; 5.0 MB ; accessed on December 21, 2017]).
15. ^ Eberhard Zangger, Fred Woudhuizen: Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 16–18 (English, digitized version [PDF; 5.0 MB ; accessed on December 26, 2017]).
16. ^ Eberhard Zangger, Fred Woudhuizen: Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 43 (English, digitized version [PDF; 5.0 MB ; accessed on December 21, 2017]).
17. ↑ Eberhard Zangger: The estate of James Mellaart reveals his archaeophantasies. Archeology online, August 27, 2019, accessed August 28, 2019 . 
18. ↑ Fred Woudhuizen, Eberhard Zangger: Arguments for the Authenticity of the Luwian Hieroglyphic Texts from the Mellaart Files . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 183-212 (English, online ).
19. ^ Eberhard Zangger, Fred Woudhuizen: Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 20/28 (English, digitized version [PDF; 5.0 MB ; accessed on December 21, 2017]).
20. ^ Eberhard Zangger, Fred Woudhuizen: Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor . In: Jan Stronk, Maarten de Weerd (ed.): TALANTA. Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society . tape 50 (2018) . Wolters-Noordhoff, 2017, ISSN  0165-2486 , p. 49/52 (English, digitized version [PDF; 5.0 MB ; accessed on December 21, 2017]).
21. ↑ Eberhard Zangger: The Luwians and the Trojan War . Orell Füssli, Zurich 2017, ISBN 978-3-280-05647-9 , The texts from Beyköy emerge again, p. 304-305 .
22. ↑ Eberhard Zangger: The Luwians and the Trojan War . Orell Füssli, Zurich 2017, ISBN 978-3-280-05647-9 , The texts from Beyköy emerge again, p. 301 .
23. ↑ ^{a b} Eberhard Zangger: The Luwians and the Trojan War . Orell Füssli, Zurich 2017, ISBN 978-3-280-05647-9 , The texts from Beyköy emerge again, p. 308-309 .
24. ↑ Eberhard Zangger: The Luwians and the Trojan War . Orell Füssli, Zurich 2017, ISBN 978-3-280-05647-9 , The Beyköy text from 1170 BC. Chr., S. 215 .

Web links

• Luwian Studies - charitable foundation for research into the 2nd millennium BC In the west of Asia Minor
• Bronze age towns - Geographical positioning of cities and countries from ancient scripts
• History and Political Geography of Western Asia Minor in the Hittite Period - Research database of the University of Zurich