Hilde Zimmermann
Hilde Zimmermann , née Wundsam , (born September 12, 1920 in Vienna ; † March 25, 2002 there ) was an Austrian resistance fighter against National Socialism and a political activist . She survived imprisonment in Ravensbrück concentration camp and a death march . After the end of the Second World War , she was mainly active in the Austrian camp community in Ravensbrück , which she co-founded , and campaigned for her life to clarify the crimes of the Nazi era . She was particularly committed to passing on memories of National Socialism to the next generation, including as a witness at schools for decades . She saw herself as "persecuted", not as "victim".
Life
Childhood and youth
Hilde Wundsam came from a working-class family and grew up in poor conditions in Red Vienna . At the age of four she came with her parents and her two years younger brother Othmar ("Otto") to the village-like structure of Kagran , which at that time belonged to the 21st Viennese district of Floridsdorf (today mostly part of the 22nd Viennese district of Donaustadt ). At first she lived with her family with her grandparents, who had bought an inexpensive piece of land there for development on their own. Even when her parents got an apartment in a community building in Kagran , she stayed with her grandmother and only came to see her parents and brother later.
Her parents were active social democrats ; her mother worked in the education department of the Social Democratic Labor Party (SDAP), her father was also a staunch social democrat as a railroad worker . As Hilde Zimmermann later said in an interview, her first political memory went back to 1927 - of the uproar in the family after the judgments in the Schattendorfer trial and the fire in the Palace of Justice . At that time, she recognized that there are different views and injustices between people. From then on she stayed away from religious instruction; their motives for this are not known. Even as a secondary school student, she developed a political awareness through conversations with her parents. Her first impression was: "No war!"
From around 1930 she often accompanied her mother to political meetings. Until 1934, Hilde Wundsam spent a lot of time with the Kinderfreunde and the Rote Falken and took advantage of offers for workers' education. She later described the years 1930 to 1934 as her formative and very happy time. Her parents became unemployed in 1934 and in February 1934 were actively involved in the Austrian civil war between the Social Democratic Workers' Party with its Schutzbund and the Austro-Fascist corporate state with its armed forces and home guard: Her father was in the Schutzbund and was employed as a paramedic in Floridsdorf, her mother took care of wounded Tram driver . As in many other places, the community buildings in Kagran were shelled as "red fortresses" and the family lost most of their belongings through confiscation. Her parents were arrested, her mother was sent to prison for two months , and her father to the Wöllersdorf detention camp for six months .
The 14-year-old and her 12-year-old brother were left alone and were taken care of through international relief efforts, such as by the Quakers and the Red Aid . This support impressed Hilde Wundsam very much and she later fondly remembered what she called "international solidarity of the workers". She herself was briefly imprisoned for the first time in 1935, but released without further consequences.
First jobs, studies
Her parents' marriage ended in divorce in 1936. Hilde Wundsam worked as a cleaning lady and took a course as a housekeeper. In order to facilitate a job, she made a Catholic religious denomination, choosing the Old Catholic Church . Since the Red Falcons were banned in 1934, the young people continued to meet and call themselves Junguranians . Like other young people from her social-democratic environment, Wundsam sympathized with the KPÖ , which she later joined , and which had been banned since 1933 and was active in the underground against fascism and active in the unemployment movement. In 1936, Wundsam and other youths were arrested for producing leaflets with communist slogans, but they were all released after eight days.
She then took a job as a nanny in a household in Hungary and returned to Vienna in 1938, where she lived with her mother Anna in Kagran and did various office jobs. In Austria, after the annexation to the National Socialist German Reich in March 1938, Austrofascism was replaced by National Socialism . In 1939 she and her brother Othmar were arrested after the police found a communist leaflet during a house search. As agreed by the siblings, her then 17-year-old brother took over responsibility and was imprisoned for nine months, while she was released after eight days. Her brother returned home from prison with pneumonia . In 1941 she began to study sculpture at the Vienna Women's Academy , which she attended until her arrest in March 1944.
