Christianity in Turkey

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Hagia Sophia - the world's largest church in the Middle Ages - a mosque in Ottoman times and a museum from the founding of the Republic until 2020
The Bulgarian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Stephen in today's Istanbul

The Christianity spread almost 2,000 years ago in what is now Turkey . In the past 900 years the area, previously populated almost exclusively by Christians , has changed into an area almost exclusively inhabited by Muslims after centuries of coexistence between the two religions .

Due to historical burdens such as the genocide of the Armenians and Assyrians (also known as Aramaeans or Chaldeans) and the expulsion of the Greeks , they now make up only 0.2% of the population as a religious minority . The genocide of the Armenians in particular had become so entrenched in the collective memory of Christians that this genocide was the decisive trigger for many of the Christian ancestors to flee Turkey.

A total of around 100,000 Christians still live in Turkey. Around 85% live in the region around Istanbul , where the Christians mainly belong to the Armenian community .

history

Early Christianity

According to the New Testament , the apostle Paul came from what is now Turkey and carried out a large part of his missionary work there . Also in the Acts of the Apostles , the Catholic Letters and the Revelation of John , congregations in the area of ​​today's Turkey play a central role. Western Asia Minor was the most important nucleus of non-Jewish Christianity, which arose through missionary " pagans ".

Many of the most important church fathers later lived here . All seven ecumenical councils recognized jointly in East and West also took place on what is now Turkish soil. As a result, the entire Christianity of the first millennium of the Christian era was decisively shaped here.

Roman and Ottoman rule

The area of ​​today's Turkey belonged to the Roman Empire at the time of early Christianity . With the Constantinian turning point , Christianity , which had been persecuted until then , became a permitted religion and under Theodosius I at the end of the 4th century it even became the state religion, to which practically the entire population soon belonged.

After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Turkish Seljuks founded states in part of Asia Minor in which Islam was the state religion. In the long term, the Ottoman Empire prevailed among these states, conquering not only the other Seljuk states, but also the Eastern Roman Empire , which is now called Byzantine .

From 1461 the Ottoman Empire ruled all areas of today's Turkey. Gradually the Christians became a minority in the country. Their legal status was regulated by the Millet system .

Persecution and Expulsion of Christians in the Early 20th Century

The Turkish Christians in the Anatolian part of what was then Turkey numbered more than two million at the end of the 19th century (a quarter of the population in what is now Turkey). In the 19th century, Anatolia had taken in hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees ( muhajir ) - Albanians , Bosniaks and Balkan Turks who had fled the Balkan countries after they had defected from the Ottoman Empire . This initially led to the demographic decline in the Christian population in the Anatolian part of Turkey. 850,000 Muslim refugees alone were settled in the areas inhabited by Armenian Christians.

From the middle of the 19th to the first half of the 20th century, most of the Christians in what is now Turkey were expelled or killed. The displacement and, in some cases, mass murder of minority groups took place in individual steps:

  • 1843 were the Kurdish tribal chief Bedirxan Beg least 10,000 Armenian and massacres Nestorians in asita (Hoşut) in Sandschak Hakkâri killed. Women and children were z. T. sold into slavery.
  • Between 1894 and 1896, 80,000 to 300,000 Armenian Christians were murdered in the first anti-Armenian pogroms . The massacre was directed mainly against the Armenian population, but turned into general anti-Christian pogroms in the course of which, according to a contemporary source, around 25,000 Assyrians were murdered.
  • In 1909, 30,000 Armenian Christians were murdered in pan-Islamic, anti-Armenian pogroms in Adana and the province of Cilicia . By 1910, the subsequent epidemics and famine among the poorly cared for survivors of the massacre claimed another 20,000 victims.
  • During the Second Balkan War in 1913, the Orthodox and Catholic Bulgarians were expelled from Eastern Thrace and the Bulgarians from the Anatolian territories. Estimates by the IDPs and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church range between 60,000 and 400,000 refugees.
  • Between 1915 and 1917, according to various estimates, between 300,000 and 1,500,000 Armenian Christians were murdered in the Ottoman Empire . Hundreds of thousands were to Mesopotamia and Arabia deported , many were killed in the deportations, some fled to the Russian part of Armenia, less than 100,000 lived after 1922 in the country. The Assyrian / Aramean ethnic group was also affected by genocide from 1915 onwards , and the Pontic Greeks suffered a similar fate .
Trade flag of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire
  • 1922–1923 approx. 1,250,000 Greek Orthodox Christians were expelled to Greece in the wake of the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish war and according to the subsequently agreed exchange of population between Greece and Turkey . The only exceptions were the Greek Orthodox communities in Istanbul and on the islands of Bozcaada and Gökçeada . During the population exchange, 500,000 Muslim Turks were also expelled from Greece to the new Turkish nation-state. Tens of thousands of Christians were murdered after the Greek territories were conquered or during the expulsions.
  • In 1955 thousands of Greek Orthodox residents left the city after the pogrom in Istanbul, which was mainly directed against Greeks . Ten years after the pogrom, only 48,000 remained of 110,000 Greeks in 1923.

