Gold lacquer

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Gold lacquer
Gold lacquer (Erysimum cheiri)

Gold lacquer ( Erysimum cheiri )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Genre : Scot oak ( Erysimum )
Type : Gold lacquer
Scientific name
Erysimum cheiri
( L. ) Crantz

The gold lacquer ( Erysimum cheiri ) is a species of the genus Schöteriche ( Erysimum ) within the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). Cultivars of this kind are used as ornamental plants in temperate areas around the world ; it used to be called Cheiranthus cheiri . The name gold lacquer refers to the original flower color. In the language of flowers , gold lacquer stands for longing or "I long for you".

Description and ecology

Illustration from Otto Wilhelm Thomé: Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland , 1885

Vegetative characteristics

The gold lacquer is a biennial or perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 60 centimeters. The upright to ascending shoot axes can lignify in the lower area ( Chamaephyt ). The lower leaves are in a rosette and have a short stalk. Your leaf blade is up to 10 centimeters long, lanceolate and has double-stranded hair . The leaves along the stem axis are crowded, much smaller and almost sessile.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period in Central Europe extends from May to June. The racemose inflorescence contains 10 to 30 strongly scented, nectar-bearing plumeria flowers, the crown of which is yellow to brown or reddish in color due to the interaction of the red anthocyanin cyanidin with various carotenoids , in the wild form golden yellow. The flowers are quite large with a diameter of 20, rarely up to 25 millimeters. The scar is deeply bilobed, the lobes are later curved back. Two nectaries at the base of the short stamens separate the nectar into the sepal sacs that serve as juice holders. Bees and bumblebees are responsible for pollination .

The upright pod is hairy, 2.5 to 6 centimeters long, up to 3.5 millimeters wide and compressed from the back. The pods of the gold lacquer are wind spreaders . The chromosome number is 2n = 12 or 14.

Toxicity

The plant is poisonous due to the cardenolides ( Cheiranthin ) that act on the heart.

Occurrence

The gold lacquer is a garden refugee and originally native to southeast Europe, especially in the Mediterranean area, where it grows in the wild in rock corridors. In Central Europe, gold lacquer is now a wild and naturalized archaeophyte , which occurs mainly in warmer areas, but is only scattered for the time being. Nevertheless, the gold lacquer is also spreading here. It thrives in Central Europe as a character species of the Cheiranthus cheiri society, which belongs to the Centrantho-Parietarion association.

Gold lacquer in art

In Upper German the gold lacquer was referred to as "Gelbveiglein" ("yellow violet") and has been present in German poetry since the Minnesang . Heinrich Heine later used it in his Schwabenspiegel (1838) and in Atta Troll (1847) as a metaphor for the intellectual and linguistic narrowness of the Swabian poets.

Around 1410 the gold lacquer was depicted in the painting “ Paradiesgärtlein ”. The species was already widespread in the 16th century. The first filled shapes are known from the garden of Matthias Lobelius from 1570 , and brownish shapes have also existed since the 18th century. As a result, a large number of other varieties developed, which were divided into two groups: the low and branched bush lacquer and the high, unbranched pole lacquer .

The 'Chelsea Jacket' variety

use

Polished lacquer was a cut flower that was frequently used at times in the 19th and 20th centuries ; at the turn of the 21st century it lost its importance as a cut flower. Its importance as a garden plant has also decreased considerably in Germany, and so it is only used as an ornamental plant today. In the past, however, the flowers, seeds and herbs of gold lacquer were also used as medicinal plants. a. against itchy skin, ulcers, with spleen diseases and to promote menstruation and childbirth. A face tonic was made from gold lacquer flowers.

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the gold lacquer : Bauernveigel ( Augsburg ), Bohnafeiele ( Appenzell ), Gelb Feyel, Fijnelken ( Unterweser ), Giel Foaltcher ( Transylvania ), Gelfyoln ( Low German ), Goldenlack, church (Halle), churches , Yellow lacquer, common lacquer, Gülden lacquer ( Thuringia ), Lak ( Graubünden ), lacquer stick, lacquer viole, Lamberter Foultcher (Transylvania), yellow levkoje, Majanegelli (Appenzell), Mariastengel (Appenzell), yellow wall flower, Mayennägeli ( Schaffhausen ), Gäle Nägeln, Negelviole, Nelke ( Hessen ), Nelkenviole, Poperli ( St. Gallen near Werdenberg ), Stammanägeli ( Aargau , Appenzell, St. Gallen), stock vector ( Eifel ), Strössburger (Appenzell), Strösserli (Appenzell), Veiali (st. Gallen), Geel Veiel, Yellow Veigel (Augsburg, Brixen ), Vieltjes ( Helgoland ), Vigeli (Appenzell), Gäl Vilken ( Altmark ), Yellow Viole, Viöndli (Graubünden), Viönli ( Bern ) and Geel Violaten.

history

In the 1st century Dioscorides described a "leukoion" (Λευκόϊον), which he divided into four subspecies according to the flower color (white, yellow, blue or purple). Only the yellow "leukoion", which was interpreted by the fathers of botany as gold lacquer, was used for medicinal purposes. Externally as a hip bath for abdominal complaints and to promote menstruation, in wax ointment to treat rhagades , as a poultice against spleen complaints and gout . A decoction of the fruit should stimulate menstrual bleeding and drive the afterbirth. Pliny described the same applications for the "viola lutea". These indications were adopted by later authors.

