Grube-Georg pit
Map with all coordinates: | Grube-Georg pit | |||
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| General information about the mine | |||
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| other names | Georg Verbundbergwerk or Ringelheim ore mine | ||
| Mining technology | Expansion construction with offset, expansion fracture construction | ||
| Funding / year | up to 1,112,000 t | ||
| Funding / total | 11.6 million tons of iron ore | ||
| Information about the mining company | |||
| Operating company | Ore mining Salzgitter AG | ||
| Employees | up to 1003 | ||
| Start of operation | 1687 | ||
| End of operation | 1965 | ||
| Funded raw materials | |||
| Degradation of | Iron ore | ||
| Greatest depth | 941 m | ||
| Geographical location | |||
| Coordinates | 52 ° 1 '47.5 " N , 10 ° 20' 53.8" E | ||
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| Location | Grid | ||
| local community | Salzgitter | ||
| Independent city ( NUTS3 ) | Salzgitter | ||
| country | State of Lower Saxony | ||
| Country | Germany | ||
| District | Peine-Salzgitter area | ||
The grid-Georg mine is a former iron ore mine in the south of the Peine-Salzgitter area. From 1954 the mine was also known as Verbundbergwerk Georg . In 1868, iron ore was mined for the first time in the area of the mine near today's Salzgitter-grid district . From 1937 the mine was expanded to a considerable extent. The shafts or shafts Galberg, Grid, Georg, Johannes, Anna and from 1954 the Finkenkuhle belonged to the composite mine . The promotion stopped in 1965.
geology
The iron ore deposit was located between the districts of Salzgitter-Bad , Salzgitter-Grid and Salzgitter-Ringelheim . The ore deposit extended to the valley of the Innerste and had a length of 5 km, an average width of 2.56 km and an area of 12.9 km². The camp came to light in the area of Salzgitter-Bad (on the Finkenkuhle) and Salzgitter-lattice (on the later site of the lattice shaft) . The camp fell steeply to the southwest, in the area of the Ringelheim deposit to a depth of 1000 to 1400 meters.
The deposit belonged to the Lower Cretaceous ores from Salzgitter, which had formed in the Neocom period through repeated deposits in the coastal areas. Later mountain movements made the camp rise steeply and strongly discarded. The ore store consisted of different, spatially separated parts of the deposit , which made it necessary to develop several shafts .
The thickness of the deposit fluctuated greatly. In the area of the grid, the ore was only a few meters thick and alternated here several times with dead rock. Most of the ore deposit near Ringelheim was only discovered in 1919/21, here the ore deposit reaches a depth of 1400 meters and was in places over 100 meters thick. The Fe content ranged between 28% and 34%, in the majority it was 30–31%, the silica content was over 20%. Because the binding agent was insufficient in clay, the Georg ore could not be processed using wet technology and - in contrast to the ores from the Finkenkuhle and from the grid - was fed directly to the ore preparation ( sintering plant at Salzgitter-Heerte ) for processing .
History until mid-1937
Ore finds in the Salzgitter area have been known since the Roman Empire. Evidence of this is a 4th century kiln found near Lobmachtersen , in the slag of which ores from various sites in the surrounding area were found.
The first mention of the lattice ore comes from the year 1687, when the later Hildesheim prince-bishop Jobst Edmund von Brabeck (1688–1702) was granted a mining license for a tunnel near lattice . Von Brabeck had built an ironworks in 1682 near Kunigunde (a district of Dörnten ) on the Innerste, for which he obtained the ores from the surrounding area. Also around 1687 there was an iron ore quarry in bars in the area of the Lower Landwehr in the cellar of a farm.
In a report prepared in 1763 on behalf of Hildesheim prince-bishop Wilhelm von Westfalen (1763–1789), the mining expert GHWolf reported on March 29, 1794 that enough iron ore was found in the area of the Hildesheim bishopric , with particular reference to a mine near Alt Wallmoden . This site was already known in 1750 on the Erzwiese of Könneckenrode, the ore found there was smelted by farmers on the Innerstefurt near Hohenrode .
In the years 1858/59 teufte the Lüneburg mining company on the Lower Landwehr one at lattice pitting . The operation of the other Gitter ore fields Ferdinandine and Gut Glück is also documented from this time . These length fields were converted into the Geviertfeld Salzgitter in 1868 . The field was acquired by AG Eisenwerke Salzgitter , which operated a steelworks with two blast furnaces between 1869 and 1874 at the nearby Gittertor (at that time part of the village of grid) .