The descendants of the remaining Christians live mainly in Istanbul (Greek Orthodox and Armenian Christians), in Tur Abdin (mostly Syrian Orthodox Christians) and in the southeast in the Hatay province around the old church patriarchal city of Antioch , today's Antakya . This province was Syrian territory until the 1920s . There are still small Christian communities in Izmir as well , although they have only been of marginal importance since the Smyrna fire in 1922.

Location and development

Human rights organizations such as the Society for Threatened Peoples (STP) judge the treatment and situation of Turkish Christians negatively. Contrary to the religious freedom in Turkey according to Article 24 of the Turkish Constitution, there are numerous restrictions, such as the state ban on training pastors and religious teachers and obstacles in the construction of Christian churches.

Religiously motivated acts of violence and attacks on Turkish and foreign Christians as well as attacks on Christian buildings still exist in Turkey:

Representatives of Syrian Orthodox Christians in Turkey have criticized the representation of their religious community in state school books. The Christians are described in history books as traitors who emigrated from Turkey for economic reasons and who in the West have become “tools for the political and religious interests of the countries there”. Representatives of the Syrian Orthodox Christians complained that this would deepen the hostility towards the Christian minority. In October 2015, the Turkish Bible Society published a 96-page booklet entitled “Christianity and its principles” on behalf of five Christian denominations in Turkey. In easily understandable Turkish, the booklet is intended to serve as a basis for Turkish schools and to clear up previous misleading representations about Christianity.

In the Turkish parliamentary election on June 12, 2011 , Erol Dora was elected to the Turkish parliament. He is the first Christian member of the Turkish parliament since the 1960s. In the elections in June and November 2015, Selina Özuzun Doğan (Armenian in the Republican People's Party CHP ) became the first Christian woman in more than half a century.

Legal situation

Turkish Catholics in St. Peter's Square in Rome , 2009

In the Treaty of Lausanne from 1923, which is still in force in Turkey today, the followers of two Christian denominations and of Judaism were granted some minority rights. According to this, however, only the Greek Orthodox Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church are recognized as Christian denominations. In Turkey, the Assyrians are not recognized as a minority. They can only practice their culture and language hidden in the churches, the church language is taught in secret. According to the Society for Threatened Peoples, the Lausanne Treaty has meanwhile been undermined by Turkish laws, so that the use of minority rights is hardly possible.

Christian students can only study theology at Islamic theological faculties. Pastors must either identify themselves as diplomats or be Turkish citizens. The ecumenical patriarch and archbishop of Constantinople Bartholomäus I de jure is deprived of the title “ecumenical”. To this end, the Turkish public prosecutor's office is investigating the patriarch's retention of his title, despite a court ruling. Bibles and other Christian literature are not allowed to be distributed on the streets, Christian street festivals and processions are prohibited, and Christian radio stations are generally not granted a license. Christians have little to no chance of advancing to higher positions in politics, administration, and the military. Thus there is politically deliberate discrimination of Muslims against Christians up to the present day .