Resistance to National Socialism
Since the annexation of Austria and the takeover of power by the National Socialists , Hilde Wundsam felt the urge to resist, but acted more cautiously, especially since her arrest in 1939. She tried to influence other people in conversations and to turn them against National Socialism, such as soldiers on home leave and fellow students at the women's academy. During the Second World War, her brother Othmar was drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1941 after completing his training as a commercial clerk . When he spoke about the horrors of war while on vacation from the front and told her that "if the Germans catch partisans , they also hang up the women ," she said to herself: "I have to do something about that!"
At a New Year's Eve celebration at the end of 1943, she met an underground fighter who was active in the organized resistance and to whom she offered her help. He was looking for shelter for one of two so-called parachute agents who, coming from the Soviet Union via England , were supposed to support and network the resistance in Austria. Hilde Wundsam asked her mother and her friend Pauline Hochmeister (later after she married Pauline Leibel ) and her mother Gisela Hochmeister for help; Pauline Hochmeister's father was at the front. The four women, who as former neighbors from Kagran and were closely connected by their political convictions, took on the task of hiding the agent in their apartments. She never found out who Hilde Wundsam's first contact person was or who she picked up her protégé from in Vienna's 3rd district. The agent from Germany, Josef Zettler ("Sepp"), initially stayed with the Hochmeister family, who lived in Vienna- Stadlau , and later with Hilde Wundsam and her mother.
It is not known what tasks Josef Zettler and the parachute agent Albert Huttary had with him . It became difficult when Zettler wanted to use the radio he had brought with him to establish radio contact with his allies . For technical reasons (so-called grounding was required) and because of the risk of the Nazis being able to locate the location, this was not possible in the Wundsam family's apartment. So there was a nightly attempt to put it into operation in the sculptor's studio in the Prater area in Vienna- Leopoldstadt , where Wundsam worked as a student and for which she had a key. The attempt failed and the radio was then transported back in a suitcase by Pauline Hochmeister the next day.
When the women were warned about an informer , it was already too late and everyone involved was arrested on March 30, 1944. Othmar Wundsam, himself a radio operator in the Wehrmacht, who was on leave from home, was arrested as well. Zettler was arrested from the bed of the Wundsam family and treated brutally. All those involved came into Gestapo custody and were subsequently interrogated several times in the Vienna State Police Headquarters , which was housed in the former Hotel Metropol on Morzinplatz. The women tried to downplay their deed with a pre-arranged story, but soon realized that the Gestapo had been on their trail for a long time and knew about the agent and his mission. The agent Albert Huttary, who was deployed in Vienna with Zettler, and his supporters were arrested on the same day. Zettler and Huttary were subjected to physical abuse and threats to force them to make pretend radio contacts with their liaison offices. The women were largely spared from violence by the Vienna Gestapo.
As the later research showed, the Gestapo was already informed in advance about upcoming parachute agents. The first of these agents had been caught and, after severe torture, had revealed many more names and radio codes. Between 1942 and 1945 there were around 100 arrests of parachute agents and around 500 more of residents and helpers in the area of responsibility of the Gestapo headquarters in Vienna.