The outcome of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870/71 and the increasing concentration in the field of steel processing initiated a decline in metallurgy and ore mining in the Salzgitter area. On the one hand, it was now possible to use the higher quality minette ores from Lorraine , on the other hand, the Fe-rich Swedish ores were also increased and offered more cheaply. And last but not least, the problems related to smelting the acidic Salzgitter ores had not yet been satisfactorily resolved; other ores could be processed more economically and with better steel quality.
It was only after the end of the First World War that the Lorraine ores were no longer available that there was an increased interest in domestic ores again. In the Salzgitter area from 1919 the "Erzstudiengesellschaft mbH" - a consortium of Ruhrhütten - under the direction of Bergassessor Johann Müller-Liebenau investigated the local ore deposits. The investigations were carried out by the geologist Johannes Weigelt , who later accepted a professorship in Halle . The local drilling company was commissioned by Anton Raky with the drilling . The ore deposit in the Ringelheimer Mulde, which is up to 144 meters thick and also extended outside the Salzgitter ridge , was identified for the first time during these boreholes . The Erzstudiengesellschaft were then awarded the fields Anna and Johannes in 1923 . The Widukind union, in turn, took over the fields at Galberg and at grid in 1926, which passed into the ownership of the United Steel Works (VESTAG) after 1927 .
Mining was only carried out to a limited extent in these years and at the end of 1929, due to the onset of the global economic crisis , all activities in this area were stopped. It was not until 1934/35 that the United Steelworks resumed their mining activities in the Salzgitter area. First south of Salzgitter in the Ida and Fortuna mine fields , from 1935 also in the Segen Gottes (Finkenkuhle) and Morgenröthe (Galberg) fields . In 1936, a trench was dug in the grid , through which a considerable ore deposit was opened up, the Fe content of about 30% was only moderate. From August 1936, a wooden square shaft ( cross-section 4.3 × 2.6 m) was sunk to a depth of 95 m at first . On the Galberg, about 700m north of grid, a wooden square shaft (cross-section 4.5 × 2.5 m) was sunk to 84 meters from January 1937, to which a weather tunnel was excavated 80 meters from the Finkenkuhle pit .
Operation until 1945
On July 23, 1937, the ordinance on the merger of mining facilities came into force. In the entire Salzgitter area, the Reichswerke Hermann Göring took over the mining activities of the previous owners on October 1, 1937. In the area between grid and Ringelheim, extensive exploratory boreholes were drilled and seismic reflection investigations were carried out to determine the extent of the ore deposit.
The plans of the Reichswerke based on these explorations envisaged the dismantling of the various parts of the ore deposit using the existing facilities (Finkenkuhle, lattice and Galberg) and the digging of new shafts for development. The ore deposits in the Salzgitter-Bad area were to be mined to a depth of 220 meters through the Finkenkuhle pit in open-cast and underground mining. The grid mine was supposed to take over the dismantling of the camp located south of it down to a depth of 364 meters. The lower part, down to a depth of 830 meters, was to be developed through the Georg mine, while the ore deposits between 1000 and 1400 meters in the Ringelheimer Mulde were to be mined via the Ringelheim mine with the Johannes conveyor shaft. The Galberg shaft was to serve as a weather shaft for all pits, and Anna shaft was to be sunk as a further weather shaft east of Alt Wallmoden.
Ultimately, however, these plans were not fully implemented. The Johannes shaft was only sunk up to 941 meters, so it did not reach the camp starting at 1000 meters and was only used as a weather shaft. The Anna shaft was never completely sunk, nor was it put into operation.
Galberg shaft
As early as 1924, the Rombacher Hütte had sunk a Bremsberg in the opencast mine of the Finkenkuhle mine , through which the Morgenröthe field on the Galberg was opened up. At the beginning of 1937, the United Steelworks sank a wooden square shaft to a depth of 84 meters. At the same time, a weather tunnel had been driven from the Finkenkuhle pit to the Galberg shaft , which the shaft penetrated at a depth of 80 meters and which served to ventilate the underground construction of the Finkenkuhle pit.
