Correctional facility
The term prison (YES) called in Austria all the prisons of the judicial penal system . These facilities are subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Justice and are designed for the execution of prison sentences and pre-trial detention or the execution of measures .
In the case of prisons, a legal distinction is made between judicial prisons, penal institutions and special institutions . Relevant for the execution of custodial sentences in Austria is the Prison Act (StVG) as well as the Implementation Regulations for Prisons (VZO) issued by the Ministry . In addition to the implementation of criminal detention, remand prisoners and prisoners who are detained are also accommodated in the Austrian prisons.
Comparable institutions in Germany as correctional facilities referred to in Switzerland, the justice called imputed prisons prisons .
Austrian penal system
Concept and purpose
In the Prison Act (StVG), Section 20 defines the purpose of the sentence. In Austria, the penal system is not based on the idea of revenge, but on the idea of rehabilitation . The inmates should be made aware during their imprisonment that their actions were wrong and reprehensible. In this sense, the basic idea of the Austrian penal system lies in the reintroduction of the offender into society.
The execution of prison sentences is intended to help the convicted to adopt a righteous attitude to life that is adapted to the requirements of community life and to prevent them from pursuing harmful tendencies. The execution should also show the worthlessness of the behavior on which the conviction is based.
The locking of prisoners is also carried out mainly for this purpose and to maintain security and order within the prison. This is defined in Section 20 (2) StVG. A total lock with no prospect of parole, as is sometimes practiced in Supermax prisons in the United States , contradicts the self-definition of the Austrian penal system.
However, this concept does not follow the placement in the measure implementation. Prisoners in the execution of measures are also subject to the idea of rehabilitation, but the measures are mostly aimed at the danger of the perpetrators. Therefore, the purpose of a placement in the execution of measures is usually the protection of society from the criminal or his "mental or emotional abnormality" as well as the attempt to heal him.
Placement in an institution for mentally abnormal lawbreakers is intended to prevent the detainees from committing criminal offenses under the influence of their mental or emotional abnormality. The placement is intended to improve the condition of the detainees to such an extent that they can no longer be expected to commit acts threatened by a penalty, and to help the detainees to adopt a righteous attitude towards life that is adapted to the requirements of community life.
In the execution of measures against lawbreakers in need of weaning, the purpose of the detention is again to “wean the prisoner from the abuse of intoxicating substances or addictive substances”. On the other hand, dangerous recidivists are accommodated in the prison system only because of their “harmful attitude towards life”, so they are to be kept away from society.
Reasons and types of detention
In Austria, a distinction is made between eight different types of detention. Not all types are carried out in prisons (including prisons, judicial prisons and special institutions), but also in detention cells at police stations and in police detention centers .
- Detention is provisional placement in a detention cell for a maximum of 48 hours in the event of well-founded suspicion of a criminal offense until transfer to remand detention.
- Pretrial detention is a type of detention in which people suspected of a crime can be held for a maximum of two years or until the start of their main criminal court hearing. This is carried out in the judicial prison.
- Criminal detention arises from a court judgment or a substitute custodial sentence in the case of bad fines. It is carried out either in a judicial prison or in a correctional facility.
- Placement in the prison system is a preventive, custodial measure that is pronounced in addition to the imprisonment due and carried out in the special institutions of the prison system.
- Administrative criminal offenses of 12 hours up to 6 weeks can beimposedfor administrative criminal offenses or for bad fines under administrative criminal law. It is usually carried out in police detention centers.
- Police detention is a form of provisional detention for a maximum of 24 hours in a detention cell on the basis of proceedings relating to an offense under administrative criminal law.
- Aliens police detention means the immediate placement of people in police detention cells for subsequent demonstration at the aliens police authority.
- Detention pending deportation is the detention ofpersons intendedfor deportation in accordance with the Aliens Police Act 2005 for a maximum of 10 months in a police detention center.