Problems that remain unresolved include the impossibility of training Christian clergymen and the ongoing closure of the Heybeliada seminary and the Holy Cross seminary ; the legal status of the churches not protected by the Lausanne Treaty, which only exist as associations of individuals, as well as the related acquisition, construction and religious use of real estate. The renovation of old churches is also made more difficult by legal harassment, expropriation of church property is still a practice. Despite changes in building and association law, the following applies, according to missio : “It will certainly not be possible in the medium term to build places of prayer sponsored by churches, since the churches have no legal status.” The Protestant Christians demand that in the planned new Turkish constitution religious freedom is strengthened.

The maintenance and employment costs of church buildings and other church real estate, church staff and church work are borne by the respective Christian community alone. There is no financial support from the Bureau for Religious Affairs as is the case with mosques. Christian funerals are also not financially supported by the state, as is the case with Muslim burials.

According to Article 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey , participation in Sunni Islam- based religious instruction in primary and secondary schools is compulsory for all students.

In 2008 the Bureau for Religious Affairs determined through a Fetva that a departure from Islam to another religion was allowed. The Koran can see next to an otherworldly no penalty worldly punishment before the apostasy. This is relevant, especially for citizens of the Republic of Turkey converting from Islam to Christianity. From an Islamic point of view, conversion is only permitted "if the conversion does not prepare the ground for a rebellion against Islam and the lawful order". The death penalty for turning away from Islam is justified if the apostate wages war against Islam. The authority expressly counts missionary efforts ("propaganda") as part of the warfare.

Sacred buildings, churches and monasteries

Tarsus, Paulus Church
Tarsus, Paulus Church, interior view, today's condition

The St. Paul's Church in Tarsus , the birthplace of the Apostle Paul , is a place of pilgrimage. The Greek Orthodox Church consecrated to him was confiscated by the Turkish state in 1943, used as a military camp and is now a museum. The Turkish government rules out a return to the church. The Catholic Church and the Orthodox Churches celebrated the two millennium of the birth of the apostle in 2008/2009 with a year of Paul . In June 2008 the Turkish Ministry of Culture allowed the church to be used for pilgrimage services in the Pauline year. Archbishop Joachim Cardinal Meisner tried to take over an existing church in Tarsus or to be allowed to build a new one. However, the Turkish government did not follow up its verbal promises.

The legal situation of divorced or rededicated churches, monasteries and cemeteries is unclear. Certain groups repeatedly demand that churches that have been declared museums be rededicated into mosques. Under the influence of the deputy prime minister and former parliamentary president of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Bülent Arınç , the abandoned former church of Hagia Sophia in Nicaea was turned back into an active mosque. The Second Council of Nicaea took place in said church . In 2000 the Ecumenical Patriarch was allowed to celebrate the Divine Liturgy there.

Many Christian buildings, cemeteries and other, in some cases, very important sites of the Christian faith are in a de-dedicated or rededicated or (in some cases willfully) destroyed state.

Mor Gabriel Monastery of the Syrian Orthodox Christians in southeastern Turkey

The Mor Gabriel Monastery , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , one of the oldest Christian monasteries in the world, is a protective castle and place of pilgrimage for the Syrian minority in Turkey. The monastery was founded in 397. Delivered over centuries to attacks by Turks and Kurds, it is currently the focus of a political campaign. Since 2008, the Mor Gabriel monastery has been sued by three Kurdish villages for “illegal settlement”. The monastery is accused of illegally teaching Aramaic here. At the end of December 2008, legal proceedings took place in the nearest town of Midyat for the continued existence of the monastery, the existence of which is threatened by state authorities in Turkey through expropriation and the dissolution of the monastery. New land registry registrations enable neighboring farmers who have not previously had any land register documents to claim lands belonging to the monastery for themselves. The plaintiffs are supported by local politicians from the ruling AKP . The European Union sent observers to the process.

Due to decisions of the Turkish Constitutional Court, the seminary of the Armenian Christians in Üsküdar ( Holy Cross seminar ) had to cease teaching in 1970, the Greek Orthodox seminary of Chalki founded in 1844 in the summer of 1971 and the Syrian Orthodox seminary that opened in the 1950s The internal seminary of the Mor Gabriel Monastery is closing its doors.

