Francisco de Enzinas
Francisco de Enzinas (born November 1, 1518 in Burgos , † December 30, 1552 in Strasbourg ), also known as Franciscus Dryander , Françoys du Chesne , Quernaeus , Eichmann , van Eyck (from Spanish encina = [stone] oak ), was a Spanish humanist and Protestant who was the first to translate the New Testament from Greek into Spanish.
Francisco de Enzinas was a Spanish Protestant who lived on the run in the 16th century. He left behind a number of translations of ancient, especially Greek authors into Spanish, as well as independent writings, some of which were written under pseudonyms, which may not have been fully recorded to this day.
Live and act
origin
Francisco de Enzinas, who also called himself Dryander, was born, according to a contemporary, on November 1, 1518 in Burgos, Spain (as in 2004 the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , older biographical sources say 1520). His father Juan de Enzinas was a successful and wealthy businessman. The mother Ana died early (probably 1527) and the father married a second time in 1528 - Francisco was 10 years old - a Beatriz de Santa Cruz (approx. 1495 to approx. 1573), who came from an influential family from Burgos and who international relationships that arose in the following period, brought into the marriage. The relatives included the theologian Pedro de Lerma (1461–1541), the first chancellor of the University of Alcalá . One of Francisco's uncle, Don Pedro de Enzinas, was archdeacon of Palenzuela and in 1566 had a chapel built in the church of San Gil in Burgos, which, in addition to the so-called Cristo de Burgos, also contains the tombs of some members of the Enzinas family.
Career
Through his family ties, Francisco de Enzinas came to the Netherlands at a young age . It appears in the registers of the University of Leuven in 1539. Here he learned u. a. Albert Ritzaeus Hardenberg know and became familiar with the writings and ideas of Erasmus and Luther , probably also with those of Philipp Melanchthon , for the first time. One of his brothers, Diego de Enzinas , studied with him at the Collegium Trilingue in Leuven and supervised the printing of two texts in Antwerp in 1542 with the title Breve y compendiosa institución de la religón cristiana : a catechism of John Calvin , which Francisco had translated into Spanish, and the Spanish version of Luther's On the Freedom of a Christian . Diego died at the stake in Rome in 1547 .
In the summer of 1541 Francisco de Enzinas traveled to Paris to visit his relative Pedro de Lerma, who was now dean of the theological faculty at the Sorbonne , who died in August of the same year. On October 27, 1541 he enrolled in Wittenberg and continued his studies of Greek with Philipp Melanchthon.
Detention
Francisco de Enzinas may have already started translating the New Testament from Greek into Spanish in Leuven ; in Wittenberg he lived in the house of Melanchthon, who strongly supported the project, and completed the translation by the end of 1542. With the version prepared for printing he traveled to the Netherlands in the winter of 1542/43, where he was able to find a printer for Spanish rather than in Wittenberg and the distribution channels to Spain were cheaper, since the Netherlands belonged to Charles V's sovereign territory . In October 1543, El Nuevo Testamento de nuestro Redemptor y Salvador Jesu Christo was printed in Antwerp . On November 25, 1543, Francisco de Enzinas succeeded - again through family ties - in personally presenting a copy of his printed translation to Emperor Charles V in Brussels . On December 13, 1543, at the instigation of Pedro de Soto , Dominican and confessor of the emperor, he was arrested and transferred to Brunta prison in Brussels, where he was held for almost a year and a half. The Nuevo Testamento was confiscated. His family ties turned Enzinas into a diplomatic case. At the beginning of 1545 he was able to flee, first to Antwerp and from there to Wittenberg, where he was again with Melanchthon in March of that year. At his request, he wrote down his experiences in the Netherlands in a few months and titled them Historia de statu Belgico et religione Hispanica . He did not have them printed during his lifetime.
Life while traveling
In the course of 1545 Francisco de Enzinas received in Wittenberg under threat of the death penalty and the confiscation of his property the order of the emperor to return to prison; Francisco then initially took care of his finances in Leipzig .
At the beginning of 1546 he learned from Spain that, at the instigation of the imperial confessor de Soto, not only his inheritance should be frozen, but that his family should also be banned if Francisco did not go to Italy . Francisco's friend Juan Díaz , a Spaniard and Protestant like himself, proposed a meeting in Nuremberg; on March 27, Díaz was murdered in Neuburg an der Donau at the instigation of his own brother Alfonso.