Special features of the penal system
Legal assistance Liechtenstein
With the agreement between the Republic of Austria and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accommodation of prisoners , it was agreed that prison sentences imposed by Liechtenstein courts will also be served in Austrian prisons. Since the Principality of Liechtenstein did not have its own penal institutions, all prisoners in the small state were transferred to the Austrian judiciary for the duration of their imprisonment and housed in Austrian penal institutions. The principality now has its own state prison with 20 prison places, which for a period also accepted prisoners with a term of imprisonment of less than two years. Since the Liechtenstein National Prison no longer met international requirements, it was agreed in 2017 in a memorandum of understanding between the Liechtenstein and Austrian governments that all prisoners and inmates for the execution of measures would be transferred to the Austrian judiciary. This is only possible if the prisoner has been convicted of an act that is also punishable in Austria and the duration of his detention does not exceed the maximum length of detention specified in Austrian law. In addition, the prisoners are not allowed to be politically or tax-convicted criminals.
The contract was signed on June 4, 1982 by the then Austrian Minister of Justice, Christian Broda and the Liechtenstein head of government, Hans Brunhart . The ratification documents between Federal President Rudolf Kirchschläger , countersigned by Federal Chancellor Fred Sinowatz , and Prince Franz Josef II were handed over on June 9, 1983. The mutual legal assistance agreement then came into force on September 1, 1983.
In 2012, 15 Liechtenstein prisoners with a total of 4,338 days of imprisonment were housed in Austrian penal institutions. This corresponded to almost 25 percent of the total capacity utilization of the Liechtenstein national prison.
Liability Relief Program
In the summer of 2007, then Justice Minister Maria Berger suggested starting a program to relieve the overcrowded Austrian prisons. Among other things, this stipulated that people who were sentenced to a substitute custodial sentence did not take it, but instead had to do community service. The Minister of Justice set the motto for this action “sweating instead of sitting”. Further points of the package of measures were the expansion of conditional dismissals through the lifting of general prevention in the case of two-thirds discharge, more instructions and probation assistance, the refusal to carry out the imprisonment with simultaneous expulsion and a ban on residence and the introduction of the electronic ankle cuff in the Austrian penal system. Although the coalition partner of the SPÖ in the federal government of Gusenbauer , the ÖVP , initially reacted skeptically to the proposal, politicians of the People's Party also finally signaled their approval of the detention program. Only the parties BZÖ and FPÖ rejected the introduction. The Justice Minister replied to the critics of the program that she did not expect many convicts to take advantage of the program, but that she expected an increase in those who ultimately pay their debts in order to avoid the "threatened" work. According to the minister, up to 10,000 prison places should be saved.
On November 7, 2007, the bill was approved by the Council of Ministers and handed over to the National Council. This approved the legislative proposal with a number of other legislative amendments in its meeting on December 5th. The new package of exemption from liability thus became legally valid on January 1, 2008. Due to the massive overloading of the Austrian prisons, the first conditional dismissals began shortly after the law came into force.
In a broadcast by Justice Minister Berger in July 2008, in which she took stock of her previous term of office, she described the detention program as a complete success. The average number of people in prison fell from 8,850 to 9,100 in 2007 to up to 8,044 at the beginning of July 2008. At the same time - also as a result of the prison relief program - the number of conditional releases rose from 923 in the first and 845 in the second half of 2007 to 1,584 conditionally released in the first half of 2008 People from 30 different nations used it in the first half of 2008.
Judicial Care Agency
In April 2008 it became known that the Federal Ministry of Justice was planning to hand over a narrowly defined sub-area of the prison duties to a private company. With the newly created judicial support agency, it should then be possible, according to the Justice Minister's plans, to employ more specialists and psychologists in the prisons through this agency. The trigger for this reconsideration were the increased costs of looking after those who were detained in the execution of measures against mentally abnormal lawbreakers. Since the Ministry of Justice no longer intends to cover the increased need for specialist staff with its own posts, doctors and psychologists should in future be employed by the agency under private law.
Criticism of this consideration came in particular from the Court of Auditors , the Ombudsman's Office , the staff representatives for non-uniformed judicial employees and the green judiciary in the National Council, Albert Steinhauser . In particular, a loss of the previous quality of care was feared. According to information from the Federal Ministry, the criticism was examined and the corresponding legislative proposal revised. On May 14, the final legislative proposal was finally submitted to the National Council and adopted by it on June 5. The Judicial Care Agency Act thus acquired legal force.