Between January 1938 and January 1939 the Galberg shaft was sunk further to 144 meters by the Wagener shaft construction company from Essen and expanded to a diameter of 5 m. 1940 Galberg shaft has on its second sole (138.7 m depth or 32.1 m NN durchschlägig) with the sole 2 of the pit Finke hollow. The further sinking work was carried out independently by the Reichswerke and in July 1941 the preliminary final depth of 440m was reached. While the shaft was being worked, a total of five civil engineering layers were applied, the first at 79.6 meters (+91.2 m above sea level). The 2nd level at 138.7 meters (+32.1 m above sea level) was penetrated by the 2nd level of the Finkenkuhle pit. A 3rd level was created at 260.75 m (+89.4 m above sea level), the 4th and 5th level at 316.25 m (−154.4 m above sea level) and 435.9 m (−265.1 m above sea level) depth. Galberg was used as the main weather shaft for the other pits - grid, Finkenkuhle and Georg.
Since this shaft was designed exclusively as a weather shaft, only a few daytime systems were built , such as a building for the hoisting machine , a transformer - and a fan house.
Manhole grid
After 1936 at lattice a mineable ore deposits had been proven, the United Steel Works (VESTAG) began on August 9, 1936 in the ore deposits of the field Salzgitter with the sinking work for a wooden square tray, the works were by the operations department Fortuna performed the VESTAG. The shaft had the dimensions 4.3 × 2.6 m and was sunk to a depth of 95 meters.
After the mine facilities were taken over by the Reichswerke, the grid shaft was further sunk in October 1938 by the Essen company GW Wagener, and in June 1939 the final depth of 227 meters was reached. Four civil engineering levels were laid at +127.7 m above sea level, +84.6 m above sea level, +28.5 m above sea level and -31.4 m above sea level.
Since the site did not have a railway connection, the shaft was not designed as a production shaft and therefore only received a workshop, magazine and crew building as daytime facilities . The 18 m high Abteufturm was retained after the sinking operation and headframe rebuilt, the shaft was as Seilfahrt - operated and ventilation shaft. On September 1, 1939, the second lattice level (+84.60 m above sea level) was penetrated with the first level of the Finkenkuhle shaft and from December 18, 1939, the lattice ores were extracted via the Finkenkuhle shaft . Until then, the ores that had accumulated during the expansion work had been temporarily stored in a dump near the shaft.
The actual mining of the ore had started in August 1939 . Since the village was grating to degradation station, was chosen to avoid mining subsidence as mining method the longwall with mountain misalignment . From October 1941, this process was replaced by the expansion or pillar construction with flushing offset, whereby the "Lurgi mountains" that occurred during ore processing were brought in as flushing offset . In civil engineering outside the village, the method of "striking or cross-cutting sloping construction" was used. To introduce the offset, a daily drop of 364 m depth was sunk in 1940/41 north-west of the grid shaft from the first grid floor , which was created from the various floors using both the high fracture and the lowering method. This flushing shaft reached as far as the 7th grid base (−208.5 m above sea level). The 6th level at −148.5 m above sea level was penetrated by the 2nd level of the Georg shaft.
In December 1940, the almost seven meter long skeleton of an ichthyosaur ( ichthyosaur ) of the genus Platypterygius was discovered on the third lattice base during expansion work in the hanging wall . In the following months, this was recovered over a length of five meters and was brought to the university in Halle ad Saale for preparation under the direction of geologist Johannes Weigelt, who was also a professor of palaeontology . The restored skeleton was then exhibited in the geological-palaeontological Geiseltalmuseum in Halle. In 2000 it was transferred to Salzgitter, where it has since been shown in the Municipal Museum in Salder Castle .
The priority for the Reichswerke was to increase the mining and extraction of iron ore as quickly as possible in addition to the construction of new mining facilities. As in the other pits, the workforce was therefore increased significantly within a short time. In 1937 only 63 men were created, two years later 726 men were working here and in 1940 1003 miners were created. In the following years the numbers fell slightly and in 1944 only 630 men were employed. Initially, the miners who worked at the Georg pit were also counted as part of the workforce at Grid.
The figures for the annual production of the mine showed a similar trend. In 1938 only 18,280 tons of ore were mined, in 1941 it was already 314,660 tons and in 1943 the highest annual output was achieved with 598,570 tons of ore. The slight decrease to 517,540 tonnes in the following year was already a sign that the supplies in the grate pit were almost exhausted.