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literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. Page 473. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  2. ↑ Heinz-Dieter Krausch: Kaiserkron and Peonies red ... From the discovery and introduction of our garden flowers . Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2007. ISBN 978-3-423-34412-8 , p. 100.
  3. ^ Renate Francke: Poems 1845-1856 . Comment. Walter de Gruyter, 2008. ISBN 978-3-05-005303-5 (p. 343)
  4. ↑ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6
  5. ↑ Cf. Heinz-Dieter Krausch: Kaiserkron and Peonies red ... From the discovery and introduction of our garden flowers . Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2007. ISBN 978-3-423-34412-8 , pp. 100-102.
  6. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882, page 89 f. ( online ).
  7. ↑ Julius Berendes : Des Pedanius Dioskurides medicament theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book III, Cap. 128 (digitized)
  8. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century. Naturalis historia Book XXI, Chapter XIV (§ 27): Viola lutea (digitized version) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  9. ↑ Galen . De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus . (Kühn edition, Volume XII, p. 58) Leucoji (digital version )
  10. ↑ Pseudo-Dioscorides de herbis feminis . (5th century) According to HF Kästner in Hermes Vol. 31 (1896), pp. 578–636, here p. 631: Viola aurosa (digitized version )
  11. ↑ C pg 545 , Nuremberg 1474, Journal 115v-116r: Yellow veÿel water who vnkewscht to sere Item is yellow Feyel water well to the to sere have vnkewscht with frawen getruncken it kreftiget to adding to the livers Vnd kreftigt the livers vnd Niren fruchtper And also makes the frawen fruchper and cleans them even after the purge to the heart and it is also good to whom the heart is drunk for the sake of the celt, so it sharpens the synne and makes you easy to digest and to the plut Vnd is pleased vnd lewtter vnd creates the spoiled plut for the marck in pain Vnd wermbt the marck in peynen for the parlis and drip Vnd is good that parlis has gotten or the drip struck the ym the tongue is lam that he doesn't talk may be the sol because you have your mouth and then you spout and a drink and it has hit your limbs or sides to drink the sol of the water and to shake yourself with emery for hen and to whom the hand trembles with emery and not drinking from the heart and he cultivates the heart that too vil hicz had puffed and it delights the puffed for flek vndtter the eyes and is also good for all stain vntter the eyes they are hot or cranked and makes the look clear wetag vnnd all shots of the haubtz item and a cloth over it a dunked vnd vmb the haubt pound that lays all the vetages of the haubtz and also the shots and makes you sleep (digitized)
  12. ↑ Cpg 558 , Northern Bavaria, around 1470–1485, sheet 22v: Geel veÿel water is good for those who have traded to it, the stercket es vnd created the livers vnd dÿ niren: Vnd makes the frawen Fruchtpar vnd ranniget sÿe after the purged Vnd is also Gütt if the brain is cold, it gets vnd stercket dÿ sÿnne / vnd creates the snatches / vnd makes good sÿnne and delights the sele and the mind: vnd loosens and creates the spoiled plundered: vnd the march jn the pannen all kalte sucht auss: It is good that: the barleÿ: ader the slag has hit: the ÿm the tongue is lame. And not to mention it can be drunk: and it has hit the face, drunk the trembling: vnd the heart grows a little: and the plucked is delighted: and is also good for all the spots that are beneath the face are hot or cold : vnd makes white and clear antlücz: vnd a cloth is good a geneczet vnd ​​vmb that haubpt pounded that puts all wetage and shots dez haubptz and makes you sleepy (digitized)
  13. ↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . Printed in Augsburg (Johannes Blaubirer) 1481, Cap. 9: Yellow Veyel (digitized)
  14. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485. Edition Augsburg (Schönsperger) 1485, chapter 105: Cheiri gel fioln (digitized version )
  15. ↑ Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, Chapter 111: Cheiri (digitized version )
  16. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 53v-54r: gel violen (digital copy )
  17. ^ Otto Brunfels : Contrafeyt Kreüterbuch. Strasbourg 1532, p. 95: Violants (digitized version)
  18. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter book. Strasbourg 1539, book I, cap. 191: Violants (digitized version)
  19. ^ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch. Strasbourg 1543, Cap. 174 Veiel (digitized version)
  20. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli . Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheets 301v - 302r: Gelb Negelveieln (digitized)
  21. ↑ Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 397: Keiri (digitized version ) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially designed in French, but now after the third edition, enlarged by a large one [...] translated into High German / by Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 592: Keiri (digitized version )
  22. ^ Husemann : Handbook of the entire drug theory. Springer, Berlin 2nd edition 1883, p. 418 (digitized version)

Web links

Commons : Goldlack ( Erysimum cheiri )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files