Electronic supervision
The electronic supervision, colloquially mostly called electronic ankle cuffs , is a possibility to mitigate sentences in the Austrian penal system. This has been legally possible since September 1, 2010. This form of detention, in which the prisoner can stay at home, but where he is placed under house arrest by means of an electronic surveillance tool, is primarily intended to relieve the prisons. At the same time, the prisoner is not completely torn out of his or her social and professional environment, which should ultimately also benefit rehabilitation. Generally excluded from the use of electronic supervision are people in the implementation of measures. For sex offenders , the authorization of electronic supervision is made difficult or impossible by requesting an expert opinion.
Types of prisons
The law distinguishes between judicial prisons, penal institutions and special institutions ( Section 8 StVG). In practice, in addition to these types, there are special prisons for young people, for female offenders and for prisoners with lung disease. Individual prisons are also organizationally affiliated with branch offices, in which the relaxed penal system is usually carried out.
Judicial prison houses
There are 15 judicial prisons in Germany, with each of the 16 regional courts responsible for criminal matters being connected to a judicial prison. In the area of the Steyr Regional Court , the function of a judicial prison is taken over by a branch of the Garsten prison , which was an independent prison until 2010. Most of the time, the judicial prisons are structurally directly connected to the courthouse or are in the immediate vicinity of the same. The Salzburg and Innsbruck prisons are an exception, both of which are located a little outside the city center - in the case of Salzburg even in the surrounding municipality of Puch near Hallein - and thus a few kilometers away from the responsible regional court. In the judicial prison type, detainees on remand are mainly detained and prison sentences of up to 18 months are served.
Correctional facilities
The penal institutions are not affiliated with any court, but mostly cover several court districts. They are responsible for the execution of sentences ranging from over 18 months to life. Exceptions can only be made if the corresponding penal institution is not suitable for initiating execution. In this case, the sentence can be initiated in the judicial prison of the local court district and the prisoner is only then transferred to a penal institution.
Of the 8 prisons in Austria, 7 are male prisons. There is also a women's penal institution in Schwarzau am Steinfeld , which is also responsible for female adolescents and the implementation of measures for women. Only five percent of all Austrian prisoners are female.
There are no regulations for the accommodation of prisoners taking into account their dangerousness, however, the General Directorate for the execution of sentences and the execution of custodial measures as an executive body authorized to issue instructions generally decides on accommodation in the prisons in cases of above-average risk from the prisoner or particularly long prison sentences Graz-Karlau, Stein or Garsten. These three prisons are thus primarily responsible for the execution of prison sentences with a duration of more than 15 years.
Special institutions
In addition to the regular prison sentence, there is also the possibility in Austria to place offenders in a prison in the course of the implementation of measures. This detention is independent of the act committed or the sentence to be served, it is solely dependent on the dangerousness of the perpetrator. A perpetrator can be admitted to an institution for dangerous recidivists, an institution for lawbreakers who need to wean or an institution for mentally abnormal lawbreakers. The first measure relates to the dangerousness of the perpetrator, the execution of measures against lawbreakers who need to be weaned is equivalent to a forced induction into drug withdrawal and the measures against mentally abnormal lawbreakers have the character of psychiatric accommodation.
While the execution of measures against lawbreakers in need of weaning can be carried out in almost every prison in Austria (only the Vienna Favoriten prison is specially designed for this ), detention in the Sonnberg prison in Hollabrunn for dangerous recidivists and accommodation for mentally abnormal lawbreakers in either the Prison Göllersdorf in Göllersdorf (not responsible) or in the Prison Vienna Mittersteig (for sane people). In addition, the Asten Prison is set up as a forensic psychiatry to treat less dangerous, mentally abnormal law breakers .
The prison for juveniles in Gerasdorf, which is dealt with in the section on juvenile penal institutions , is officially designated as a special institution.
Juvenile prisons
Around three percent of all prisoners in Austria are young people (aged 14 to 18 years), around eight percent are referred to as “young adults” (18–21 years old). In addition to the youth departments in almost all prisons, there is a separate prisons for young people in Gerasdorf . Male youths between the ages of 14 and a maximum of 27 years are imprisoned in this, and there are also departments for accommodating young prisoners for the implementation of measures. Female adolescents are generally imprisoned in the Schwarzau women's penal institution. By 2003, a prison for juveniles at the juvenile court had been set up in Vienna Erdberg . Since the dissolution of the juvenile court, the juvenile convicts have been housed in one of the youth department D of the Vienna-Josefstadt prison.