In the summer of 1546 Francisco de Enzinas traveled to Strasbourg to Martin Bucer and then visited in Zurich Heinrich Bullinger , in St. Gallen Joachim Vadian , in Lindau Hieronymus Seiler and Constance Ambrose Blarer of greed mountain , before settling in Basel enrolled . Here he wrote a report on the murder of Juan Díaz, which appeared in the same year under the pseudonym of Díaz's companion and witness of the crime: Historia vera de morti sancti viri Ioannis Diazii Hispani […] per Claudium Senarclaeum . He had a treatise on the Council of Trent printed, in which, as Eduard Böhmer (1893) remarked, he "sharply criticized" this council.
In 1547 Francisco de Enzinas made another trip through Switzerland and in the same year had his Spanish translation of Plutarch's Kimon and Lucullus printed in Basel . There he also received news that his brother Diego had been burned as a heretic in Rome . He gave up his residence in Basel and moved to Strasbourg because he no longer felt safe in Switzerland. In 1548 he married Margarethe Elter (also: Marguerite d'Elter) in Strasbourg . Although de Enzinas did not have a formal academic degree, he was appointed Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge in England through the mediation of Bucer and Melanchthon . He started teaching Greek there in October and his wife gave birth to their first child, a daughter named Margarita.
Francisco de Enzinas drove forward his translations into Spanish in England: Plutarch , Lukian , Livius . After a year he left his small family, which he entrusted to the care of Bucer, who was meanwhile also settled in England , and traveled to Basel with his translations to have them printed by Oporinus ; however, he did not receive the necessary authorization from the authorities. In Strasbourg he found a printer who started printing in 1550, so Enzinas decided not to return to England. Wife and daughter came to Strasbourg. Francisco de Enzinas founded a publishing house for Spanish publications there; In 1551 his second daughter, Beatriz, was born.
In 1552 the family suffered the plague , which was rampant in Strasbourg . Francisco de Enzinas died on December 30, 1552, only 34 years old; his wife succumbed to the epidemic a little later on February 1, 1553. Two young daughters remained. Melanchthon immediately offered to take one of the children into his home, and the Spanish grandmother Beatriz also took great care of custody. Nevertheless the children stayed in Strasbourg, possibly with their mother's family there; but there are also indications that the children could have grown up in urban care. Some sources from the custody battle with Beatriz de Enzinas seem to indicate that the girls later lived in Flanders; what became of them is unknown.
Sources
Francisco de Enzinas' life has been passed down in scattered biographical notes since the 16th century, and since the 19th century especially in forewords to text editions or in publications on Spanish humanists of the 16th century. With the publication of his correspondence in 1995, from which individual letters had already been used as a source in the 19th century, this was added as an important source. The above biography is based on the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and the literature listed there, in particular the description by Eduard Böhmer, which shows extensive source material. The section “Detention” is based on Hedwig Boehmer 's translation of the Historia de statu Belgico .
Works
The Nuevo Testamento and his historia de statu Belgico et religione Hispanica, which was unpublished during his lifetime, left the most lasting traces of Francisco de Enzinas' work .
El Nuevo Testamento (1543)
Text witnesses
The Antwerp print of 1543 exists in international libraries today as microfiche or digital copies; most of the few documented original prints are in UK libraries.
Edition history
When Stephan Mierdman accepted Francisco de Enzinas' commission in Antwerp in 1543 to print the Spanish version of the New Testament, he violated the Roman Church's sole claim to Holy Scripture and its interpretation on the basis of only one canonized Latin version, the Vulgate . Translations into the national languages were not only prevented by the Roman Church in the 16th century, but also persecuted; they were believed to be the cause of the heresy , and controls were strict. Martin Luther would not have gone unmolested in his translation of the Bible into German without his princely protection . To declare this prohibition inadmissible was one of the motives of the Reformation .
After de Enzinas was arrested in 1543, Mierdman's print of the Nuevo Testamento was confiscated and destroyed at the instigation of the Spanish Church in the Netherlands. Nonetheless, copies remained, such as from de Enzinas' correspondence, and others. a. with the printer Mierdman in Antwerp during his stay in England in 1549. In 1556, four years after de Enzinas' death, El Testamento Nuevo de nuestro senor y salvador Iesu Christo appeared anonymously . Nueva y fellmente traduzido del original Griego en romance Castellano. En Venecia, en casa de Iuan Philadelpho . The printer and place of printing of this “new” translation, which now contained a dedication to Philip II and differed from de Enzinas', as Jonathan L. Nelson stated, only in inversions , were invented. Juan Pérez de Pineda (approx. 1500–1567), a Spanish Protestant, who probably had it printed in Geneva, is documented as the author of this adopted translation . Casiodoro de Reina (1515–1594) took over in 1569 in his translation of the Bible, which Cipriano de Valera (1532–1602) revised, in the Gospels whole chapters and even some books by Pérez. This so-called Reina Valera edition became the basis for all other Bible translations into Spanish after the translation of the Holy Scriptures was finally officially approved in the 18th century.
