Grapefruit

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Grapefruit
Grapefruit rosé (Citrus × paradisi)

Grapefruit rosé ( Citrus × paradisi )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Sapindales (Sapindales)
Family : Rhombus family (Rutaceae)
Genre : Citrus plants ( citrus )
Type : Grapefruit
Scientific name
Citrus × paradisi
Fruits on the tree
Grapefruit, here with red pulp ( Citrus × paradisi )
Grapefruit with yellow pulp ( Citrus × paradisi )

The grapefruit ( Citrus × paradisi ), seldom also called Adam's apple or paradise apple , is the fruit of the grapefruit tree , a citrus plant that is a subtropical tree from the diamond family (Rutaceae). It is a cross that emerged from the orange ( Citrus × sinensis ) and grapefruit ( Citrus maxima ). In colloquial language (especially in northern Germany) it is therefore often referred to as grapefruit . The name grapefruit is a combination of the English words grape for grape and fruit for fruit. It refers to the vine-like shape in which the fruits grow on the tree. Other names are pumpkin orange and melon orange .

description

The evergreen tree is usually around five to six feet tall, but can grow up to 15 feet tall. The young shoots are angular and rarely slightly hairy.

The leaves are dark green, long (up to 15 cm) and thin. The shape is oval, the tip is blunt, the base of the leaf is rounded. The petiole is strongly broadened, the leaf blade is clearly separated from the petiole (unifoliates leaf).

The fragrant flowers are individually in the leaf axils or in little-flowered inflorescences. They consist of five fused sepals and five free, white colored petals . The ovary is oval and clearly from the pen sold. The 20 to 25 stamens are fused with the stamens to form several groups.

The round fruit, a berry , has a yellow skin, red-fleshed species can have a reddish tinge on the skin. The fruit is about 10-15 cm in diameter and has bitter flesh that is divided into segments. The individual segments have grown together and cannot be easily divided. The color of the flesh varies depending on the variety from a light yellow to a deep ruby ​​red. The central axis is usually completely filled with tissue. The seeds are smooth, white inside, they contain several embryos. Commercial varieties are mostly seedless.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

The bitter taste of grapefruit is due to the glycoside naringin , which is also contained in grapefruit and pomelos .

Economical meaning

In 2018, around 9.4 million tons of grapefruit (including pomelos ) were produced worldwide . Europe produced 86,971 t in the same period, the largest producers being Spain, Cyprus and France.

The ten largest producers in the world together generated 87.4% of the total harvest in 2018.

Largest grapefruit producers (2018)
rank country Quantity
(in t )
1 China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China 4,965,768
2 VietnamVietnam Vietnam 657.660
3 United StatesUnited States United States 558.830
4th MexicoMexico Mexico 459.610
5 South AfricaSouth Africa South Africa 445,385
6th IndiaIndia India 257,750
7th TurkeyTurkey Turkey 250,000
8th SudanSudan Sudan 234,388
9 ThailandThailand Thailand 219,838
10 IsraelIsrael Israel 148,896
world 9,374,739

sorts

The different types of grapefruit are divided into two main groups:

The white grapefruits, which have yellow pulp, and the red, the American Ruby variety, which was patented in 1929 with its pink pulp. Based on this, further red meat selections, mostly in Texas, were selected. The selections Rio Red, Star Ruby and Flame have the highest market shares and the deepest red pulp color. There are varieties with numerous seeds , but also selections almost entirely without seeds.

Intersections

The variety Oroblanco , a cross between Citrus maxima 'Siamese Sweet' and Citrus paradisi 'Marsh' is commercially available as Sweetie offered

The fruit sold under the trade name Sweetie with the correct variety name Oroblanco ( es : white gold ) is a cross between Citrus maxima 'Siamese Sweet' and Citrus × paradisi Marsh H4 and was created in California in 1958 .

There is also minneola , a cross between mandarin and grapefruit.

Origin and Distribution

It is believed that the grapefruit originated from a spontaneous cross between the grapefruit and the orange in Barbados around 1750 . In 1823 it came to Florida, where it has been grown commercially since 1875. Today it is grown in almost all subtropical countries in the world. The main producers are the USA with plantations in Florida and Texas . The main suppliers for Europe are Israel , Cyprus and Spain .