In general, adults up to the age of 24 can only be accommodated in juvenile prison. Provided that they only have to serve a maximum of one year in prison, they can also be arrested in juvenile detention beyond that. In general, however, all prisoners in Austria are to be placed in "adult penalties" by the time they reach the age of 27. All special regulations regarding the execution of juvenile offenses are regulated in the seventh section of the Youth Courts Act 1988 .
Locations
There are a total of 28 prisons throughout Germany. 13 branch offices are affiliated to these, some of which are run as farms. In Austria, prisoners can normally be obliged to work in prison establishments.
There are different numbers of prisons in the individual federal states. The front runner among the federal states is Lower Austria with 10 locations. The largest prison facility in Austria is the Josefstadt Prison in Vienna with a capacity of 1057 inmates, the smallest prison is the Mittersteig Prison with 95 places.
Owner of the property
Of the 28 prisons in Austria, 12 are directly owned by the Republic. This includes all penal institutions as well as the special institutions Gerasdorf, Göllersdorf and Wien-Mittersteig and the judicial prison in Innsbruck. In addition, the buildings of 8 branch offices are federal property. The other judicial prison houses and branch offices are owned by the Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft , a construction and management company, which in turn is wholly owned by the Republic of Austria.
Planned prisons
In total, the Ministry of Justice planned to spend up to 200 million euros on the renovation and maintenance of its courts and prisons from 2007. This meant that two new justice centers, i.e. courts with an attached prison, were to be built. In addition, the prisons in Feldkirch, St. Pölten, Krems, Eisenstadt and Graz were and were rebuilt, expanded and refurbished.
The completion of the Justice Center Wien-Baumgasse was originally planned for 2010. 230 juvenile prisoners, 90 women and 100 prisoners were to be accommodated in the attached prison in Vienna-Baumgasse. However, this plan has since been rejected.
The last newly built prison is the new building of the Salzburg prison outside the city of Salzburg in the municipality of Puch near Hallein , which was completed in 2015. Currently there are plans that prison Klagenfurt also abzusiedeln from the city of Klagenfurt and in a new building outside accommodate.
Accommodation forms
In normal execution, prisoners in Austria are housed in community cells . Although the Prison Act provides for individual accommodation of the detainees during the night, they are usually locked in communal cells at night for organizational reasons. During the day, the doors of cells and common rooms are generally not locked in normal execution. For the separate execution of prisoners with psychological peculiarities, the paragraph on the execution of measures must be observed.
Solitary confinement
A prisoner can be held individually as a special form of disciplinary punishment or at his own request. If the detainee does not receive visits during the time he is in solitary confinement, he must be checked at least once a day by an officer from the Justice Guard. Placements in solitary confinement with a duration of more than four weeks are only permitted with the consent of the enforcement court, which has to decide on this at the request of the prison director. It is also up to the enforcement court to determine the length of individual detention. If prisoners are placed individually for more than six weeks, the prisoner must expressly request this and the prison doctor must approve it.
Relaxed enforcement
With appropriate good conduct, prisoners in Austria can be accommodated in the relaxed prison system as part of their custodial sentence . The most common form of such a relaxation in prison is placement in open prison. In this case, the prisoners' common rooms are no longer cordoned off, so they can move freely around the prison grounds. The security at work can also be restricted or removed outside the institution. Another form of relaxation can be granted with professional training outside the prison. The prisoner can also be granted two exits a month. The decision on the relaxed execution is always incumbent on the respective head of the institution.
As a special form of relaxation in prison, there has been the possibility of family contacts in specially set up long-term visitor rooms in some prisons since 2001 . In these prisoners, who were otherwise not allowed to relax the prison regime, their families can visit them for a longer period of time. These cells, known as "cozy cells", are extremely controversial among the public.
First execution
If a prisoner is serving a custodial sentence in an Austrian prison for the first time, he must be accommodated separately from the rest of the prisoners in the first prison sentence . Prisoners who have to serve a term of more than three years can waive this right. During the day, however, this separation is not planned; it only affects the cell accommodation of the inmates. Convicts who are feared harmful influence on fellow prisoners have no right to placement in the first prison.