Concentration camp inmate
| The further fate of Othmar Wundsam and Josef Zettler |
|---|
|
After the arrest Hilde was Wundsams brother Othmar Wundsam (1922-2014) by a military court to 10 years in prison sentenced that he should serve out after the war, and then came in various concentration camps . He survived, returned to Vienna, worked for the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) from 1947 until his retirement , was also active as an artist and was active in cultural work as well as a contemporary witness in passing on the memory of National Socialism to the next generation. He died in late 2014 at the age of 92. The German agent Josef Zettler (1904–1974) was interrogated by the Viennese Gestapo after his arrest and was later taken to the Gestapo prison Kleine fortress in Theresienstadt , where he was liberated by the Red Army in April 1945. He returned to his family in Tomsk in the Soviet Union , moved with them to East Berlin in 1947 and made a political career in the higher police and ministry service in the GDR, where he died in 1974. Zettler's former tenants knew nothing of his later life; there was no contact between Zettler and his earlier supporters in Vienna and the surrounding area. Othmar Wundsam, like his sister Hilde, rather assumed that Zettler had been brought to justice in the Soviet Union; and Pauline Lebel (née Hochmeister ) was also convinced until the results of Halbmayr's research became known that Zettler had been interrogated in the Soviet Union, had come to a camp and had been shot there. |
All four women, Hilde and Anna Wundsam as well as Pauline and Gisela Hochmeister, were taken to the Ravensbrück women's concentration camp , which was around 90 km north of Berlin near Fürstenberg / Havel , after several months in Gestapo detention . Hilde Wundsam arrived there in mid / late August 1944 with her mother. In the course of 1944, thousands of prisoners from evacuated detention centers in occupied France and the evacuated concentration camps from the east of the German Reich came to Ravensbrück, so that the already inhumane living conditions in the overcrowded barracks became catastrophic. As political prisoners , the four women found support from comrades from Vienna and, through their mediation, were assigned to work in the office, such as in the office, in the money management and in the effects room.
Hilde Wundsam and her friend Pauline Hochmeister joined the Austro-German singing group in Ravensbrück . Singing was only allowed in the blocks during the free period, outside of this time and outside the blocks singing was prohibited. During the forced labor that many of the women in prison had to do, “singing was either ordered or prohibited, which obviously depended on the arbitrariness of the SS guards . As a rule, singing and speaking was e.g. B. forbidden in the factory. "Singing" helped Hilde Wundsam to stay human in an environment that demanded harshness from her, it was like an 'inner shower' for her. "
At the end of 1944 she became seriously ill and was admitted to the hospital block for some time. Since the front was getting closer and closer to the camp due to the advance of the Red Army in April 1945, the Ravensbrück concentration camp was evacuated by the SS on April 27 and the inmates were driven on a death march . Hilde and Anna Wundsam and their friends, together with other prisoners, had to leave the camp on a death march on April 28, 1945, but they managed to escape into the forest at the first opportunity. After two days of hiding and wandering around, they came back to the camp on May 1st, which had since been liberated by the Red Army. Since Anna Wundsam then fell ill with typhus , the way home could not be started immediately. After the Soviet liberators claimed the former concentration camp for their own purposes, Hilde Wundsam and others, with great difficulty, organized an ambulance transport that finally reached Vienna in July 1945 via Berlin .
post war period
On her return to Vienna, Hilde Wundsam lived for a few years with her brother Othmar and friends - all of them concentration camp survivors - in a house. She soon had to realize that the ideals of an open, solidary and just society from the Red Falcon era could not be realized: There was already a new government and additional occupying powers , the people were busy with the reconstruction and wanted to come to terms with the Nazi past do not know anything, but suppressed it. However, Wundsam did not give up her socio-political ideas and hopes and was involved in the Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ), especially in the youth organization . Among other things, she carried out the party newspaper every Sunday until 1953 , participated in the organization of the Academic Winter Games and was also active in the World Youth Games .
Since her return, Wundsam has been active in the concentration camp association at Wiener Stubenring. In 1947 she co-founded the Austrian Camp Community Ravensbrück (ÖLGR), in which she worked all her life. When the Ravensbrück memorial and memorial site was created as one of the three national concentration camp memorials of the GDR at the end of the 1950s , Hilde Zimmermann, b. Wonderful in the Austrian preparatory committee. In addition to the memorial, a museum was set up in the former concentration camp , for which each national prisoner group was to design a cell in the former bunker according to their own ideas. The Austrian committee worked with the Vienna-based architect Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky , who was persecuted and imprisoned during the Nazi era , to develop a concept for the design of the museum. Confronted with the memories and feelings at the place of horror, Zimmermann suffered a physical collapse during the opening of the exhibition in autumn 1959, so that she had to be taken to hospital in East Berlin .