In Edirne in eastern Thracia , where Bulgarians and Greeks made up over half of the population in 1873, there are only two churches left today, which were restored in the 2000s.

In August 2011, the Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan decided by decree to return property and religious buildings confiscated in the past to some non-Muslim minorities in Turkey. The head of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , Bartholomew I , and representatives of the European Union responded positively and welcomed the decision as reparation for earlier injustices. The return of the confiscated real estate is a requirement of the EU in Turkey's accession negotiations with the European Union . However, this decree only applies to the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the Armenian Patriarchate and the Turkish Jews. Other religious communities are excluded from this.

In Ramadan 2016, the state television TRT will broadcast the recitation of verses from the Koran daily at 2 a.m. from Hagia Sophia in Istanbul . In addition, there were voices from the ruling AKP party that would like to make Hagia Sophia a permanent mosque again. This was then implemented in 2020.

International criticism

The elimination of discrimination against the Christian minority is one of the demands of the European Union in the accession negotiations with Turkey to the candidate Republic of Turkey.

In October 2010, the then German President Christian Wulff called on the Turkish state in a speech to the Turkish parliament in Ankara to improve the rights of Christians in the country and to enable them to practice their religion freely. "There is no doubt that Christianity belongs to Turkey," said Wulff in this speech.

The International Society for Human Rights (ISHR) criticized at the end of 2005 that the situation of religious minorities had rather deteriorated since the EU decision to negotiate accession . Among other things, the Erdoğan government failed to prevent attacks on Christians and churches in 2004. In addition, Turkey had not fulfilled some promises to the Christian communities. The crackdown on authors, civil rights activists and journalists who try to solve the genocide of the Armenians at the beginning of the 20th century is also condemned .

In 2006, the ISHR launched an international appeal under the motto “Turkey: First drive out the Christians, then to the EU?” In it, the ISHR once again called on the EU Council of Ministers , “in view of the negative development in Turkey, a clear clarification of the processes in the To demand Turkey and consistently insist on the fulfillment of the Copenhagen criteria ”. The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Bartholomew I , stated in 2006 that the situation of Christians in Turkey was turning "from bad to worse".

  • Cathedral of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, Fener , Istanbul

  • Roman Catholic Cathedral in Istanbul.

  • Armenian Apostolic Cathedral in Istanbul.

  • Armenian Catholic Cathedral in Istanbul.

  • Chaldean Cathedral in Diyarbakır.

  • Towers of the Syrian Orthodox Mor Gabriel Monastery in Tur Abdin

Christian communities

Churches of the Byzantine Rite

Armenian churches

Syrian rite churches

Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church in Turkey has 7 dioceses of different rites:

Evangelical church communities

Furthermore, small Protestant church communities have formed in modern Turkey , including

See also

literature

  • Susanne Landwehr: Christians in Turkey. Essay. In: Udo Steinbach (Ed.): Country Report Turkey (= series of publications of the Federal Agency for Civic Education . Volume 1282). Federal Agency for Civic Education, Bonn 2012, ISBN 978-3-8389-0282-1 , pp. 229-231.