Enforcement of negligence
Prisoners who are incarcerated for a negligently committed criminal offense have the right to separate accommodation. In addition, such inmates have to take lessons on accident prevention and first aid courses. This form of accommodation does not apply to prisoners who have already been convicted twice or more for a criminally committed crime.
Organization and control
All Austrian prisons are subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Justice as the highest enforcement authority , whereby within the Justice Ministry Section II, General Directorate for the execution of sentences and the execution of custodial measures , is responsible. In addition to the highest enforcement authority, the Ombudsman Board and other state and international organizations are authorized to monitor the execution of sentences in Austria.
General Directorate
Until July 1, 2015, the Enforcement Directorate (officially the Directorate for the Enforcement of Measures Depriving of Custody ) was set up as an independent higher enforcement authority subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Justice. After a series of incidents in the penal system, which cast a negative light on it, Justice Minister Wolfgang Brandstetter finally decided to reintegrate the higher prison authority into the Ministry of Justice. The now newly created General Directorate for the Execution of Prisons and the Execution of Custodial Measures is a section of the Federal Ministry of Justice and also performs the tasks previously assigned to the higher prison authority by the Prison Act. It is the highest authority in enforcement decisions and regulates almost all areas of the individual prisons. It is just as responsible for the construction and maintenance of the prisons as it is for the proper operation of the same. Your are a variety of choices to, from sanctions against prisoners on day release prisoners up to the release of prisoners. For this purpose, the general management is divided into four departments, which are separated from one another according to strategic and operational orientations.
Executive Senate
The seat of that at Oberlandesgericht , the penalty is carried out in whose jurisdiction, country existing court decides by a law enforcement Senate ( § 18 StVG) on complaints of the prisoners ( § 16 Abs 3StVG). The prison senate is made up of a professional judge and two prison staff as expert lay judges. The competent lay judges are appointed by the Federal Minister of Justice on the proposal of the President of the Higher Regional Court for a period of six years.
A complaint to the Higher Regional Court of Vienna is permissible against decisions by the Ministry of Justice in matters relating to the execution of sentences as well as against decisions by the executive senate of the regional courts ( Section 16a StVG), which assumes nationwide jurisdiction. The Vienna Higher Regional Court also decides through an executive senate, which consists of a professional judge and two prison staff.
Until December 31, 2013, the tasks of the Executive Senate were carried out by administrative authorities that were not subject to instructions, the so-called Executive Chambers, which were also chaired by a professional judge. However, these executive chambers had to be dissolved due to the abolition of the administrative courts associated with the 2012 amendment to the administrative jurisdiction .
Ombudsman and other control bodies
The Ombudsman 's Office , which has set up a human rights advisory board and regional commissions affiliated to it, is responsible for the external control of compliance with human rights in the penal system. On behalf of the Ombudsman's Office, these commissions can at any time examine the conditions in all facilities in which persons with state authority are detained against their will. The Ombudsman Board has to report the results of the examination to the parliament annually.
There is also the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment , an international organization for the prevention of torture . It has so far visited Austrian prisons six times, most recently in September 2014. Numerous other non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International also regularly monitor the conditions in Austrian prisons.
statistics
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Detained per 100,000 population
Statistics from March 1, 2008
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Development of the number of occupants
From 1997 to 2007
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In November 2014, around 8,800 people were in custody throughout Austria, which corresponds to around 0.1% of the total Austrian population. On November 1, 2014, there were 8,241 prisoners for a total of 8,616 prison places. 530 inmates are female. 5,994 inmates were in custody (210 of them in electronically monitored house arrest), 1795 in custody. Previously there were around 8,400 inmates in July 2009; in the spring of 2008, however, more than 8,600 inmates were housed in Austrian prisons. The main reason for this short-term decline in prison population is likely the beginning of 2008 came into force prison reform measures have been, which made it possible, compared with the same period about 900 people less in custody to have (8,044 passengers in July 2008, 8,973 inmates in July 2007).