Relationships of the grapefruit

Drug interaction

In 1989, during investigations on a blood pressure drug, a significant reduction in the effectiveness of grapefruit consumption was discovered by chance. It is now known that some ingredients in grapefruit interact with certain medicinal products . These interactions can be serious.

In particular, the substances naringenin , 6 ', 7'-dihydroxybergamottin and bergamottin contained in grapefruit , which inhibit cytochrome P450 1A2 in the liver, or naringin , which inhibits CYP3A4 , delay the metabolism and thus the (hepatic) Degradation of various substances (which increases their bioavailability many times over). This also significantly influences the effect and duration of action of various drugs and medicines, such as those of cyclosporine A , dextromethorphan , estradiol , felodipine , ivabradine , caffeine , midazolam , nifedipine , simvastatin , tacrolimus , terfenadine , verapamil , sertraline .

Naringin, the glycoside of naringenin, is responsible for another important interaction in grapefruit. Naringin inhibits the function of the anion - transport peptide OATP1A2 in the intestine. Medicinal substances, which are mainly absorbed from the intestine into the body via this transporter, only reach the blood in a greatly reduced amount of around 50%, which means that the desired concentration is not achieved. So far, a reduced bioavailability has been demonstrated for various substances, including atenolol , celiprolol , ciclosporin , ciprofloxacin , etoposide , fexofenadine , itraconazole , levofloxacin , quetiapine , talinolol .

Interactions may occur with grapefruit juice also the following drugs: atorvastatin , bexarotene , budesonide , buspirone , cisapride , cyclophosphamide , darifenacin , dasatinib , felodipine , fentanyl , gallopamil , ifosfamide , lovastatin , nifedipine , nisoldipine , pimozide , sildenafil , simvastatin , sirolimus , tacrolimus , Tadalafil , Terfenadine , Vardenafil , Verapamil, and Zolpidem .

It is therefore useful to find out about possible interactions with grapefruit products while taking medication.

Grapefruits, like other citrus fruits, also contain antioxidant substances, so-called radical scavengers, and the fiber pectin . In 2006 it was published that grapefruit not only helps you lose weight, but can also prevent diabetes mellitus . The effect is based on the fact that the sugar metabolism works better after eating grapefruit and therefore the blood sugar level is lower and thus less insulin has to be produced.

ingredients

100 g grapefruit contain:
Calorific value water sugar fat potassium Calcium magnesium vitamin C
161-209 kJ (38-50 kcal ) 86-89 g approx. 8 g 0.2 g 180 mg 18 mg 10 mg 44 mg
Recommended Adult Daily Allowance
potassium Calcium magnesium vitamin C
9% 2% 3% 59%

See also

literature

  • W. Reuther, HJ Webber, LD Batchelor (Eds.): The Citrus Industry. Volume 1 & 2. University of California Press, Berkley 1967.