Broadcast reports

Web links

Individual evidence

Commons : Christianity in Turkey  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files
  1. ↑ Svante Lundgren: The Assyrians from Nineveh to Gütersloh . LIT Verlag, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-643-13256-7 , pp. 176 .
  2. ↑ Christoph Leonhardt: The Levantine War: The Islamist Threat and the Redefinition of Political Alliances in Lebanon. A critical analysis of the positioning of interviewed Rum and Syrian Orthodox Christians. In: Martin Tamcke (Ed.): That is more than a contribution to international understanding. On the history and reception of the genocide against the Armenians (= Göttinger Orientforschungen I .: Syriaca Vol. 52). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2016, pp. 185–232.
  3. ↑ Oehring: Expert opinion. (PDF; 1.2 MB) (No longer available online.) April 6, 2008, p. 66 , archived from the original on January 12, 2012 ; Retrieved July 21, 2013 .
  4. ↑ Wolfgang Gust Own book reviews: Taner Akçam: A shame ful Act, The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish responsibility - Taner Akçam not only remembers the many Christian, but also the many Muslim victims of the fall of the Ottoman Empire in Europe - from Particularly prominent in contemporary Turkish historiography, largely concealed by the western one - at least to explain the indignation of many young Turks. As early as 1840, many Muslims had fled Europe after massacres. In the years 1855 to 1866 there were one million in the wake of the Crimean War. Hundreds of thousands fled Serbia and Crete and thousands more after the Russo-Ottoman War. And now there was the massacre of Muslims in the remaining Balkan regions. The spirit of revenge for these losses took root in the war academies in particular. [86] “The arrival of the Rumelian refugees after the end of 1912,” wrote the English historian Arnold Toynbee, who was visiting the country at the time, “created an unprecedented emotional tension in Anatolia and a desire for revenge.” “The last point is crucial for the following genocide against the Armenians, "writes Akçam," because it was precisely these people, who had just escaped massacres themselves, who played a central and direct role in the cleansing of non-Muslim elements from Anatolia. The dimension of this migration and its results become clearer if we recall that between 1878 and 1904 around 850,000 refugees were settled in the predominantly Armenian-inhabited areas alone. "[87]
  5. ↑ Ümit Kardaş: Do We Have to Defend the Actions of CUP? (No longer available online.) In: TodaysZaman. May 2, 2010; Archived from the original on May 5, 2010 ; accessed on May 9, 2010 (English).
  6. ↑ Ümit Kardaş: İttihatçıların eylemlerini savunmak zorunda mıyız? (No longer available online.) Dünya Bülteni, April 27, 2010, archived from the original on April 29, 2010 ; Retrieved May 9, 2010 (Turkish).
  7. ↑ Taner Akçam : A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility . Metropolitan Books, New York 2006, ISBN 0-8050-7932-7 , p. 42
  8. ^ Samuel Totten, Paul R. Bartrop , Steven Leonard Jacobs: Dictionary of Genocide . Greenwood Press, Westport (Connecticut) 2008, ISBN 978-0-313-32967-8 , p. 23
  9. ^ Charles King: The Black Sea: A History . Oxford University Press, New York 2004, ISBN 0-19-924161-9 , p. 210
  10. ↑ Omer Bartov , Eric D. Weitz: Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands . Indiana University Press, Indiana 2013, ISBN 978-0-253-00635-6 , p. 184
  11. ^ Sara Cohan: A Brief History of the Armenian Genocide . Social Education 69 (6), National Council for the Social Studies, 2005, pp. 333–337.
  12. ^ Michael Angold: Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christi . Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2 , p. 512.
  13. ↑ Anahid Ter Minassian: L'Arménie et l'éveil des nationalités (1800-1914) . In: Gérard Dédéyan (éd.): Histoire du peuple arménien . Editions private, Toulouse 2007- ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5 , p. 518.
  14. ↑ Grégoire Tafankejian: Mémoire en images. L'Arménie et les Arméniens . Alan Sutton, Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire 2010, ISBN 978-2-8138-0125-8 , p. 106.
  15. ↑ Turkey lost these areas after the treaties of Sèvres and Lausanne
  16. ^ David Marshall Lang: The Armenians: A People in Exile. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981, p. 37.
  17. ^ Tessa Hofmann (ed.): Persecution, expulsion and annihilation of Christians in the Ottoman Empire 1912–1922. LIT, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7823-6 .