The highest penalty that may be imposed on a person an Austrian court is to § 18 of the Criminal Code , the term of imprisonment for life . As of May 1, 2008, 149 people - including 6 women - were serving a life sentence in Austrian prisons. On average, prisoners who have been sentenced to “life” are released on parole after 21 years . However, there are also perpetrators who have been held in custody for much longer, as is shown by the case of Harald Sassak , who served a life sentence from 1974 until shortly before his death in 2013. As a rule, such prisoners are housed in the penal institutions of Graz-Karlau, Stein or Garsten. Female prisoners with life sentences are generally in the Schwarzau prison.
Staff and budget
In 2011, there were more than 3,950 employees working in Austrian prisons. As of November 1, 2011, 2,140 of these were prison guards , i.e. they worked as supervisors and carers for the prisoners. 671 of them belonged to the Justizwache Einsatzgruppe , a special unit of the Austrian Justice Guard.
In 2007 there were 96 social workers , 66 doctors , 66 psychologists and psychotherapists and 14 pedagogues in the Austrian penal system. The number of employed doctors has increased by around 20% since 1997, the total number of employees by around 25%. At the same time, however, the total number of prisoners rose continuously. At the beginning of the 1990s, around 6,800 people were still imprisoned in Austria, but the number of prisoners rose rapidly in the years that followed until, at the end of the decade, over 8,000 people were housed in the prisons.
The cost of the penal system in 2010 was around 337.6 million euros (170.6 million of which were personnel costs and 167 million related costs). The labor service in the prisons also generated income of 48.7 million euros.
Breakouts and attempted breakouts
In recent years, the number of outbreaks and attempted outbreaks in Austria has fallen sharply. In the case of escapes from prisons, a distinction is made between escapes (from the closed area), escapes (from the non-closed area, from the open prison or an execution) and non-return from a relaxation of the prison regime. While up to 50 outbreaks per year were recorded in the mid-1990s, there are hardly any successful outbreak attempts today. An exception to these declining statistics is the year 2005, in which 17 people managed to escape from an Austrian prison. The reason for the decrease is an increasing modernization of the security technology in the prisons.
In contrast to other countries, the escape of a prisoner from prison in Austria is not a criminal offense. A prison break can thus only result in an in-house disciplinary punishment for the prisoner. However, escaping prisoners are mostly guilty of serious damage to property (damage to a facility in the Republic of Austria) or serious bodily harm (injury to an officer of the judicial guard). However, anyone who liberates or wants to liberate a prisoner is guilty of the liberation of prisoners under Section 300 of the Criminal Code, unless one is a prisoner himself.
Suicides and attempted suicide
On average, up to 15 prisoners take their own lives each year in Austrian prisons. Suicide but commit not only inmates with long prison sentences, but also regularly remand and (not included) detainees . From 1947 to 1999 there were 410 documented suicides in the Austrian penal system. Experts suspect that the cause of most suicides is the high level of stress, especially among newcomers. Half of all suicides were preceded by an unsuccessful suicide attempt, and in 37 percent of the cases the suicide was preceded by an explicit announcement.
Web links
- Information website of the Austrian prisons.
- Wolfgang Gratz, Andreas Held, Arno Pilgram: Prisons in Austria ( Memento from April 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). German version from: Dirk Van Zyl Smit, Frieder Dünkel (Ed.): Imprisonment Today and Tomorrow . The Hague, London, Boston 2001. Available on the website of the Prison Training Center in Vienna.
- Current version of the Prison Act in the Legal Information System of the Republic of Austria .
Individual evidence
- ↑ § 20 Paragraph 1 StVG
- ↑ § 164 Abs 1 StVG
- ↑ Veronika Hofinger, Arno Pilgram: Foreign prisoners in Austrian prisons and police detention centers (PDF; 1.66 MB) . Study by the Institute for Legal and Criminal Sociology, Vienna. Information from the paragraph "Overview of penalties and measures".
- ↑ Liechtenstein realigns its penal system. In: Liechtenstein Fatherland . December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017 .
- ^ Prisoners from Vaduz are accommodated in Austria. In: ORF Vorarlberg . December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017 .
- ↑ See Federal Law Gazette No. 354/1983 ; Treaty between the Republic of Austria and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accommodation of prisoners.