In 1960 the women of the camp community for Austria created a traveling exhibition on the Ravensbrück concentration camp, with Hilde Zimmermann in charge of the design. The exhibition opened in Vienna and was initially shown there; among other things, it was visited by students from a total of 75 Viennese secondary schools as part of their history lessons. After that, the exhibition was on view for five years in many cities and municipalities in Austria and was looked after on site by the women of the camp community, including Hilde Zimmermann. From this the activity of the "Ravensbrückerinnen" as contemporary witnesses in the schools developed.
Marriage and family
At a demonstration by the communist youth, Wundsam met her future husband, the Austrian Harry Zimmermann. It was during the war until 1944 in Belgium in the emigration and then was in France as a Yugoslavian out. He was then returned to Yugoslavia , where he allied himself with the partisans. Hilde Wundsam married Harry Zimmermann in the 1950s after completing his doctoral exams and took his last name. She tried to continue her artistic training, which had been abruptly interrupted by her arrest in 1944, and attended the Academy of Applied Arts in Vienna, but did not feel at home among the much younger students.
When Hilde Zimmermann became pregnant, she left the academy and devoted herself to the household and the family for the next few years. The couple had a total of three children, two sons and a daughter. When the children were older , Hilde Zimmermann worked for ten years as an eyewear designer , among others for Dior , Vienna line and for the eyewear and watch brand Carrera, and for the last two years for an Italian eyewear manufacturer. At the same time, she continued to do sculpture and worked in a private studio.
After the events of 1968 in Czechoslovakia , such as the invasion of the Warsaw Pact troops and the suppression of the Prague Spring , Hilde Zimmermann distanced herself from the KPÖ and resigned from the party. According to her own statement, however, she retained “her solidarity stance” (in the sense of the socio-political goals of the KPÖ). She and her husband did not keep the experiences of the persecution a secret from their own children, but reported them openly. Many of her friends were concentration camp survivors or who had returned from emigration and had suffered similar fates. Among other things, Hilde and Harry Zimmermann took their children to demonstrations, such as regular May Day rallies , and brought them up to a critical worldview.
Next life
In later life, Hilde Zimmermann and Anna Wundsam remained active in the Austrian Camp Community Ravensbrück (ÖLGR), which has been registered in the register of associations since 1958 . Since it was founded in 1947, the Ravensbrückers from the Vienna area met every second Tuesday of the month, initially always in the club rooms of various coffee houses in Vienna, and since 1984 the meetings have taken place in the rooms of the concentration camp association . Among other things, Zimmermann often went to schools and youth homes for the ÖLGR and talked about the time of National Socialism and her experiences. In 1988, Zimmermann named her motivation for reporting to young people about this time:
“I committed myself in the camp: 'Don't look away! Let those out there know! ' I was fortunate enough to survive and therefore I have an obligation to pass on what I have experienced and seen. "
In 1985, parts of the museum in the Ravensbrück memorial were destroyed during floods, so that the Austrian memorial room had to be redesigned. Zimmermann again headed the Ravensbrücker work group , while the graphic design was the responsibility of the architect Professor Ernst Fuhrherr. The newly designed memorial room, in which the concept of the first exhibition was largely retained, was opened in autumn 1986. It can still be viewed today in the same form in the Ravensbrück Memorial and Memorial.
After Zimmermann's appearances as eyewitnesses in schools became public through media reports, her personal experiences were also included in two different collections of articles at the end of the 1980s that deal with contemporary historical topics (see publications). In the 1990s she invited young women to join the camp community. From 1995 onwards, the ÖLGR accepted women of the next generation as members, who from then on supported the Ravensbrück women in implementing the association's goals.
