Eurasian Economic Union

Eurasian Economic Union EAEU, EAEU, EEU
emblem
flag
Current members
Organization type	Economic union
Seat of the organs	Almaty ( Development Bank ) Minsk (Court of Justice) Moscow (Commission)
Chair	Belarus since January 1, 2020
Member States	5 :  Armenia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Belarus
Official and working languages	Armenian Kazakh Kyrgyz Russian Belarusian
surface	20,264,539 (including Crimea) km²
population	182.6 million
Population density	8.99 inhabitants per km²
gross domestic product	$ 3,915.7 billion
Gross domestic product per inhabitant	$ 12,031
founding	First proposal: 1994 Community of Integrated States : March 29, 1996 Eurasian Economic Community : October 10, 2000 Customs Union: January 1st, 2010/6. July 2010 Joint agreement: November 18, 2011 Eurasian Economic Area: January 1, 2012 Contract signature: May 29, 2014 Entry into force: January 1, 2015
Currencies	Armenian Dram (AMD) Kazakh Tenge (KZT) Kyrgyz Som (KGS) Russian Ruble (RUB) Belarusian Ruble (BYN)
Time zone	UTC +3 to UTC +12
www.eaeunion.org

The Eurasian Economic Union ( EAWU , EAEU , EEU ) is an association of five states in the Northeast Eurasia into a single market with the Customs Union . The Economic Union emerged from the Eurasian Economic Community with effect from January 1, 2015 .

The founding agreement was signed by Kazakhstan , Russia and Belarus on May 29, 2014 . An accession agreement was signed with Armenia on October 10, 2014. Kyrgyzstan joined the Union on August 12, 2015. The aim of the Eurasian Economic Union is to facilitate the exchange of goods, capital, services and labor. In addition, the five countries want to coordinate parts of their economic policy along the lines of the European Union .

Surname

The names Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU ) and Eurasian Union (EaU) have been used variously over the years. In his inaugural address to the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, Vladimir Putin used both terms. The English version of the official website uses the name Eurasian Economic Union with the abbreviation “EAEU”.

Members

Member States of the EAEU (Crimea disputed)

country	Capital	Signature date	Date of joining	Population in millions	Inhabitant %	Area in km²	Area in%
Armenia	Yerevan	October 10, 2014	2nd January 2015	3.0 (2018)	1.6%	29,800	0.15%
Kazakhstan	Nur-Sultan	May 29, 2014	January 1, 2015	18.0 (2017)	9.9%	2,724,900	13.45%
Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek	23rd December 2014	August 12, 2015	5.6 (2012 estimate)	3.0%	199,900	0.99%
Russia	Moscow	May 29, 2014	January 1, 2015	146.5 (2015 estimate, with Crimea)	80.2%	17,102,344 (with Crimea)	84.40%
Belarus	Minsk	May 29, 2014	January 1, 2015	9.5 (2016)	5.2%	207,595	1.02%
TOTAL				182.6	100%	20,264,539	100%

Candidate countries

The government of Tajikistan has expressed an interest in joining the organization. Studies should clarify in advance possible economic consequences for the country. Tajikistan was already a member of the various predecessor organizations. Tajikistan currently has candidate status.

Possible expansion candidates

On the basis of different partnerships between the CIS states and political statements, a number of states are being treated as possible candidates for membership. These include Tajikistan , Mongolia and Uzbekistan . In some cases, these are political processes for which a final position has not yet been found or communicated. It should be noted that Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the other Central Asian countries are already members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation , led by Iran and Turkey .

Ukraine

For a long time the Russian government tried unsuccessfully to include Ukraine in the planning for the Eurasian Economic Union. In August 2013, Ukraine applied for observer status in the Eurasian Economic Union. Under Viktor Yanukovych , however, the Ukrainian government had set itself the goal of signing an association agreement with the European Union in November 2013 .

The planned association agreement was suspended in November 2013 due to political differences between Ukraine and the European Union and even more so due to pressure from Russia. This announcement led to unrest in Kiev (see Euromaidan ) and ultimately to the overthrow of President Yanukovych and his government. The Ukrainian interim government finally signed the agreement with the EU in spring 2014.

Relations between Russia and Ukraine have deteriorated immensely as a result of the Russian annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbass . According to Russian information, the entry into force of the EU free trade agreement was the reason for the unilateral Russian cancellation of the 2011 free trade agreement with Ukraine on January 1, 2016.

Uzbekistan

On November 12, 2013, Uzbek Senate Chairman Ilgisar Sobirov said that Uzbekistan was considering joining the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. The then Uzbek President Islom Karimov , however, rejected this. According to representative surveys in 2012, 2013 and 2014 two thirds of the Uzbek population were in favor of joining the Eurasian Economic Union. President Karimov, on the other hand, spoke out against the Eurasian Economic Union on several occasions.