Historia de statu Belgico (1545)
Sources
A print of the Historia de statu Belgico et religione Hispanica during Francisco de Enzinas' lifetime is not known, and a personal copy has not been preserved. There are two handwritten copies that were probably commissioned by de Enzinas in Wittenberg in July 1545 after the writing was finished.
One of these copies has been in the Apostolic Library of the Vatican since 1623 , where it was shipped across the Alps with the Bibliotheca Palatina from Heidelberg. With the exception of a copy from its beginning in the 19th century, no insight into this document has become known; it is also unknown how it got into the Palatina . The other copy has been kept in the historical high school library of the Christianeum in Hamburg-Altona since 1768 ; This manuscript lacks the first layer and thus also the title, which is handwritten on the back of the parchment binding from the 16th century. The author is named in the numerous entries of the previous owner; only the owner, who acquired the manuscript in the 18th century, noticed that the first layer was missing.
Edition history
The history of the publications of Francisco de Enzina's narrative of his experiences in the Netherlands from 1542 to 1545, written in elegant Latin, is at the same time a history of their translations . This is thoroughly examined and presented through an evaluation of the sources to be found in European archives and libraries by Jonathan L. Nelson and Ignacio J. García Pinilla (2001), who refer to the inspiration from Vermaseren (1965). In 1558 the Histoire de l'estat du Pais-Bas et du religion d'Espagne by Françoys du Chesne appeared in St. Marie , a François Perrin drew as editor or printer. Printer and location are still a mystery today. Almost simultaneously between 1554 and 1558 , Ludwig Rabus published parts of the Historia des Francisco de Enzinas in German in his Histories of the Holy, Elector's Witnesses, Confessors and Martyrs . The Latin text was not printed at the time. Nelson and Pinilla prove that the Altona manuscript could in no way have served as the basis for these translations. The trail leads to Strasbourg and to the copy now kept in the Apostolic Library. A few other stories , although without naming the author, can clearly be traced back to the Historia (e.g. in Paulus Crocius in his Gross Martyrbuch , 1606, or in Jean Crespin's Histoire des martyrs , 1608) are based on the French translation or on Rabus ' Histories . By comparing texts, Nelson and Pinilla were also able to justify the assumption that there may have been translations back into Latin.
In 1862/63 the Belgian publisher Campan published the Mémoires de Francisco de Enzinas. Latin texts inedit . This edition juxtaposed the French translation from 1558 and a Latin text synoptically , the beginning only being available in French. The source of the Latin text was the Altona manuscript, which lacks the beginning. At the same time a copy of the Altona manuscript went to England, to Benjamin B. Wiffen. Eduard Böhmer , who edited the "Bibliotheca Wiffeniana", then turned to a colleague in Rome, who arranged for a copy of the beginning from the complete Vatican manuscript. Eduard Böhmer published this copy in 1892 in an article in the Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte . When his daughter Hedwig Böhmer published her German translation, Memoirs of the State of the Netherlands and the Religion in Spain in only one hundred copies in 1893 , she had this copy and the Campan edition available. All other editions and translations (see literature) still follow Boehmer's ZKG article from 1892 and the Campan edition from 1862/63; a second inspection of the Vatican manuscript is not known.
In a biographical chapter on Francisco de Enzinas, Eduard Böhmer (1874) says in a footnote that he reports his experiences in the Netherlands on the basis of the Historia de statu Belgico ; its presentation can therefore also be read as a table of contents of the work. Heinrich Nebelsieck (1918) provides a detailed summary of the Historia , but comments on the events from his contemporary Protestant point of view in a rather tendentious manner.
meaning
The mention of names and events that have been documented elsewhere make this autobiographical work a unique historical source. In addition, the Historia also has literary traits, for example in its changing dynamics, the dialogues and the presence of the first-person narrator .