The Weg nach Ravensbrück project group was formed , consisting of students of history, sociology, ethnology, Jewish studies and political science who, with the support of the sociologists and political scientists Helga Amesberger and Brigitte Halbmayr from the Vienna Institute for Conflict Research and the ethnologist and historian Brigitte Fuchs, developed several projects . Among other things, in 1999 in a film series in Vienna and Linz seldom shown feature films and documentaries about women in the resistance and in the concentration camps were presented. In a video project , interviews with contemporary witnesses were recorded and various films were made, with both the Ravensbrückers and Zimmermann partly participating. In cooperation with the ÖLGR, the (new) traveling exhibition Ways to Ravensbrück was created in 1998/99 , with Zimmermann again helping. The exhibition was shown for the first time in Vienna in 1999 and then went on a long hike across Austria.
At the end of the 1990s / beginning of the 2000s, the life stories of 42 Austrian survivors were recorded, analyzed and documented by Amesberger and Halbmayr over several years of oral history work, including the experiences of Hilde Zimmermann. In 1999, Halbmayr conducted several interviews with Zimmermann, which, along with other selected biographies, were reproduced and evaluated in the scientific study On Life and Survival - Ways to Ravensbrück , jointly prepared by Halbmayr and Amesberger . The two-volume work was published in 2001 by Promedia Verlag in Vienna in its edition traces (see literature). The interviews conducted by Halbmayr with Zimmermann were recorded on digital video and are part of the Ravensbrück Video Archive created in 1999 (see web links).
Hilde Zimmermann died in Vienna at the age of 81 and was buried at the Stammersdorfer Zentralfriedhof (group 2, row 7, number 11).
Afterlife
After an intensive discussion process within the Austrian Camp Community Ravensbrück , the functions of the association were handed over to the later generations and the name of the association was changed to Österreichische Lagergemeinschaft Ravensbrück & Freundinnen (ÖLGRF), which brought about the generation change that Zimmermann helped initiate.
The presentation of the touring exhibition Ways to Ravensbrück from 1998/99, which Zimmermann was still involved in creating and which she had partly accompanied, was presented in various locations throughout Austria . An updated version of the exhibition was shown in Vienna in 2006 and in the Ravensbrück memorial in Germany in 2007/08 and then closed. Since then an internet version of the former exhibition has been available online (see web links).
In the 2009 yearbook of the Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance, Halbmayr published her specialist article "It was a matter of course that we helped." The parachute agents Albert Huttary and Josef Zettler and their supporters - a case study . In addition to the Huttary case , Halbmayr presented the Zettler case with its supporters Hilde and Anna Wundsam as well as Pauline and Gisela Hochmeister, as an "exemplary and at the same time unique" example of resistance and concentration camp imprisonment of Austrian women during the Nazi era (see literature) .
In 2009, Austrian-based director, theater maker and journalist Tina Leisch portrayed the “path of the political activist and resistance fighter Hilde Zimmermann” in her film I must do something against it . Leisch linked interviews with Hilde Zimmermann together with memories of like-minded women and companions, thus reproducing a “cinematic biography of the idealist”. The interviews with Hilde Zimmermann used by Leisch are part of the Ravensbrück VideoArchive ; they had been guided by Halbmayr in 1999 as part of the Paths to Ravensbrück project . The film by Nestroy Prize winner Leisch was shown at a matinee at the Vienna Filmhaus am Spittelberg in 2009 and had its cinema premiere in Austria in April 2010 .
Quotes
“Of all the horrors that the Nazi barbarians had devised, this abomination has not yet really penetrated consciousness: the fear of women, of love.
The women weren't just political resistance fighters, they were women who loved: They loved men whom the Nuremberg Laws forbade loving. They loved men who had been abducted and who worked on farms and villages. Women and mothers loved their husbands and sons and hid them from the war. Women gave bread to hungry prisoners and had mercy - the women's concentration camp was built for all these women. "
"We want to advocate that Ravensbrück becomes a place of research and encounter, that the place of horror is transformed into a place of knowledge, understanding and friendship."