On May 11, 2020, the Senate, the upper house of the Uzbek parliament, voted to allow the country to join the organization as an observer. The result was clear: of the 91 MPs, 71 voted for observer status, 16 against, and four abstained. The Senate vote was the last hurdle to implement the project. The House of Commons had already voted in favor by a large majority at the end of April. At that time, 132 of 150 MPs had taken part in the vote. 86 had voted “yes”, with 32 “no” votes and 14 abstentions.

Mongolia

After a meeting with the Mongolian ambassador and Tigran Sargsyan , chairman of the Eurasian Economic Commission, in September 2016, the press service of the Eurasian Economic Union announced that Mongolia was considering joining the EAEU.

Azerbaijan

In an interview with Dmitri Kisselev, the head of the Russian media company "Rossija sevodnya" (Russia today), in Baku in October 2016, President Ilham Aliyev said that Azerbaijan was basically satisfied with its current foreign policy constitution (non-membership in an organization). However, should the Eurasian Union become more attractive in the future, membership could be considered.

Armenia, which is in a longstanding conflict with Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, has already announced that it intends to exercise its veto right against Baku's possible membership in the EAEU. Previously, Putin's former advisor Sergei Glazyev had emphasized that Azerbaijan's accession to the EAEU would depend on Armenia's position.

Syria

In July 2015, Syrian Prime Minister Wael al-Halki expressed an interest in Syria joining the Eurasian Economic Union.

Countries not generally recognized internationally

Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics (Ukraine)

Shortly after the founding of the Donetsk People's Republic , representatives of the internationally unrecognized republic declared that the Donetsk People's Republic wanted to become a member of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Community of non-recognized states

The Community of Non-Recognized States (officially: Community for Democracy and the Rights of the Peoples ) is an informal union of the de facto regimes in Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia and Transnistria, which arose after the collapse of the Soviet Union , but were largely not recognized internationally .

Abkhazia and South Ossetia (Georgia)

In the summer of 2013, Georgian television stations reported that the internationally unrecognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia could be integrated into the Eurasian Economic Union. This would require Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia to recognize the independence of these areas as well, which would bring them into open confrontation with Georgia. "That is why Moscow has now hatched the plan to integrate the two areas more closely , " said Georgian parliamentary president Dawit Usupashvili in October 2014, adding that "another step towards permanent annexation" for Georgia. An Abkhaz-Russian association agreement of November 2014 stipulates that Abkhazia will align its trade laws with those of the Eurasian Economic Union. Through bilateral Abkhaz-Russian and South Ossetian-Russian integration treaties, these two republics are de facto associated with the Eurasian Union.

Transnistria (Moldova)

On November 20, 2012, the president of the de facto republic of Transnistria (own name: Pridnestrovie ), which is not de jure recognized internationally , adopted a foreign policy concept for his country's accession. In this the integration of Transnistria into the customs union / Eurasian Union is defined as a priority of the Transnistrian foreign policy.

Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan)

In September 2013, Armenia announced its intention to join the customs union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. At the time, experts estimated that if Armenia joined, the internationally unrecognized Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh would de facto be integrated into the Eurasian Economic Union. Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev expressed concerns in December 2013 that no reliable customs border could be drawn between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. The Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan stayed away from the Customs Union meeting in Minsk in April 2014. Nazarbayev, however, stated that he considers all existing disagreements on the way to the Eurasian Union to be surmountable. The chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee in the Armenian Parliament, Artak Zakarian, announced on May 14, 2014 that Armenia would not establish a customs border with Nagorno-Karabakh. However, the Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov assured his Azerbaijani counterpart that Nagorno-Karabakh would not be integrated into the Customs Union / EaU.

observer

Peru

During his trip to Russia in November 2014, the Peruvian President Ollanta Humala declared that Peru was seeking observer status in the Eurasian Economic Union.

Republic of Moldova

On May 14, 2018, it was announced that the Republic of Moldova will receive observer status.

FTA

Egypt

According to several press reports, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Egyptian President Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi declared in February 2015 that a free trade area would exist between the Eurasian Economic Union and Egypt from then on .

Vietnam

According to press reports, Vietnam and the Eurasian Economic Union concluded negotiations on a free trade agreement before January 31, 2015. The signing took place in a ceremony in the Vietnamese province of Kien Giang. With it, legal and practical barriers in various areas such as B. trade, intellectual property and quarantine regulations for plants and animals.

Another source said the free trade agreement was concluded in Burabay, Kazakhstan. The agreement was signed by the Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung and the Prime Ministers of the EUAW member states in the presence of the chairman of the Eurasian Economic Commission of the EAEU Viktor Khristenko and came into force on October 5, 2016. This free trade agreement is the first that the EAEU has concluded with another state.

Serbia

On October 25, 2019, Serbia and the member states of the EAEU signed a free trade agreement. The agreement, negotiated since 2016, extends the previous bilateral agreements with Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan to include the other members Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. According to this, Serbia can export 2,000 tons of cigarettes, 90,000 liters of wine, 400 tons of cheese made from cow's milk as well as unlimited quantities of goat cheese, sheep's cheese and fruit brandy duty-free to the EAEU.