El Nuevo Testamento is the main theme of the story; The reactions of the Spanish Inquisition to this publication, shown in the Historia , make it clear how much the Roman Church must have feared the spread of writings through the expanding printing press and the distribution, in particular, of national language prints, so that it persecuted readers and authors alike. Francisco de Enzinas' pseudonyms were program; they were used to protect his family in Spain. Like-minded people like Pérez used them to mislead the Spanish inquisitors.
Text witnesses
- El Nuevo Testamento De nuestro Redemptor y Salvador Iesu Christo . Traduzido de Griega en lengua Castellana, por Francisco de Enzinas, dedicado a la Cesarea Magestad. Antwerp: Mierdmann 1543
- Historia de statu Belgico et religione Hispanica . Wittenberg 1545 (two handwritten copies)
- Historia vera de morte sancti viri Ioannis Diazii Hispani, quem eius frater germanus Alphonsius Diazius, exemplum sequutus primi parricidae Cain, velut alterum Abelem, refariem interfecit . Per Claudium Senarclaeum (ie: F. de Enzinas). Basel: Oporinus 1546
- Acta Consilii Tridenti Anno MDXLVI celebrati . Basel: Oporinus 1546
- Translations . Proven : Plutarch at http://bibliothek.uv.es and other titles from Böhmer (1874/1962)
Editions and translations
The editions and translations are sorted chronologically in descending order by year of publication.
- Editions
- Verdadera historia de la muerte del santo varón Juan Díaz, by Claude Senarclens . Edited by Ignacio Javier García Pinilla. Ediciones del la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca Santander 2008 (Spanish, PDF incomplete , edition of the Latin text with Spanish synoptic translation; the German-language sources on the Dìaz case in the footnotes of the introduction)
- Breve y compendiosa institución de la Religón Cristiana (1542) . Edited by Jonathan L. Nelson. Ediciones críticas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha 2008, ISBN 978-84-8427-609-8 .
- Epistolario . Edición crítica por Ignacio J. García Pinilla. Texto latino, traducción española y notas. Droz, Genève 1995.
- Francisco Enzinati Burgensis Historia de statu Belgico deque religione Hispanica . Edidit Franciscus Socas. Teubner, Stuttgart 1991.
- The beginning of Francisco de Enzinas' "Historia de statu Belgico deque religione Hispanica" . Published by Ed. Bohemian . In: Journal of Church History . Vol. 13 (1892), pp. 346-359.
- Mémoires de Francisco de Enzinas. Texts latin inédit. La traduction française du XVIe siècle enregard 1543–1545. Publiés with notice and annotations by Charles-Alcée Campan. La société de l'histoire de Belgique, Bruxelles 1862/63. Deux Tomes (digital copies from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek : Tome Premier 1862 , Tome Second 1863 ). Reprint: Kraus, Nendeln 1977.
- Translations
- Report on de toestand in de Nederlanden en de godsdienst bij de Spanjaarden . Uit het Latijn: Ton Osinga, Chris Heesakkers. Lost, Hilversum 2002.
- Memorias . Traducidadas por Francisco Socas, con un esayo preliminar, notas e indices. Clásicas, Madrid 1992.
- Les Mémorables de Francisco de Enzinas traduit by Jean de Savignac. Librairie encyclopédique, Bruxelles 1963.
- Memories from the state of the Netherlands and religion in Spain . Translated by Hedwig Boehmer. With an introduction and comments by Eduard Boehmer. Georgi, Bonn 1893 (one hundred copies, not on sale; an unknown edition was reprinted in 1897: scan of the Robarts Library, University of Toronto ).
- Histoire de l'estat du Pais-Bas et de la religion d'Espagne . Par Françoys du Chesne. François Perrin, St. Marie 1558.
- Ludwig Rabus : Histories of the holy, chosen God's witnesses, confessors and martyrs . Vol. VII, fol. 65r-164r; 176r-230v. Strasbourg 1554–1558.
literature
- Marcel Bataillon: El Hispanismo y los problemas de la historia de la espiritualidad espanola . Madrid 1977, p. 20 ff.
- Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz : Enzinas, Francisco de. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2nd, unchanged edition Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-013-1 , Sp. 1517-1518.
- Eduard Böhmer : Spanish Reformers of two Centuries from 1520. Their Lives and Writings according to the late Benjamin B. Wiffen's Plan and with the Use of his Materials . Bibliotheca Wiffeniana. 3 volumes. Strasbourg / London 1874 (Vol. I), 1883 (Vol. II), 1904 (Vol. III). Reprint: Franklin, New York ca.1962, III Volumes; Vol.I, p. 133 ff.