Publications (selection)
- Don't let your human dignity be taken away . In: Monika Horsky (Ed.): You have to talk about it. Schoolchildren ask concentration camp inmates . Ephelant-Verlag, Vienna 1988 (= Vol. 2 of Documents, Reports, Analyzes ), ISBN 3-900766-01-0 , pp. 183-207. (Experience report).
- As if put on hold . In: Karin Berger (ed.): I'll give you a coat that you can still wear it freely. Resist in the concentration camp. Austrian women tell . Promedia Verlag, Vienna 1987 (= Edition traces), ISBN 3-900478-20-1 , p. 17ff.
Documentaries
- I have to do something about that. Portrait of the resistance fighter Hilde Zimmermann . Documentary by Tina Leisch , Austria 2010, length: 90 minutes, distribution / distribution: Sixpackfilm . ( Film trailer as a video stream, film recommendations: I have to do something about this reminder.at)
literature
- Brigitte Halbmayr: “It was a matter of course that we helped.” The parachute agents Albert Huttary and Josef Zettler and their supporters - a case study . In: Christine Schindler (Red.), Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance (Ed.): Focus: Armed Resistance - Resistance in the Military . Lit Verlag, Münster 2009 (= 2009 yearbook of the Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance), ISBN 978-3-643-50010-6 , pp. 176-204.
- Helga Amesberger, Kerstin Lercher: Living memory. The history of the Austrian camp community Ravensbrück . Mandelbaum-Verlag, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-85476-254-6 .
- Brigitte Halbmayr: “So the first imprint was: No war!” Hilde Zimmermann (née Wundsam) . In: Helga Amesberger, Brigitte Halbmayr: life stories . Verlag Promedia, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-85371-176-6 , pp. 257–263 (= Edition traces: From life and survival - ways to Ravensbrück. The women's concentration camp in memory , vol. 2).
- Helga Amesberger, Brigitte Halbmayr: On life and survival - ways to Ravensbrück. The women's concentration camp in memory . Verlag Promedia, Vienna 2001 (= Edition traces); Volume 1: Documentation and Analysis , ISBN 3-85371-175-8 ; Volume 2: Life stories , ISBN 3-85371-176-6 .
- Monika Horsky (Ed.): You have to talk about it. Schoolchildren ask concentration camp inmates . Ephelant-Verlag, Vienna 1988 (= volume 2 of documents, reports, analyzes ), ISBN 3-900766-01-0 , p. 209: Biographien . (Short biography of Hilde Zimmermann).
Web links
- Information about Anna Wundsam ( memento of March 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) with photos from the identification file of the Gestapo Vienna, at the documentation archive of the Austrian resistance (also contains information about Hilde Wundsam)
- Website of the Austrian Camp Community Ravensbrück & Friends (ÖLGRF)
- Wege nach Ravensbrück - Memories of Austrian survivors of the women's concentration camp - Internet version of the exhibition from 1999 (German, English)
- VideoArchive Ravensbrück
Individual evidence
- ↑ Tina Leisch : "I have to do something about it." Film about the resistance fighter Hilde Zimmermann. (PDF; 8.2 MB) (No longer available online.) In: Bulletin 2009 of the ÖLGRF. Austrian Camp Community Ravensbrück & Friends (ÖLGRF), December 2009, p. 17 , archived from the original on December 19, 2013 ; Retrieved April 18, 2010 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ “It was all full of hope”. Der Standard , April 14, 2010, accessed April 18, 2010 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Brigitte Halbmayr: "So the first coinage was: No war!" Hilde Zimmermann (née Wundsam) . In: Helga Amesberger u. a .: life stories . Vienna 2001, pp. 257–263.