Possible candidates

People's Republic of China

The states of the Eurasian Economic Union have adopted a resolution to start negotiations on the conclusion of a free trade and economic cooperation agreement with the People's Republic of China.

European Union

In the first week of January 2015, the Russian Ambassador Vladimir Tschischow suggested that the EU not form a joint free trade area with North America ( TTIP ), but one with the Eurasian Economic Union. The countries of the Eastern Partnership , which so far belong neither to the EU nor to the EAEU, could also play a role.

On January 23, 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel took up the proposal during talks in Davos and spoke of the possibility of a free trade zone "from Lisbon to Vladivostok ". The prerequisite is a peaceful solution to the Ukraine crisis .

India

According to press reports, India has expressed an interest in a free trade agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union.

Iran

The Eurasian Economic Union and Iran plan to set the course for a common free trade area. In May 2018, on the sidelines of the economic forum in the Kazakh capital Nur-Sultan, an interim agreement with an initial term of three years to create a free trade area was signed. It was agreed that within this time the sides would reach a full agreement on the free trade area.

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe expressed the desire for a joint free trade agreement.

Tunisia

In January 2015, representatives of the Tunisian authorities expressed their wish to form a free trade area with the Eurasian Economic Union.

Turkey

In view of ongoing tensions with various countries of the European Union, Turkey threatens to withdraw from the agreement signed in 1995 on the common customs union with the EU and instead to establish a new customs union with the Eurasian Union.

history

precursor

The efforts to found a Eurasian Union go back to the Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev , who brought them up for discussion back in 1994. Two years later, on March 29, 1996, the Community of Integrated States was founded. In fact, it never took up its work, but the five members founded the Eurasian Economic Community in 2000 . The aim of both alliances was the dismantling of trade barriers.

Customs union

On July 6, 2010, a customs union was founded within the Eurasian Economic Community , which included Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Originally planned for January 1st, the entry into force had to be postponed due to the pending ratification of the Customs Code by Belarus. All customs borders between the three countries were dismantled by July 2011. The Ukraine enjoys through various free trade agreements with many goods duty-free access to the common market of the Customs Union. On October 19, 2011, the Eurasian Economic Community announced that Kyrgyzstan would join the customs union in the near future.

In October 2011, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova , Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Belarus signed another agreement to create a free trade area .

On November 18, 2011, the presidents of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed an agreement of principle in which the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union was set for January 2015. A transition to the next phase of integration should take place as early as 2012; the Eurasian Economic Commission would start its work this year.

Common economic space and dispute over supranational parliament

On January 1, 2012, the next step was the implementation of the Common Economic Area (CES) in Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus. There is thus a common economic space for goods, capital, services and labor.

This is the prerequisite for a stable and efficient development of the economies of the participants and an increase in the standard of living. The common economic space is based on the norms and principles of the World Trade Organization and is open to the accession of other states at every stage of its formation. The political scientist Fyodor Lukyanov said that Russia is wooing Ukraine above all : "If Kiev agrees to join the Eurasian Economic Union, it would immediately become a powerful regional structure." In February 2012, the Eurasian Economic Commission was set up, which covers both the customs union also regulates the common economic area.

In February 2012, the Chairman of the Russian State Duma, Sergei Naryshkin , said that after the establishment of the Customs Union and Common Economic Area, states intend to start creating supranational authorities. Since the Eurasian Commission should not have a legislative function, one could talk about the establishment of a Eurasian parliament in the near future. This is intended to replace the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the Eurasian Economic Community and to develop legal provisions in the fundamental areas of law. Ultimately, it should be a full, democratically elected parliament. According to Naryshkin, the three countries of the customs union have organized a working group to set up such a new parliament. This Russian move was received with skepticism on the part of Kazakhstan, said the secretary of the Kazakh Unity Party , Yerlan Karin: “One should not rush into the political component, but focus on economic integration.” After reiterated in September 2013 by the Russian side The chairman of the Kazakh Foreign Committee Maulen Ashimbayev made it clear that Kazakhstan did not support this initiative: “The maximum we are talking about in this treaty is the agreement on interparliamentary cooperation - and there is already."

On December 19, 2012, Vladimir Putin's economic advisor, Sergei Glazyev, stated that the introduction of a single currency in the Eurasian Economic Union had been discussed several times but had not yet been decided. He also said that the ruble naturally predominates within the framework of the customs union : "The weight of the ruble in mutual trade between the three countries is around 90%."

In September 2013, the presidents of Armenia and Russia announced that the Caucasus state would join the customs union and subsequently the Eurasian Union. Syria also declared its intention to join the customs union.

In October 2013, the Belarusian President Aljaksandr Lukashenka spoke out on the question of how deep the integration of the economic union should go. He supported the Kazakh position and said that you have to do what is important for the people at the moment. “We have to be independent and sovereign states,” Lukashenko continued. There was no need to talk about a political superstructure and a single currency until one got far enough.

Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev also affirmed in December 2013 that a political union was excluded: “Areas such as border protection, security and defense policy, health, education (...) and culture have nothing to do with economic integration and therefore cannot be part of the Take place within an economic union. As an independent state, we (also) cooperate with other states and organizations. The Union should not hinder us. ”Nazarbayev also suggested that Turkey be admitted to the Union to counter fears that a“ second USSR is being planned ”.

At the beginning of May 2014, after talks with the Russian government, Lukashenka announced that from a Belarusian point of view, all problems had been solved. Especially when it comes to exporting cars produced in Belarus to Russia, an agreement would have been reached, so the conclusion of the contract for the economic union would not be blocked.

On May 29, 2014, the presidents of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus signed the founding treaty for the economic union in Astana . The national parliaments approved the treaty in September and October of the same year.

An accession agreement was signed with Armenia on October 10, 2014, and one with Kyrgyzstan on December 23. Due to various deadlines, Kyrgyzstan will only join the Union in May 2015, but the Kyrgyz Parliament has adopted some Union laws prematurely in order to work together in various areas from the beginning of the year.

2015

The economic union was established on January 1, 2015. Armenia only became a de jure member of the Union from January 2nd, and Kyrgyzstan only from May 2015. Nevertheless, they de facto already participate from the date of establishment.

Ratification of the treaty

Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union
country	Date of decision	institution	Yes	No	Abstentions	absence	Come into effect	swell
Belarus	October 9, 2014	Belarusian House of Representatives	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	January 1, 2015
	October 9, 2014	Belarusian Council of the Republic	64	0	0	0
	October 9, 2014	president	signed
Kazakhstan	September 9, 2014	Maschilis	101	0	3	4th	January 1, 2015
	October 9, 2014	Kazakh Senate	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned
	October 14, 2014	president	signed
Russia	September 26, 2014	duma	441	0	1	8th	January 1, 2015
	October 1, 2014	Federation Council	140	0	0	30th
	3rd October 2014	president	signed
Treaty of Accession of the Republic of Armenia to the Eurasian Economic Union on May 29, 2014
country	Date of decision	institution	Yes	No	Abstentions	absence	Come into effect	swell
Armenia	4th December 2014	National Assembly	103	7th	1	20th	2nd January 2015
	December 30, 2014	president	signed
Belarus	19th December 2014	Belarusian Council of the Republic	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	2nd January 2015
	19th December 2014	Belarusian House of Representatives	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned
	December 29, 2014	president	signed
Kazakhstan	December 18, 2014	Maschilis	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	2nd January 2015
	19th December 2014	Kazakh Senate	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned
	December 24, 2014	president	signed
Russia	December 10, 2014	duma	441	1	0	8th	2nd January 2015
	17th December 2014	Federation Council	149	0	0	21st
	22nd December 2014	president	signed
Treaty of Accession of the Kyrgyz Republic to the Eurasian Economic Union on December 23, 2014
country	Date of decision	institution	Yes	No	Abstentions	absence	Come into effect	swell
Armenia	June 16, 2015	National Assembly	91	4th	0	0	August 12, 2015
	June 18, 2015	president	signed
Belarus	June 26, 2015	Belarusian Council of the Republic	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	August 12, 2015
	June 30, 2015	Belarusian House of Representatives	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned
	July 24, 2015	president	signed
Kazakhstan	July 1, 2015	Maschilis	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	August 12, 2015
	July 9, 2015	Kazakh Senate	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned
	5th August 2015	president	signed
Kyrgyzstan	May 20, 2015	Djogorku Kengesch	96	2	0	0	August 12, 2015
	May 21, 2015	president	signed
Russia	July 1, 2015	duma	437	0	0	2	August 12, 2015
	July 8, 2015	Federation Council	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned	not concerned
	July 13, 2015	president	signed

aims

According to Vladimir Putin , the EAEU will become one of the poles of the modern world and act as a link between Europe and the dynamic Asia-Pacific region. The Eurasian Economic Union is based on the "universal principles of integration and represents an integral part of the larger Europe. It unites the common values ​​of freedom, democracy and market laws".

The Eurasian Economic Union follows the example of the European Union . Her goals include:

• Abolition of customs duties and controls ( customs union )
• 2007, unified economic area
• January 1, 2015, free movement of people and goods, flow of capital and exchange of services and labor
• Free choice of training and work location
• joint coordination in areas such as energy, industry, agriculture and transport
• January 1, 2016: Common Market for Pharmaceutical Products and Medical Devices
• 2019: Start of common energy market through ^[outdated]
  • 2019: Common electricity market
  • 2024: Common oil market
  • 2025: Common gas market
• by 2025: Creation of the conditions for a single financial market
• common currency ( monetary union )

organization

GDP (PPP) comparison (IMF, 2018, top 10, unordered)

At the head of the Eurasian Economic Union are the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, consisting of the heads of state of the member states, and the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council of Prime Ministers. These committees only make decisions by consensus. Another body is the Eurasian Economic Commission (EAWK) based in Moscow , which employs more than 1,000 people. The EAWK was founded in November 2011 after the signing of the agreement in principle on Eurasian integration and began its work on February 2, 2012. It consists of a commission council, a commission college and specialist departments. The EAEU court also exists in the Belarusian capital Minsk . Russian is the working language of all bodies of the Eurasian Economic Union .