  18. ↑ S. 1 (PDF; 252 kB) - A convention signed at the same time provided for a compulsory exchange of populations: about a million and a quarter Greeks left Turkey for Greece, and about half a million Turks returned to Turkey from Greece
  19. ↑ Naimark, Norman M .: Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe , Harvard 2001, ISBN 0-674-00313-6 , p. 55.
  20. ↑ p. 8 (PDF; 350 kB) - Wide-scale violence against the Greek community of Istanbul, believed to have been engineered by the Turkish government of then Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, destroyed an estimated 3-4,000 shops and precipitated the exodus of thousands of ethnic Greeks from the city in 1955.
  21. ↑ Fotios Moustakis The Greek-Turkish relationship and NATO , p. 90 in the Google Book Search - With regards to the Greek population in Turkey […] they have declined from about 110,000 at the time of the signing of the Lausanne Treaty in 1923
  22. ↑ James B. Cuno Who owns antiquity? , P. 80 in the Google book search - Ten years after the so-called "Istanbul Pogrom", the Greek population of Istanbul was only 48,000.
  23. ↑ a b Tessa Hofmann: Christian Minorities of Turkey ( Memento from November 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Situation of Christians in regions of Turkey (article is no longer online)
  25. ↑ Christians complain about school books. Report by the Westfalenpost from Hagen iW on October 6, 2011.
  26. ↑ Türkiye Kiliseleri Ortak Komisyonu: Temel İlkeleriyle Hristiyanlık, İstanbul Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi 2015
  27. ↑ Temel İlkeleriyle Hristiyanlık, SAT-7 TÜRK on YouTube
  28. ↑ A great moment of ecumenism in Turkey ( Memento from December 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: St.Georgs-Blatt, Österreichische St. Georgsgemeinde Istanbul, November 2015, p. 2
  29. ↑ Metropolitan Prof. Dr. Elpidophoros Lambriniadis: Speech for the book presentation "Christianity and its principles" ( Memento from December 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: St.Georgs-Blatt, Austrian St. Georgsgemeinde Istanbul, November 2015, p. 4
  30. ↑ welt.de: Christ could move into the Turkish parliament
  31. ↑ 3sat Kulturzeit (article is no longer online)
  32. ↑ On December 5, 2009, Die Welt wrote about the situation of Christians in Turkey: The difficult fate of Christians in Islam
  33. ↑ On the human rights situation - Turkey on the way to Europe - religious freedom? , missio-hilft.de , accessed on January 28, 2019
  34. ↑ http://www.livenet.ch/magazin/international/214872-evangelische_christen_pret_mehr_religionsfreiheit.html (accessed on: May 4, 2012).
  35. ^ Tezcan, Levent: Religious strategies of the feasible society. Managed religion and Islamist utopia in Turkey, Bielefeld 2003.
  36. ↑ Recep Kaymakcan: Pluralism and Constructivism in Turkish Religious Education for Religious Teachers and Religious Education Programs . In: B. Ucar, D. Bergmann (ed.): Islamic religious instruction in Germany. Didactic concepts: starting point, expectations and goals . Osnabrück 2010, pp. 180-200.
  37. ↑ Religious Office allows conversion from Islam (Der Standard, May 2, 2008)
  38. ↑ Diyanet website ( Memento of September 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (Turkish)
  39. ↑ Christopher Landau: Turkey denies Christians church , BBC News, October 31, 2008
  40. ^ Carsten Hoffmann, dpa: Christians have to wait , n-tv.de, June 20, 2008
  41. ↑ http://www.pro-oriente.at/?site=ne20120821151510
  42. ↑ Walter Conrad: Christian Places in Turkey: From Istanbul to Antakya. Catholic Biblical Work; Change New edition (2006).
  43. ↑ "Kurdish farmers sue against Syrian Orthodox Mar Gabriel monastery" (readable after free registration) , KAP in kath.web, August 29, 2008
  44. ↑ “Save the second Jerusalem!” FAZ.net, April 27, 2009
  45. ↑ Turkey returns real estate to minorities ( Memento of February 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Tagesschau de, August 30, 2011. Accessed on August 30, 2011
  46. ↑ Apparently no benefit from reimbursement of resignation among Catholics in Turkey ( Memento from July 28, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  47. ↑ [1]
  48. ↑ [2]
  49. ↑ "Christianity belongs to Turkey." Der Tagesspiegel , accessed on October 20, 2010
  50. ↑ a b International Society for Human Rights : Turkey: First drive out Christians, then into the EU? ( Memento of November 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) 2006