Web links

Commons : Grapefruit ( Citrus × paradisi )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Grapefruit  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Waldemar Ternes , Alfred Täufel, Lieselotte Tunger, Martin Zobel (eds.): Food Lexicon . 4th, comprehensively revised edition. Behr, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-89947-165-2 , pp. 732 .
  2. ↑ E. Nicolosi et al. a .: Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. In: Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Heidelberg 100.8, 2004, pp. 1155-1166. ISSN  0040-5752
  3. ↑ Translation list for fruits and vegetables. Vegetarismus.ch, based on: Gisela Schmidt: Gourmet journey through our four seasons. Zurich 1995.
  4. ↑ Citrus × paradisi at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ↑ a b c Crops> Grapefruit (inc. Pomelos). In: FAO production statistics 2018. fao.org, accessed on March 13, 2020 (English).
  6. ↑ Waldemar Ternes , Alfred Täufel, Lieselotte Tunger, Martin Zobel (eds.): Food Lexicon . 4th, comprehensively revised edition. Behr, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-89947-165-2 , pp. 1205 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  7. ↑ Friedrich Zeller: Origin, Diversity and Breeding of the Banana and Cultivated Citrus Species (=  Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics . Supplement 81). January 2005, p. 65 ( uni-kassel.de [PDF; accessed on January 24, 2014]).
  8. ↑ Nicholas Bakalar: Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice. In: The New York Times . March 21, 2006, accessed January 24, 2014.
  9. ↑ Torsten Kratz, Albert Diefenbacher: Psychopharmacotherapy in old age. Avoidance of drug interactions and polypharmacy. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt. Volume 116, Issue 29 f. (July 22) 2019, pp. 508-517, p. 511.
  10. ^ Petra Zagermann-Muncke: Grapefruit and Medicines. In: Pharmaceutical newspaper online. Retrieved May 9, 2008 .
  11. ↑ Information for professionals: Zoloft 50/100 mg, film-coated tablets. In: on fachinfo.de. Retrieved February 10, 2017 . .
  12. ↑ Grapefruit - New mechanism of interaction discovered. In: Pharmaceutical newspaper . 35/2008.
  13. ↑ DG Bailey, GK Dresser, BF Leake, RB Kim: Naringin is a major and selective clinical inhibitor of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) in grapefruit juice. In: Clin Pharmacol Ther . 81 (4), Apr 2007, pp. 495-502. Epub 2007 Feb 14. PMID 17301733 .
  14. ↑ JJ Lilja, K. Raaska, PJ Neuvonen: Effects of orange juice on the pharmacokinetics of atenolol. In: Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 61 (5-6), July 2005, pp. 337-340. Epub 2005 Jun 28, PMID 15983823 .
  15. ↑ JJ Lilja, L. Juntti-Patinen, PJ Neuvonen: Orange juice substantially reduces the bioavailability of the beta-adrenergic-blocking agent celiprolol. In: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 75 (3), March 2004, pp. 184-190. PMID 15001969 .
  16. ^ UI Schwarz, PE Johnston, DG Bailey, RB Kim, G. Mayo, A. Milstone: Impact of citrus soft drinks relative to grapefruit juice on ciclosporin disposition. In: Br J Clin Pharmacol . 62 (4), Oct 2006, pp. 485-491. PMID 16995870
  17. ↑ MO Akinleye, HA Coker, CM Chukwuani, AW Adeoye: Effect of Five Alive fruit juice on the dissolution and absorption profiles of ciprofloxacin. In: Nig QJ Hosp Med. 17 (1), Jan-Mar 2007, pp. 53-57. PMID 17688173 .
  18. ^ S. Reif, MC Nicolson, D. Bisset, M. Reid, C. Kloft, U. Jaehde, HL McLeod: Effect of grapefruit juice intake on etoposide bioavailability. In: Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 58 (7), Oct 2002, pp. 491-494. Epub 2002 Sep 3. PMID 12389073 .
  19. ↑ Dresser GK, Kim RB, DG Bailey: Effect of grapefruit juice volume on the reduction of fexofenadine bioavailability: possible role of organic anion transporting polypeptides. In: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 77 (3), Mar 2005, pp. 170-177. PMID 15735611 .
  20. Jump up ↑ SR Penzak, PO Gubbins, BJ Gurley, PL Wang, M. Saccente: Grapefruit juice decreases the systemic availability of itraconazole capsules in healthy volunteers. Ther Drug Monit . 21 (3), Jun 1999, pp. 304-309. PMID 10365642 .
  21. ^ AW Wallace, JM Victory, GW Amsden: Lack of bioequivalence when levofloxacin and calcium-fortified orange juice are coadministered to healthy volunteers. In: J Clin Pharmacol. 43 (5), May 2003, pp. 539-544. PMID 12751275 .
  22. ^ UI Schwarz, D. Seemann, R. Oertel, S. Miehlke, E. Kuhlisch, MF Fromm, RB Kim, DG Bailey, W. Kirch: Grapefruit juice ingestion significantly reduces talinolol bioavailability. In: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 77 (4), Apr 2005, pp. 291-301. PMID 15903127 .
  23. ↑ H. Wunderer: Interactions: Not every drug tolerates grapefruit juice. In: Pharm. Ztg. 143, 1998, pp. 2467-2478.
  24. ↑ Specialist information from the ARZNEIMITTEL - KOMPENDIUM der Schweiz ®
  25. ↑ Technical information from the FachInfo-Service - ROTE-LISTE.
  26. ↑ Ken Fujioka, Frank Greenway, Judy Sheard, Yu Ying: The Effects of Grapefruit on Weight and Insulin Resistance: Relationship to the Metabolic Syndrome In: Journal of Medicinal Food. 9 (1), Spring 2006, pp. 49-54. doi: 10.1089 / jmf.2006.9.49 .
  27. ↑ a b EU Nutrition Labeling Directive (EU NWKRL 90/496 / EEC).
  28. ↑ Rewe nutritional table.