Georg shaft
The Georg shaft was sunk outside the ore store between the villages of Salzgitter-Hohenrode and Salzgitter-Grid. The ores lying below the lattice store were to be extracted from this shaft to a depth of 830 m. The shaft was designed as a large shaft and, like all other large shafts in Salzgitter, was sunk with a diameter of 6.75 m. The plant was named after the professor of mining Georg Spackeler , whom the Reichswerke had called in as a consultant for the development of ore mining.
Work on the foreshaft began on August 11, 1938, and in February 1939 the actual shaft construction was started by the Nordhausen company Gebhard und König. In July 1940, Bergbau AG der Reichswerke took over the further shaft work at a depth of 436 m, and in December 1940 the work was completed at the preliminary final depth of 587 meters.
A shaft hall with a double-headed conveyor frame and some temporary systems were built above ground. The expansion of the daytime facilities was stopped in 1941 due to the war and only resumed in the early 1950s. The function as a conveyor and cable car shaft was only taken up long after the war (1953), when the grid shaft, which had been used for cable car travel , was shut down.
In the summer of 1940, the first three civil engineering soles were created, namely in the seigeren distance of 120 meters at 191,40 m (-34.2 m NN), 311.10 m (-154.2 m NN) and 431,10 m (−274.2 m above sea level) depth. In 1940/41, breakthroughs from the Georg shaft to the Galberg, grate and rinsing shaft grids were completed, thus ensuring the weather management for the Georg area.
The ore mining in the area of the Georg pit began in 1942, but this was initially limited to the area above the first level. Since there was still no rail connection on Georg, the ore extracted here was brought to Finkenkuhle together with the lattice ore and extracted there. Therefore, the Georg ore was not shown separately in the production statistics, but was added to the grid. The miners employed on Georg were also included in the workforce information for the grid. Since the ore deposit, similar to the grid pit, was partly located below the village of grid, the mining method chosen was the "expansion and pillar construction with flushing offset". As if in grids, the “Lurgi mountains” from the ore preparation as return freight were backfilled and brought in via the grate flushing shaft.
Johannes shaft
The Johannes shaft - named after the geologist Johannes Weigelt - was located on the eastern outskirts of Salzgitter-Ringelheim near the local train station and thus slightly outside the ore deposit. According to the original plan of the Reichswerke, the ore deposit of the Ringelheimer Mulde, located at depths between 1000 and 1400 m, was to be opened up from here, and the shaft was to have a depth of 1150 meters. This shaft was also sunk as a large shaft with a diameter of 6.75 m as planned.
The sinking work began in January 1939 and was awarded to the Nordhausen company Deutsche Schachtbau AG . In July 1940, the mining company of the Reichswerke took over the work, which was temporarily stopped in October 1940 at a depth of 941 m. The reason for this was also the effects of the Second World War , which resulted in a lack of material and experienced skilled workers. The first and second levels were set at 779 m (−634.2 m above sea level) and 892 m.
In 1941, the wooden headframe was replaced by an iron headframe for the construction of the surface facilities . In addition to the machine house, the only other buildings that were initially built were a workshop, warehouse, office barracks and a small laundry room . 1942 Reichswerke to postpone the originally planned further expansion into a large pit in the time after the war determined to have been in the mine all off - and preparatory works set. The Johannes shaft thus only had the function of a weather shaft for the Georg pit.
Anna shaft
The Anna shaft - named after the wife of Professor Johannes Weigelt - was set up in an open field east of the town of Alt Wallmoden. On the one hand, the shaft was to serve as a weather shaft for the Ringelheim mine (Johannes shaft). On the other hand, the deposit at Könneckenrode should be examined and developed from here. In order to enable later use as a conveyor shaft, the shaft was given a diameter of 6 m.
Work on the foreshaft began on August 9, 1938, and the actual sinking work for the shaft began in November 1939. Four levels were set at 114, 234, 295 and 415 m. Starting in October 1939, an investigation cross-cut was driven from the third level in a south-westerly direction to Könneckenrode. After the tunnel had reached a length of 650 m, this work was canceled as inconclusive.