- ↑ Annual report 2012 (PDF; 999 kB) of the Liechtenstein National Police; Section 11.4: Execution of sentences abroad.
- ↑ Justice Minister wants to release offenders earlier . Article on derStandard.at from September 28, 2007.
- ↑ "Sweating instead of sitting" throughout Austria . Article on ORF.at from August 19, 2007.
- ^ Press release by the BMJ on the approval of the legislative proposal in the Council of Ministers.
- ↑ Too little space for too many prisoners Report on noe.ORF.at of February 26, 2008.
- ↑ Balance sheet and current projects - annual review and annual outlook by Justice Minister Maria Berger on July 30, 2008.
- ↑ Greens fear "creeping privatization" . Article on derStandard.at from April 17, 2008.
- ^ Presentation by the Federal Ministry of Justice on the privatization allegations.
- ↑ Press release of the Austrian Parliament on the receipt of the draft law on the Justizbetreuungsagenturgesetz.
- ↑ National Council mainly decides on judicial support agency . Press release of the Austrian Parliament from June 5, 2008.
- ↑ Press conference on the introduction of the "ankle cuff" . Press release from the Federal Ministry of Justice.
- ↑ DiePresse.com : From tomorrow: Minimum income and ankle cuffs . Article dated August 31, 2010.
- ↑ a b Statistical information on the distribution of prisoners according to age and gender according to the website of the Austrian penal system .
- ↑ Inquiry response (PDF; 227 kB) from Federal Minister Dr. Maria Berger on the subject of costs for “justice buildings” .
- ^ Information from the Federal Ministry of Justice on the construction of new justice centers.
- ^ ORF Vienna: One million euros for a prison that was never built . Article of July 17, 2013.
- ↑ Relocated to prison. In: ORF Salzburg. June 26, 2015, accessed February 15, 2018 .
- ^ Minister of Justice for the new prison building. In: ORF Carinthia. February 15, 2018, accessed February 15, 2018 .
- ↑ Business and personnel division of the Federal Ministry of Justice, accessed on July 1, 2015
- ↑ Prison system: Section in the Ministry of Justice replaces the prison administration . Article on derStandard.at from June 29, 2015.
- ↑ See government bill on an Administrative Jurisdiction Adaptation Act - Justice
- ↑ Report page of the CPT on visits to Austria (in English).
- ↑ Data according to "Die Presse" edition of March 1, 2008.
- ↑ Information on the development of the number of occupants according to the BMI publication from 2008. See here . (PDF file; 232 kB; English)
- ^ Justice - Statistics
- ↑ Report by orf.at of July 27, 2008 on the subject of "Freeing up resources again" .
- ↑ Inquiry response (PDF; 18 kB) from Federal Minister Dr. Maria Berger on the subject of "Life Prison" .
- ↑ Article in the Salzburger Nachrichten of August 3, 2006 on the subject of life imprisonment: facts and expert opinions .
- ↑ Michael Simoner: Justice Guard: The rapid reaction force behind bars . Article on derStandard.at from December 1, 2011; accessed on January 26, 2016.
- ↑ Inquiry response (PDF; 38 kB) from Federal Minister Dr. Maria Berger on the subject of staff in Austrian prisons .
- ↑ Budget information according to the Federal Ministry of Justice .
- ↑ Inquiry response (PDF; 19 kB) from Federal Minister Dr. Maria Berger on the subject of escapes from prisons .
- ↑ Abseiled - Prison Breakouts . Article in the Public Safety magazine (September / October 2006 issue).
- ↑ Georgia Schultze: Suicide is no way out . Report by the radio station Ö1, broadcast in the Panorama journal on February 14, 2006.
- ↑ Stefan Frühwald, Patrick Frottier, Kristina Ritter, F. König: Deprivation versus importation: an explanatory model for the increase in suicides in prisons . Progressive Neurological Psychiatry, Volume 68, 2001, pp. 90-96. doi : 10.1055 / s-2001-11173 .
- ↑ Stefan Frühwald, Patrick Frottier, Reinhard Eher, Norbert Benda, Kristina Ritter: What relevance does the documented suicidality have in prisoner suicides? . Psychiatrische Praxis, Volume 28, 2001, pp. 326-329. doi : 10.1055 / s-2001-17774 .