The member states are to harmonize their legislation for the financial market by 2025 in order to then install a supranational body to regulate the financial market in the Kazakh city of Almaty .

At the end of January 2015, the supranational anti-monopoly agency of the Eurasian Union began its work. Anti-monopoly policy is the EAEU's first field of activity for which a supranational body has been established, said Nurlan Aldabergenow, Minister of the Eurasian Economic Commission for Competition and Anti-Monopoly Regulation, following the meeting of the heads of national anti-monopoly authorities of the EaU in Moscow.

Discrepancies

While the EAEU in Russia is viewed from a geopolitical point of view as a counter-model to the European Union, Kazakhstan and Belarus place particular emphasis on economic cooperation.

Russia's harsh actions in the Ukraine conflict have also sparked suspicion and fears about Moscow in Kazakhstan, where a significant Russian minority lives, especially in the north of the country. The feeling of threat was strengthened after the statements by Putin in a meeting with the youth movement Nashi (“The Ours”), which was close to him, at the end of August 2014, according to which Kazakhstan had never had its own statehood before Nursultan Nazarbayev. It has always been part of the great Russian world.

See also

• Eurasism
• Russian-Belarusian Union
• Commonwealth of Independent States
• Organization of the Collective Security Treaty
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization
• Black Sea Economic Cooperation

literature

• Hubert Thielicke (Ed.): The Eurasian Union. Post-Soviet dream or far-reaching integration project? Potsdam 2012, ISBN 3-941880-44-6 .
• Alexandra Polovnikov: The customs union between Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. Motives, developments and perspectives (working paper research group Russia / CIS), Science and Politics Foundation, German Institute for International Politics and Security, Berlin 2012.
• Hubert Thielicke: Eurasian integration is taking shape: Agreement on the Eurasian Economic Union concluded. WeltTrends , September / October 2014, pp. 11–18.
• Marcus Schladebach, Vitaliy Kim: The Eurasian Economic Union: Basics, goals, opportunities. In: Wirtschaft und Recht in Osteuropa , Vol. 24 (2015), No. 6, pp. 161–164.

Web links

Commons : Eurasian Economic Union  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Eurasian Economic Union, EAEU
• Eurasian Economic Commission, eec
• Legal portal of the Eurasian Economic Union, EAEU