The shaft was sunk further. When strong water inflows occurred in October 1940 at a depth of 632 m, the work at the Anna shaft was stopped and not started again in the following period. The shaft was also not connected to the Johannes-Georg mine building . When further investigations after the end of the war showed that dismantling the ore deposit at Könneckenrode would not make sense from an economic point of view, the shaft was dropped in June 1949 and closed with a concrete cover .
Stand at the end of the war
Until the end of the Second World War, there was only significant production on the pit grate. In 1942, Georg had also started mining, but only small amounts of ore were mined. Between 1937 and 1945, a total of around 2.18 million tons of ore were mined in the area of the grid-Georg mine. When on 10./11. April 1945 the 9th American Army occupied the Salzgitter area, mining operations were abandoned and the ore mines were drowned.
In operation from 1946
The mining facilities in the Salzgitter area were largely spared from being destroyed by the effects of the war. Nevertheless, it took a long time before operations were resumed. The first thing to do was of course to resume operations in the opencast mines: in November 1945 on Haverlahwiese and in spring 1946 Hannoversche Treue and the opencast mining of the Finkenkuhle mine followed.
There were considerable problems with the swamping and clearing work at the grid-Georg mine and the mine was only able to resume operations in mid-1948 - long after the other Salzgitters underground works. With the resumption of the production from the area of the grid mine, which had previously been brought to light via the Finkenkuhle pit, was relocated to the Georg pit and the grid was organizationally affiliated with the Georg pit.
From May 1950 the 4th level of the Georg mine was driven at 551.1 m depth (−394.25 m above sea level) and from December 1950 the Georg shaft was sunk further, in September 1952 the new final depth of 829.5 meters was reached . The 5th and 6th levels were created at 690.5 m and 791 m respectively. From the 6th level, a connection to the 1st level of the Johannes shaft was driven in the opposite direction .
After these expansions, the lower-lying deposits of the Georg pit could now also be opened up. As a result, mining also moved away from the village of lattice and it was no longer necessary to fill in the excavated areas with backfilling. In 1952, Georg changed the mining method to "expansion fracture construction without offset".
At the end of 1952, the ore deposit in the area of the grid was completely dismantled. In the next year, excavation work was carried out on the upper three levels , in December 1953 the lattice shaft was filled and closed with a concrete cover.
After the opencast mine of the neighboring Finkenkuhle mine was also removed and officially closed on October 31, 1953, the Finkenkuhle and Georg pits were merged on April 1, 1954 to form the "Georg Verbundbergwerk". The workforce was relocated to Georg and the ores mined in Finkenkuhle's civil engineering were now brought to the surface via the Georg mine. The Georg shaft was now the conveying and cableway shaft of the entire mine, the Johannes and Galberg shafts continued to serve as weather and water solution shafts.
A new administration building was built on the mine in 1954 and in 1955 work began on building a larger ore bunker. Finally, in 1956, the installation of a skip conveyor system increased the conveying capacity to 10,000 t / day. In March 1954 the breakthroughs of the 4th Finkenkuhle level with the Galberg shaft and between Georg and Johannes were completed underground. By 1960 two more dies were sunk between the 3rd and 6th level and the 6th and 8th level, through which the deeper parts of the ore deposit were extracted.
With this expansion, the mining capacity of the mine also increased. In 1950 only about 33,000 tons of ore were mined, in 1954 it was 470,000 tons and in 1959, 1,112,000 tons, the highest output in the history of the mine. During the same period, the number of employees rose from 202 miners in 1950 to 648 in 1954. The highest post-war level was reached in 1957 when 936 miners were working on the mine. While the production rates remained constant at around 1,000,000 tons until 1961, the number of employees fell to 726 during this time as a result of advancing mechanization and other rationalization measures.
The Georg mine was hardest hit by the crisis in ore mining in the Salzgitter area that began in the early 1960s. The reason for this was the high operating costs due to the high water inflow (2.5 to 3 million m³ per year) and the difficult deposit conditions as well as the poor ore quality compared to the other pits. Within just two years, between 1961 and 1963, the production had to be reduced by half to 500,000 tons per year, during the same period the workforce was reduced from 726 to 233 men, and most of the miners were relocated to the other Salzgitters mines.