- Carlos Gilly : Spain and the Basler Buchdruck up to 1600. A cross-section through the Spanish intellectual history from the perspective of a European printing city. Helbing and Lichtenhahn, Basel 1985, ISBN 3-7190-0909-2 , pp. 326-353 ( PDF; 64.1 MiB ).
- Herbert Jaumann : Handbook of scholarly culture in the early modern period . Volume 1: Bio-bibliographical repertory . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2004, p. 248 ( online ).
- Heinrich Nebelsieck : From the life of a Spanish Protestant during the Reformation . Klein, Barmen 1918.
- Jonathan L. Nelson: Enzinas, Francisco de (known as Francis Dryander). In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 18, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, pp. 471 f.
- Stefan Osieja: The literary image of the persecuted co-religionist among the Protestant writers in Romania at the time of the Reformation . Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2002 (therein chapter V, p. 265 ff .: Francisco de Enzinas' picture of the persecuted co-believer: the victorious Protestant ).
- Ignacio J. García Pinilla, Jonathan L. Nelson: The Textual Tradition of the Historia de statu Belgico et religione Hispanica by Francisco de Enzinas (Dryander) . In: Humanistica Lovaniensia. Journal of Neo-Latin Studies. Vol. 50 (2001), pp. 267-286 ( online ).
- Heinz Scheible (ed.): Melanchthon's correspondence. Critical and annotated complete edition (regesta and texts). Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1977 ff., Volume 11: Personen , p. 367.
- Bernard Antoon Vermaseren : Autour de l'édition de l '"Histoire de l'Estat du Pais Bas et de la religion d'Espagne", par F. de Enzinas, dit Dryander (1558) In: Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance. Tome 27, Droz, Genève 1965, pp. 463-494.
Web links
- Literature by and about Francisco de Enzinas in the catalog of the German National Library
- Jonathan L. Nelson on the versions of the Nuevo Testamento . 2000; § 3 (engl.)
- Post Reformation Digital Library , accessed June 20, 2014
- Memoires de Francisco Enzina's digital copies at HathiTrust , accessed June 20, 2014
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jonathan L. Nelson: Spanish Evangelicals (Engl.) ( Memento of 29 April 2007 at the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Marcel Bataillon: Diego de Enzinas en Amberes . In: ders .: Érasme et Espagne . (1937). Third annotated edition, Geneva 1991. Vol. 3, pp. 249-275.
- ↑ Francisco de Enzinas: Epistolario . Edición crítica por Ignacio J. García Pinilla. Texto latino, traducción española y notas. Genève: Droz 1995.
- ↑ Oxford: University Press 2004, Vol. 18, pp. 471f .: Enzinas, Francisco de (known as Francis Dryander) by Jonathan L. Nelson
- ^ Eduard Böhmer: Spanish Reformers of two Centuries from 1520 (1874/1962) Vol.I, p. 133ff.
- ↑ Jonathan L. Nelson: Enzinas, Francisco de (known as Francis Dryander) . In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford: University Press 2004; Vol. 18, p. 471.
- ^ Eduard Böhmer: Spanish Reformers of two Centuries from 1520 (1883), pp. 60f.
- ↑ For the history of the manuscripts see: Ignacio J. García Pinilla, Jonathan L. Nelson: The Textual Tradition of the Historia de statu Belgico et religione Hispanica by Francisco de Enzinas (Dryander) . In: Humanistica Lovansiensia . Journal of Neo-Latin Studies. Vol. L - 2001. Leuven: University Press 2001; Pp. 267-286.
- ↑ Ignacio J. García Pinilla, Jonathan L. Nelson: The Textual Tradition of the Historia de statu Belgico et religione Hispanica by Francisco de Enzinas (Dryander) . In: Humanistica Lovansiensia . Journal of Neo-Latin Studies. Vol. L - 2001. Leuven: University Press 2001; P. 268 f.
- ↑ Böhmer (1874) pp. 135-145.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Enzinas, Francisco de |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Dryander, Franciscus; Chesne, Françoys you; Quernaeus; Eichmann; van Eyck |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Spanish humanist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | November 1, 1518 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Burgos , Castile-Leon |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 30, 1552 |
| Place of death | Strasbourg |