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} website of the Eurasian Economic Union. Retrieved May 11, 2015 . 
2. ↑ ^{a b} Poll: More Moldovans prefer integration with EEU to EU, NATO membership. Retrieved June 7, 2015 . 
3. ↑ Total GDP PPP of Russia , Belarus and Kazakhstan (2012) World Bank, GDP, PPP (current international $)
4. ↑ de.ria.ru
5. ↑ Friedrich Schmidt: Eurasian Economic Union founded - condemned to sign. In: FAZ . May 27, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014 . 
6. ↑ Russia pushes the Eurasian Union - "Nesawissimaja Gazeta". RIA Novosti , December 20, 2011, accessed May 29, 2014 . 
7. ↑ On Accession of the Kyrgyz Republic to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, dated May 29, 2014. May 29, 2014, accessed February 28, 2016 . 
8. ↑ Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus. Moscow is tinkering with an alternative to the EU , NZZ of May 30, 2014.
9. ↑ Press statements following the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council meeting , website of the President of Russia, May 29, 2014.
10. ↑ ^{a b c} "Russia - current situation, future development" ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Archived copy ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
12. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
13. ↑ Russia wants to see Tajikistan in Eurasian Economic Union. In: panorama.am. October 23, 2014, accessed January 2, 2015 . 
14. ↑ Таджикистан и Евразийский экономический союз. In: XOBAP. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015 ; Retrieved June 13, 2015 (Russian). 
15. ↑ Astana gears up for Eurasian Economic Union May 23, 2014.
16. ↑ Ukraine seeking observer status in Eurasian Economic Union - Yanukovych , Interfax-Ukraine December 19, 2013.
17. ↑ Ukraine commits to EU association , dw.de, September 27, 2013.
18. ↑ Ukraine, under pressure from Russia, puts brakes on EU deal. Published: November 21 , washingtonpost.com, accessed March 12, 2014.
19. ↑ Putin stops free trade with Ukraine , Tagesschau.de, December 16, 2015.
20. ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 16, 2015 № 628 “On Suspension of the Treaty on the Free Trade Area of ​​the Russian Federation with Ukraine” , Russian Government, December 16, 2016.
21. ↑ Uzbekistan is considering joining the Customs Union , RIA Novosti November 12, 2013.
22. ↑ Hubert Thielicke: Eurasian integration takes shape: Agreement on the Eurasian Economic Union concluded. WeltTrends, September / October 2014, pp. 11–18, here p. 14 fn 6.
23. ↑ Belarus and the Eurasian Economic Union , Belarus-Analyzes, No. 18, November 20, 2014, p. 14.
24. ↑ Uzbek president slams Russia-led economic union ( Memento of July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Daily Times June 7, 2014.
25. ↑ Karimov: Uzbekistan Will Never Join Soviet-Style Alliance , Radio Free Europe , January 13, 2015.
26. ↑ Mongolia Considers Joining Eurasian Economic Union , The Astana Times , September 7, 2016.
27. ↑ Az DLMN: Вступать ли Азербайджану в Евразийский союз? За и против | Dalma News. Retrieved October 13, 2017 (ru-RU). 
28. ↑ Армения против присоединения Азербайджана к ЕАЭС . In: Ритм Евразии . ( ritmeurasia.org [accessed October 21, 2017]).
29. ↑ Syria wants to join Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union - prime minister. RT , July 21, 2015, accessed July 21, 2015 . 
30. ↑ Donetsk People's Republic seeking Customs Union, EurAsEc membership , itar-tass.com, June 17, 2014.
31. ↑ Ketevan Charkhalashvili: Eurasia for Abkhazia and South Ossetia , georgianews.ge, June 20, 2013.
32. ↑ “Turn away from Russia” , BAZ, October 18, 2014.
33. ↑ David M. Herszenhorn: Pact Tightens Russian Ties With Abkhazia , nytimes.com, November 24, 2014.
34. ↑ David X. Noack: Russian gains in influence in the Caucasus and the geopolitics of the South Caucasian Railway , imi-online.de, October 6, 2015.
35. ↑ Kamil Całus: Transnistria formalises a pro-Russian turn in foreign policy (pdf), OSW , November 28, 2012.
36. ↑ Giorgi Lomsadze: Will Karabakh “Join” Russia's Customs Union? , eurasianet.org, December 10, 2013.
37. ↑ Did Sarkisian Skip the Customs Union Summit Because of Kazakhstan? , asbarez.com, April 29, 2014.
38. ↑ Kazakhstan considers disagreements on the way to the EAEU to be overcome ( Memento from May 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), news.belta.by, April 29, 2014.
39. ↑ Armenia Rules Out Tariffs on Karabakh , asbarez.com, May 14, 2014.
40. ↑ Russia Assures Azerbaijan on Exclusion of Artsakh in Customs Union , asbarez.com, June 18, 2014.
41. ↑ EEC Board Chairman Viktor Khristenko met president of Peru Ollanta Humala , eurasiancommission.org, November 7, 2014.
42. ↑ Peru wants to get observer status in EAEU ( memento of December 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), belta.by, November 10, 2014.
43. ↑ kremlin.ru
44. ↑ Egypt to join Russia-led Eurasian free trade zone , rt.com, February 10, 2015.
45. ↑ Sofian Philip Naceur: Power poker on the Nile , young world, February 13, 2015.
46. ↑ Vietnam and Eurasian Customs Union sign free trade agreement , www.vietnam-briefing.com, January 30, 2015.
47. ↑ Vietnam signs free trade agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union , finanzen.net, June 10, 2015.
48. ↑ ^{a b} Germany Trade and Invest GmbH: GTAI - Zoll Aktuell. Retrieved December 23, 2017 . 
49. ↑ Radomir Ralev: Serbia signs free trade deal with EAEU. October 28, 2019, accessed November 1, 2019 . 