- ↑ Quakers. In: AEIOU Austria Lexicon. Austria Forum , accessed on May 11, 2010 .
- ↑ a b Monika Horsky (Ed.): You have to talk about it. Schoolchildren ask concentration camp inmates . Vienna 1988, p. 209.
- ↑ a b c Vrääth Öhner: I have to do something about that. Portrait of the resistance fighter Hilde Zimmermann. (No longer available online.) In: Film and Video Database. Austrian Independent (www.filmvideo.at), January 13, 2010, archived from the original on October 8, 2011 ; Retrieved on April 18, 2010 (brief description and technical film information). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
-
↑ a b The parachute agents who were deployed in the rear of the enemy were equipped with various military, intelligence or political assignments, such as “information on troop movements, preparation and execution of acts of sabotage, establishment of espionage networks, establishment or support of anti-fascist resistance groups. "
Brigitte Halbmayr: " It was a matter of course that we helped. "The parachute agents Albert Huttary and Josef Zettler and their supporters - a case study . In: Christine Schindler (Red.), Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance (Ed.): Focus: Armed Resistance - Resistance in the Military . Münster 2009, pp. 179–180. - ↑ a b c d e f g Brigitte Halbmayr: "It was a matter of course that we helped." The parachute agents Albert Huttary and Josef Zettler and their supporters - a case study . In: Christine Schindler (Red.), Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance (Ed.): Focus: Armed Resistance - Resistance in the Military . Münster 2009, pp. 176-204.
- ↑ Othmar Wundsam, b. 1922. In: Art in the Wurmbrandgasse - exhibition: Othmar Wundsam. Initiative “Art in Wurmbrandgasse”, Vienna-Stadlau, April 29, 2008, accessed on April 18, 2010 (short biography).
- ↑ The KPÖ mourns Othmar Wundsam . Obituary for Othmar Wundsam from the KPÖ on Kaktus-Online from December 28, 2014; accessed on December 30, 2014.
- ^ Gabriele Knapp: Women's Voices. Musicians are reminiscent of Ravensbrück . Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-936411-30-1 , pp. 32-36, 258.
- ↑ What Hilde Wundsam fell ill with is not known.
- ↑ a b c exhibitions. (No longer available online.) Austrian Camp Community Ravensbrück and Friends (ÖLGRF) (www.ravensbrueck.at), 2007, archived from the original on December 19, 2013 ; Retrieved April 18, 2010 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c The history of the Austrian camp community Ravensbrück and friends. (No longer available online.) Austrian Camp Community Ravensbrück and Friends (ÖLGRF) (www.ravensbrueck.at), 2007, archived from the original on November 6, 2007 ; Retrieved April 18, 2010 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Heidemarie Uhl : Between Reconciliation and Disturbance. A controversy about Austria's historical identity fifty years after the “Anschluss” . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 1992 (= Böhlaus Zeitgeschichtliche Bibliothek , Vol. 17), ISBN 3-205-05419-9 , p. 175, footnote no. 77.
- ↑ a b project history. wege nach Ravensbrück - Memories of Austrian survivors of the women's concentration camp, accessed on April 18, 2010 (German, English, Internet version of the exhibition).
- ^ Against the mind - an event on the subject of resistance and social work as an accomplice of National Socialism - Saturday, October 17, 2009, Amerlinghaus (Stiftgasse 8, 1070 Vienna) . Program announcement, BastA - Movement of alternative student concerns, University of Applied Sciences for Social Work Vienna.
- ↑ a b Hilde Zimmermann: The fear of women, of love . In: 50 active years . Festschrift for the fiftieth anniversary of the Austrian camp community Ravensbrück , Vienna 1998.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Carpenter, Hilde |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Wundsam, Hilde (maiden name); Zimmermann, Hildegard |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Austrian resistance fighter, contemporary witness and political activist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 12, 1920 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Vienna |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 25, 2002 |
| Place of death | Vienna |