In November 1964 it was decided to stop the production in the summer of 1965. The first plans included keeping the mine open for a later resumption of production, because ore reserves of around 300 million tons of ore were known in the Ringelheimer Mulde area alone, some of which had a higher ore quality. However, since the sales situation deteriorated dramatically, those plans were changed and already on 25 February 1965, the last left tram the pit George. During the entire operating period from 1937 to 1965, the grid-Georg mine produced 11.6 million tons of ore. During this time 15 miners lost their lives due to accidents on the Georgian grid.
Dismantling and current use
The sinking work on the Anna shaft was stopped in 1940, the shaft was never connected to the grid-Georg mine. The shaft was dropped in 1949 and sealed. After the end of the Second World War, the daytime facilities were initially used as a refugee camp. In the mid-1950s, the headframe and the other buildings were demolished, and the shaft was filled in 1977. Today (2011) the area is overgrown and used privately.
At the end of 1953, the grid shaft was the first of the operating mining facilities to be filled and closed with a concrete cover. The wooden headframe, the shaft hall and the machine house were demolished from the daytime facilities. The other buildings were later converted and are integrated into the production facilities of the industrial company located there.
The Galberg shaft was dropped on March 25, 1965, and the headframe was knocked down on June 20, 1967. The shaft was only filled in July 1973 and closed with a lid. Of the few daytime systems, the machine house and the adjoining transformer house have been preserved. The latter was later converted into a residential building, the site is privately owned.
When the mining operations were completely closed on July 31, 1965, the Johannes mine was also given up. The few daytime facilities were demolished, but the shaft was only filled in 1977 and closed with a concrete cover. Today (2011) there is a rehabilitation center on the site.
The above-ground structures of the Georg mine have been preserved most completely. Georg's winding tower was blown up on March 6, 1974, the shaft was filled and closed with a concrete cover on July 22, 1974. The shaft hall, the loading bunker and the cooling tower were demolished from the daytime facilities. The administration building, the machine houses, the crew and chow house and the workshops have been preserved and are now (2011) used commercially by various companies.
literature
- Archive of the city of Salzgitter, editors: Heinrich Korthöber, Jörg Leuschner, Reinhard Försterling and Sigrid Lux, Salzgitter 1997 (ed.): Mining in Salzgitter. The history of mining and the life of miners from the beginning to the present (= contributions to the history of the city, volume 13 ). 1997, ISBN 3-930292-05-X .
- Iron ore mining . In: Rainer Slotta (ed.): Technical monuments in the Federal Republic of Germany . tape 5 , part 1. Deutsches Bergbaumuseum, Bochum 1986, ISBN 3-921533-37-6 , p. 61-79 and 124-138 .
- Ernst-Rüdiger Look: Geology, Mining and Prehistory in the Braunschweiger Land (= Geological Yearbook . Issue 88). Hanover 1985, p. 237-254 and 264-267 .
- Heinz Kolbe: The history of iron ore mining in Salzgitter: Part I: The historical periods, ore processing and ore preparation plants . In: Geschichtsverein Salzgitter eV (Ed.): Salzgitter Yearbook 1982, Volume 4 . Salzgitter 1982, p. 40-99 .
- Heinz Kolbe: The history of iron ore mining in Salzgitter: Revealing history of the iron ore mines Finkenkuhle, Salzgitter-Bad and Grid-Georg, Hohenrode to Ringelheim . In: Geschichtsverein Salzgitter eV (Ed.): Salzgitter Yearbook 1983, Volume 5 . Salzgitter 1983, p. 59-76 .
- Wolfgang Benz (Ed.): Salzgitter - Past and Present of a German City - 1942–1992 . Verlag CH Beck Munich, 1992, ISBN 3-406-35573-0 , p. 574-588 .
- Four years of Hermann-Göring-Werke Salzgitter 1938–1941, reprint of the anniversary edition from 1941 . Melchior-Verlag Wolfenbüttel, 2009, ISBN 978-3-941555-06-8 , p. 22-57 .
- Archive of the city of Salzgitter and the village community grid (ed.): Grid - twelve centuries of history . 1996, p. 253-262 .
- Church council of the Christ parish grid and Hohenrode and volunteer fire brigade Hohenrode (Hrsg.): Hohenrode - eight centuries . 2001, p. 87-96 .
- City of Salzgitter, specialist service for culture (ed.): The ichthyosaur of Salzgitter (= publications of the Museum of City History ). Salzgitter 2005.