50. ↑ Milica Stojanovic: Serbia Signs Trade Deal With Russia's Eurasian Union. In: Balkan Insight. October 25, 2019, accessed November 1, 2019 . 
51. ↑ Arman Kirakossjan / Ermek Ibraimow / Valerij Voronezkij / Sergej Netschajew / Kairat Sarybay: From the Atlantic to the Pacific: Future Market Eurasia , diepresse.com, July 14, 2015.
52. ↑ Chess move against the USA: Russia advises the EU to withdraw from the TTIP. In: German economic news. January 3, 2015, accessed January 10, 2015 . 
53. ↑ Andrew Rettman: Russia calls for EU talks with newly born Eurasian Union. January 2, 2015, accessed June 1, 2015 . 
54. ^ Lure from Davos, Stephan Lorenz on the Chancellor's offer to Putin. January 24, 2015, accessed May 22, 2015 . 
55. ↑ Bastian Brinkmann: Merkel and Gabriel make Putin an offer. January 22, 2015, accessed June 1, 2015 . 
56. ↑ EAEU and Iran set the course for free trade agreements , pressenza.com, May 14, 2015.
57. ↑ Eurasian Economic Union is growing - negotiations with China, India and Turkey , belta.by, April 14, 2015. ( Memento of October 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
58. ↑ Eurasian Economic Union concludes interim free trade agreement with Iran. May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018 . 
59. ↑ Зимбабве захотела заключить соглашение о зоне свободной торговли с ЕАЭС - Интерфакс
60. ↑ Тунис предложил создать зону свободной торговли с ТС и ЕАЭС , rg.ru, January 14, 2015.
61. ↑ Таможенные игры: Турция между  ЕС и  ЕАЭС: EADaily . In: EADaily . ( eadaily.com [accessed September 22, 2017]).
62. ↑ Eurasian Economic Union - As a trio back to old strength? ( Memento from May 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Horst Kläuser, ARD radio studio Moscow, May 29, 2014.
63. ↑ Putin's Project for a Eurasian Union - An EU for the East? tagesschau.de, April 10, 2014.
64. ↑ Armenia joins Eurasian Economic Union , RIA Novosti , October 10, 2014, accessed on November 9, 2014.
65. ↑ Eurasian Economic Union begins with customs union. In: aktuell.ru. July 5, 2010, accessed January 4, 2015 . 
66. ↑ Exporting to Customs Union, February 21, 2014 (PDF).
67. ↑ Киргизию решили принять в Таможенный союз ( memento from January 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), October 19, 2011.
68. ↑ Christian Wipperfürth: The Eurasian Union ( memento from August 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), russland.ru January 23, 2012.
69. ↑ Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan found the Eurasian Economic Union. In: euronews.com. November 18, 2011, accessed January 2, 2015 . 
70. ^ The customs union between Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia - motives, developments and perspectives. (PDF) July 2012, accessed May 31, 2015 . 
71. ↑ from: Future of the Eurasian Union. In: derStandard.at. December 22, 2011, accessed January 2, 2015 . 
72. ↑ rg.ru
73. ↑ Нарышкин труд. In: http://vlast.kz/ . September 20, 2012, accessed January 4, 2015 (Russian). 
74. ↑ Казахстан против создания Евразийского парламента. In: astanatv.kz. September 18, 2013, archived from the original on September 27, 2013 ; Retrieved January 8, 2015 (Kazakh). 
75. ↑ Вес российского рубля в ТС составит 90%, - советник президента РФ. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013 ; accessed on January 15, 2015 . 
76. ↑ Armenia joins the customs union dominated by Russia. In: handelsblatt.com. September 3, 2013, accessed January 8, 2015 . 
77. ↑ Сирия заявила о намерении вступить в Таможенный союз. October 21, 2013, archived from the original on April 30, 2014 ; accessed on January 8, 2015 . 
78. ↑ Лукашенко не видит необходимости в единой валюте и политической надстройке в ЕЭС. October 2, 2013, accessed January 8, 2015 (Russian). 
79. ↑ Назарбаев раскритиковал политизацию Евразийского экономического союза. December 24, 2013, archived from the original on December 26, 2014 ; Retrieved February 6, 2015 (Russian). 
80. ^ Nazarbayev suggests Turkey joining the customs union. In: sputniknews.com. October 24, 2013, accessed February 6, 2015 . 
81. ↑ "Нефть, газ, автомобили". Лукашенко подпишет договор о создании Евразийского союза. March 9, 2014, Retrieved February 6, 2015 (Russian). 
82. ↑ Putin said the accession of Kyrgyzstan to the EAEC. Life News, December 23, 2014, accessed January 1, 2015 (Russian): “Kyrgyzstan is among the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEC). Kyrgyzstan will participate in the governing bodies of the EAEC since the start of the Union - from 1 January 2015. " 
83. ↑ Договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе. (PDF) May 29, 2014, archived from the original on December 15, 2014 ; Retrieved December 10, 2014 . 
84. ↑ Парламент Белоруссии ратифицировал договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе
85. ↑ 9 октября 2014 года состоялось очередное заседание пятой сессии Палаты представителей пятого созыва , в ходе которого парламентарии рассмотрели пять вопросов ( Memento of December 25, 2014 Internet Archive )
86. ↑ Члены Совета Республики одобрили проект Закона Республики Беларусь "О ратификации Договора о Евразийском экономическом союзе" ( Memento of December 25, 2014 Internet Archive )
87. ↑ Лукашенко подписал закон о ратификации Договора о Евразийском экономическом союзе
88. ↑ Нижняя палата парламента Казахстана одобрила ратификацию договора о ЕАЭС
89. ↑ МАЖИЛИС ОДОБРИЛ ПРОЕКТ ЗАКОНА О РАТИФИКАЦИИ ДОГОВОРА О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЕЕ
90. ↑ Парламент Казахстана ратифицировал договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе
91. ↑ Сенаторы ратифицировали Договор о Евразийском Экономическом Союзе
92. ↑ Казахстан ратифицировал договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе
93. ↑ Главой государства подписан Закон Республики Казахстан "О ратификации Договора о Евразийском экономическом союзе" ( Memento of December 25, 2014 Internet Archive )
94. ↑ Госдума ратифицировала договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе
95. ↑ Справка о голосовании по вопросу: О проекте федерального закона № 596865-6 "О ратификации Договора о Евразийском экономическом союзе"
96. ↑ Совет федерации ратифицировал договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе
97. ↑ Информация о результатах рассмотрения вопросов на 359 заседании Совета Федерации 1 октября 2014 года
98. ↑ Путин подписал закон о ратификации договора о создании ЕАЭС
99. ↑ Подписан закон о ратификации Договора о Евразийском экономическом союзе
100. ↑ Договор о присоединении Республики Армения к Договору о Евразийском экономическом союгаат 29 мая, 2014. (PDF) October 10, 2014, archived from the original on December 15, 2014 ; Retrieved December 10, 2014 . 
101. ↑ Парламент Армении ратифицировал договор о присоединении страны к ЕАЭС
102. ↑ Парламент завершил работу последних четырёхдневных заседаний осенней сессии
103. ↑ Палата представителей Беларуси ратифицировала договор о присоединении Армении к ЕАЭС ( Memento of December 27, 2014 Internet Archive )
104. ↑ 19 декабря 2014 года состоялось заседание Палаты представителей, на котором были рассмотрены воспемо вовоны воспемо вовосемо восемо Пятая сессия Палаты представителей Национального собрания Республики Беларусь пятого созыва заверо созыва заверо. ( Memento from December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
105. ↑ Белорусские сенаторы одобрили ратификацию договора о присоединении Армении к ЕАЭС ( Memento of December 27, 2014 Internet Archive )
106. ↑ Шестая сессия Совета Республики завершила работу ( Memento from December 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
107. ↑ Депутаты Казахстана одобрили ратификацию договора о ЕАЭС
108. ↑ МАЖИЛИС ОДОБРИЛ РАТИФИКАЦИЮ ДОГОВОРА О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ АРМЕНИИ К ЕАЭС
109. ↑ Парламент Казахстана ратифицировал присоединение Армении к ЕАЭС
110. ↑ Сенат ратифицировал Договор о присоединении Армении к Договору о ЕАЭС и в принял поправки законодательство по вопросам кардинального улучшения условий Exemples предпринимательства
111. ↑ Казахстан ратифицировал договор о присоединении Армении к ЕАЭС
112. ↑ Госдума ратифицировала договор о присоединении Армении к ЕАЭС
113. ↑ "года О ратификации Договора о присоединении Республики Армения к Договору о Евразийском экономическом союзе от 29 мая 2014» О проекте федерального закона № 666644-6: Справка о голосовании по вопросу
114. ↑ СФ ратифицировал договор о присоединении Армении к ЕАЭС
115. ↑ Информация о результатах рассмотрения вопросов на 364 заседании Совета Федерации 17 декабря 2014 года
116. ↑ Подписан закон о ратификации Договора о присоединении Армении к Договору о Евразийском экосомич
117. ↑ Парламент Армении ратифицировал присоединение Киргизии к ЕАЭС
118. ↑ Нижняя палата парламента Белоруссии ратифицировала договор о присоединении Киргизии к ЕАЭС
119. ↑ Парламент Белоруссии ратифицировал договор о присоединении Киргизии к ЕАЭС
120. ↑ Президент Беларуси ратифицировал договор о вступлении Кыргызстана в ЕАЭС
121. ↑ Казахстан ратифицировал договор о вступлении Киргизии в ЕАЭС
122. ↑ МЫЙЗАМ ДОЛБООРЛОРУ БОЮНЧА МААЛЫМАТ ( Memento from February 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
123. ↑ Атамбаев утвердил присоединение Киргизии к ЕАЭС
124. ↑ Стенограммы обсуждения законопроекта № 823290-6
125. ↑ Подписан закон о ратификации договора о присоединении Киргизии к ЕАЭС
126. ↑ ^{a b} Eurasian Economic Union: Link between Europe and the Pacific , MDR.de, June 12, 2015.
127. ↑ Putin's Eurasian Union plans the anti-euro ruble , May 29, 2014
128. ↑ Eurasian Start , Moskauer Deutsche Zeitung, January 16, 2015.
129. ^ Future of Eurasian Union , derstandard.at, December 22, 2011.
130. ↑ ^{a b c d} First Presidency of the Eurasian Union goes to Belarus ( Memento of December 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), deu.belta.by, December 23, 2014, accessed December 29, 2014.
131. ↑ ^{a b c} Maria Pastukhova / Kirsten Westphal: The Eurasian Economic Union creates an energy market - the EU stands apart. (PDF) In: swp-berlin.org. Science and Politics Foundation , January 2018, p. 1 , accessed on March 8, 2018 . 
132. ↑ PDF ( Memento from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
133. ↑ ^{a b} Hubert Thielicke: Eurasian integration takes shape: Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union concluded. WeltTrends, September / October 2014, pp. 11–18, here p. 13.
134. ↑ Kai Ehlers: Apple of contention Ukraine: European versus Eurasian Union , sheets for German and international politics , February 2014.
135. ↑ О Евразийской экономической комиссии. Retrieved June 14, 2020 . 
136. ↑ Hubert Thielicke: Eurasian integration takes shape: Agreement on the Eurasian Economic Union concluded. WeltTrends, September / October 2014, pp. 11–18, here p. 12.
137. ↑ Kazakhstan - In the Embrace of the Russian Bear . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed on October 21, 2017]).